Fan Zhongyan was born on August 2nd (September 5th, 989) in Changshan, Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province), and went to Suzhou with his family for one hundred days. Father Fan Yong, in the early years of Duangong (988), went to Xuzhou to serve as the secretary of Wu Ningjun (the secretary of Xuzhou military chief) and died in 990. Xie was poor and helpless at that time, holding two-year-old Fan Zhongyan, and remarried henan village (now zouping county Village), the governor of Shandong Zi County, to Zhu. Fan Zhongyan also changed his surname to Zhu Shuo (called Yue) and grew up in Zhujiajian Island. Fan fanzhongyan
Zhong Yan studied hard since he was a child. Zhu Jiajian is a rich man in Changshan, but in order to get inspiration, he often goes to the James Li Temple on the nearby Changbai Mountain for boarding study. Studying satirical recitation in the morning and evening left a deep impression on the monks. At that time, his life was extremely difficult. He only cooks a bowl of thick porridge every day and cuts it into four pieces when it gets cold. He ate two tablets in the morning and two tablets in the evening, mixed with pickles and vinegar juice, and continued his study after eating. Later generations have a reputation for rowing with broken porridge, but he doesn't mind this poor life at all and spends all his energy in books to find his own fun.
In the fourth year (10 1 1), 23-year-old Fan Zhongyan came to Yingtianfu Academy in Suiyang (now Suiyang District, Henan Province). Yingtianfu Academy is one of the four famous academies in Song Dynasty, with 0/50 school buildings and thousands of books. What's more, there are many ambitious and intelligent teachers and students here. Studying in such a college, there are not only famous teachers to consult, but also many students to learn from each other and many books to read. Moreover, the college is free, which is especially popular for Fan Zhongyan, who is financially strapped. Yingtianfu was later renamed Nanjing, and Yingtianfu Academy was also called Du Nan Academy. Fan Zhongyan cherishes the brand-new learning environment and studies day and night. One of Fan Zhongyan's classmates, the son of Nanjing Liu Shou (the highest official in Nanjing), saw that he ate porridge all year round and sent him some delicious food. He didn't taste a bite, which made the delicious food moldy. It was not until people scolded him that he thanked him and said, "I am satisfied with porridge." Once you have enjoyed a good meal, I am afraid you will not suffer in the future. " Fan Zhongyan's hard life is a bit like Confucius' sage Yan Hui; A bowl of rice, a ladle of water, in the mean lane, others complain bitterly, but Yan Hui doesn't change his happiness. In the autumn of the seventh year (10 14) and the spring of the eighth year (10 15), Dazhong xiangfu passed the imperial examination and became a scholar. When he took part in the imperial examination in Chongzheng Hall, he first met Emperor Zhenzong, who was nearly fifty years old. Later, he was honored to attend a banquet hosted by the imperial government. In February, Bianjing (now Kaifeng City) bloomed in spring. Jinshi rode across the horse and paraded the streets with the sound of drum music: "Changbai is a cold Confucian, and he has been famous for more than two years." He sang such a poem and thought he was twenty-seven years old. Compared with Teng Zongliang and others beside him, he looks much older. Soon, he was appointed as the manager of Guangdejun to join the army (Guangdejun is located in Guangde County, Anhui Province, and the manager joined the army as an official in charge of litigation and trial, from Jiupin). Then, he was transferred to Qing Ji Army as our ambassador (Qing Ji Army is located in Bozhou, Anhui Province, and our ambassador is a curtain officer from Bapin). He took his mother to support him, officially restored Fan, and changed his name to Zhong Yan and the word Xi. From then on, he began his political career for nearly forty years. In the fifth year of Tianxi (102 1), Fan Zhongyan was transferred to Xixi Town, Hailing, Taizhou (now near Dongtai County, Jiangsu Province) to be a salt warehouse supervisor-responsible for supervising the storage, transportation and resale of Huai salt. Xixi Town is near the coast of the Yellow Sea. Although peony can be seen occasionally in the town, its desolate scene is different from that in the mainland after all. At first glance, listening to the roar of the wind and waves and the sigh of wild cranes, Fan Zhongyan couldn't help feeling a little disappointed. Because Guan Cang is a idled official, he laughed at himself temporarily by eating and drinking lazily: "I don't have a chair, and I dare to talk about my ambition to go to Wan Li!" It's time to be black and white when you get old. Why are you complaining about Jianghu? When you are drunk and sing, you are lazy. Can people in the stream believe in laughter? "reform
Since Yuan Hao rose up against the Song Dynasty, Song Jun's frontier defense expenditure has suddenly expanded. In order to increase income, the government has to increase the burden on the people. As a result, riots and riots against the imperial court broke out in various places, including near the capital. Statue of Gong Fan
During the three or four years in Li Qing (1043-1044), Emperor Injong, who was eager to stabilize the political situation, was particularly cheerful and enterprising. He transferred Xia Song, Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan, the three generals of the Western Front, back to Beijing together, and appointed them as the chief and deputy envoys of the highest military organ, namely the Tang Dynasty envoys and deputy envoys; He also expanded the establishment of the official, and personally appointed three or four remonstrating officials, such as Ouyang Xiu, Yu Jing, Wang Su and Cai Xiang, which were later called "four remonstrating". "Four remonstrations" were made, and Xia Song, who had no military merit, was dismissed, and Du Yan and Fu Bi were replaced as military commanders. The official of the "four remonstrances" made another speech, completely removing Lv Yijian's military and political power. When the "four remonstrances" were stated for the third time, Vice Premier Wang was dismissed and Fan Zhongyan took over. Facing this unprecedented excellent team, Shi Jie was overjoyed. He wrote a poem praising and saying, "Lift Liang Jun and sweep the charm!" ! Preaching sages is like pulling weeds, and a large number of people rise up to exorcise evil spirits, just like cutting chicken feet, which will never last long. In September of the third year of Li Qing (1043), Renzong urged Fan Zhongyan and others to take measures to change the situation. Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and Han Qi drafted the reform plan overnight. Fan Zhongyan, in particular, earnestly summed up the reform ideas he had been brewing for 28 years, and soon put forward the famous New Deal program "Ten Things to Answer Your Shouyu" and put forward ten reform suggestions. Its main contents are: (1) openness, that is, strict implementation of the official promotion and demotion system. At that time, the promotion officials did not ask how to rest and relax, nor did they look at the quality of their political achievements, but only their qualifications. Therefore, officials do not seek merit, but seek nothing, so they follow the trend and do nothing. Fan Zhongyan proposed to assess political achievements, promote people who have made significant contributions and obvious political achievements, and replace guilty and incompetent officials. (2) Restrain fluky psychology, that is, limit the way to be an official and promote by fluky psychology. At that time, senior officials recommended their children to be officials in Beijing every year. Twenty years later, 20 people from a brother and grandson's family served as Beijing officials. Entering the imperial court one after another in this way not only increased the state expenditure, but also these dude boys did not do their proper work, only knew how to cover up each other, form gangs and seek personal gain. For the sake of national political clarity and reducing financial expenditure, the privileges of senior officials should be restricted and their children should not be allowed to hold important positions in hotels. (3) Fine tribute, that is, strict tribute system. In order to cultivate people with real talent and practical learning, we must first reform the contents of the imperial examination, change the original Jinshi branch from focusing only on poetry and fu to focusing on strategy, and change the Mingjing branch from only requiring words and phrases to stating the significance and truth of Confucian classics. Only in this way can students be truly talented and practical, and they can truly seek truth. (4) Selection of the Chief Executive. In view of the fact that incompetent officials at the state and county levels were nine times out of ten at that time, Fan Zhongyan suggested that the court send competent people to various places (supervision and finance departments at or above the Northern Song Dynasty) to check local political achievements, reward competent personnel and recall incompetent personnel; The selection of local officials should be carefully recommended and reviewed to prevent redundancy. (5) All public areas. Public land, that is, professional land, is one of the fixed incomes of local officials in the Northern Song Dynasty, but its distribution is often uneven. Fan Zhongyan believes that the supply is uneven, how to ask officials to do their duty? He suggested that the court balance their professional income; What is not given in the professional field is given according to the results, so that they can earn enough to support themselves. Then, you can blame them for being honest; People who break the law may also be punished or fired. (six) thick agriculture and mulberry, that is, attach importance to agriculture and mulberry and other production undertakings. Fan Zhongyan suggested that the imperial court issue imperial edicts, requiring governments and people at all levels to talk about the interests of poor farmland, build water conservancy projects, promote agriculture and benefit farmers, and formulate a long-term system of rewarding people and evaluating officials. (7) Armament training means armament improvement. Fan Zhongyan suggested that strong men should be recruited near Beijing to serve as guards in Gyeonggi to assist the regular army. These guards spend about three quarters of their time on farming and one quarter on training and fighting every year. The implementation of this system can save the cost of consumables. If this system in the capital is successful, it will be followed by other places. (eight) to promote the good faith, that is, to widely implement the government's loyalty to the people. If the competent department delays or violates the execution of the Amnesty order, it shall be dealt with severely according to law. In addition, envoys should be sent to all walks of life to check whether various preferential policies that should be implemented are implemented. In this way, the emperor's favor is everywhere. (nine) heavy order, that is, to seriously and carefully issue court orders. Fan Zhongyan believes that the written law was originally intended to show trust in the people, but it was changed soon after it was promulgated. Therefore, the imperial court must discuss which regulations can be implemented for a long time, delete complex and redundant clauses, stipulate them as emperor's orders and state decrees, and promulgate them for implementation. In this way, the court's orders will not change frequently. (10) reduce corvee. Fan Zhongyan believes that the number of hukou has decreased, but the people's supply to the government is heavier. Counties with a small number of registered permanent residence are reduced to townships, and embassies and state hospitals of various states are merged into one hospital; The handyman sent by the official department can be assigned to some state soldiers to undertake, and those who should not undertake public office will be returned to the countryside. In this way, people will no longer worry about heavy troubles. Ten Things about Chen has been written and will be submitted immediately. Song Renzong discussed with other officials of the imperial court and agreed, and gradually released it to the whole country in the form of imperial edicts. Thus, the sensational Qingli New Deal in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty began under the leadership of Fan Zhongyan, and Fan Zhongyan's reform thought was put into practice. Just a few months after the implementation of the New Deal, the political situation took on a new look: the bureaucracy began to be streamlined; Children who used to be officials by family power were subject to many restrictions; In the past, bureaucrats who only talked about seniority increased the procedures for examining performance and morality, and they were promoted with special talents; In the imperial examination, the examination of practical argumentative papers was highlighted; Schools have been established all over the country. Gong Fan's diligence and integrity inspired generations of China to serve the country and people. The character of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" has also become the representative of Chinese national morality. "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later" has become a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation, affecting thousands of people in Qian Qian and becoming a valuable spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation and even the people of the world. Its spirit of "worrying about the world first" has become an immortal monument, which is established in the minds of China people at home and abroad.
2. Wen Tianxiang, Wen Tianxiang, (1236— 1283) Song Rui, whose name is Wenshan, was born in Luling (now Ji 'an) in the Southern Song Dynasty.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the court was partial to the south of the Yangtze River and the country was weak. 127 1 year, the Mongols in the north ended the fratricidal struggle for the throne, established the Yuan Dynasty, and then targeted the aggression at the Southern Song Dynasty. 1273, the prime minister led 200,000 troops to capture Xiang and Fan alive, taking this as a breakthrough and going down the river. Less than two years later, he came to the suburb of Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Where Mongolian soldiers passed by, corpses were everywhere, rivers of blood were flowing, farmland was barren, and all walks of life were dying. This is an unprecedented brutal war of aggression, and the Southern Song Dynasty is facing a serious threat of national subjugation and extinction. Wen Tianxiang is a great national hero who fought against aggression under such circumstances.
The court of the Southern Song Dynasty was controlled by capitulationists for a long time. Also in 1259, Prime Minister Jia Sidao secretly knelt down to make peace on the condition that he would give in and cut 200,000 pieces of silver wire in Jiangbei area and 200,000 pieces of silver wire in 2000. However, Bo Yan intended to destroy the Song Dynasty and did not stop invading the south. 1275, Jia Shidao's 130,000 troops were completely annihilated, and the court had no more soldiers. At this time, Song Gongdi was only four years old when he was in office. In court, Empress Xie had to send a "letter of mourning", calling on all quarters in the world to send troops "diligently" quickly. Wen Tianxiang was the magistrate of Ganzhou at that time. He "cried with the letter" and took immediate action. Within two or three months, he organized the first "diligent king" team of nearly ten thousand people. After many twists and turns, he arrived in Lin 'an. Among thousands of local officials, he and Zhang Shijie are the only ones who lead troops and are diligent. This shows how decadent this regime is. 1276 On the 18th day of the first month, when he arrived at Gaoting Mountain, Yan had already surrendered and defected. Other ministers may have surrendered. Although he is willing to surrender, he wants his right-hand man Chen to negotiate. How did Chen Can have the courage? I ran away that night. Thank the queen mother wake only sent a Wen Tianxiang. He faced the danger resolutely, but did not surrender. He believes that "fighting, defending, and moving are not as good as giving" and "at this point in state affairs, you can't help loving your body." He even took this opportunity to observe the actual situation of the enemy camp in order to "save the country." But he didn't expect that while he accused Bo Yan of being detained and unable to return to Song Ying, his militia was also ordered to disband by the capitulators. The ferocity of the enemy never trapped Wen Tianxiang, but the fatuous court and shameless capitulators made him suffer the first serious setback.
1February 9, 276, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and Jingkou (now Zhenjiang). With the help of the righteous, he escaped from the gate of hell. According to his book "Postscript to the Southern Guide", he survived at least 16 times, and after suffering, he fled to Wenzhou on April 8. At this time, he heard that Du Zong's two sons (. Soon, he was called to Fuzhou, where he served as the right prime minister and the Privy Council, and was later appointed as the same governor. In July, Wen Tianxiang raised a handsome flag in Nanjian Prefecture (now Nanping, Fujian Province), calling on heroes from all directions to take their positions and recover lost ground. 1March 277, Wen Tianxiang marched into Jiangxi, recovered dozens of counties in the south, and besieged Ganzhou at the same time. Hunan, Hubei and other places rose up in succession, shaking the south of the Yangtze River, inspiring the people's anti-aggression will and greatly alerting the Yuan rulers. Busy Yuan transferred 400,000 soldiers to solve the siege of Ganzhou, and sent 50,000 troops to pursue Wen Tianxiang. There are only more than 5000 people in the Ministry of Education. In August this year, the empty pit was defeated and several people were sacrificed. Wen's wife and children were captured. Zhao Shichai pretended to be Wen Tianxiang in an emergency, which attracted the Yuan Army, and Cai Wen had to flee. Zhao was killed immediately. This is Wen Tianxiang's second major setback in more than a year.
But Wen Tianxiang didn't lose heart. He made up his mind to fight Yuan to the end. 1278165438+1October, he packed up the remnants, expanded his army and moved to Chaoyang, Guangdong. Unfortunately,/kloc-0 was defeated by Wupoling on February 20th, and Wen Tianxiang could not escape from the encirclement. In order to die, he swallowed the accompanying borneol immediately, but he didn't die, but was captured in a coma. This is his last serious setback. From then on, Wen Tianxiang could no longer lead the insurgents to fight the Yuan Army on the battlefield.
After Wen Tianxiang was captured, he made up his mind that he just wanted to die a fair death, and he didn't want to live. Power cannot be bent, and wealth cannot be lustful. When Bo Yan detained him in Beiying, he clearly told his opponent: "The champion of the Song Dynasty ... owes his life to serve the country, but Song survives, and Song dies, with the knife and saw in the front and the tripod in the back. What are you afraid of? " "1279 October, Yuan Pingzhang's Ama came to Wen Tianxiang prison to surrender, Wen Tianxiang longbow sat down and ignored him, but Ama asked him to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang said, "Why did the Prime Minister of the Southern Dynasty kneel when he saw the Prime Minister of the Northern Dynasty? Ahmed pretended to be the winner and said proudly, "Why are you here?" "Wen Tianxiang sarcastically said, if in me, you can't go to the south, I won't come to you. What are you proud of? Ahma said to the left and right in a threatening tone: "This man's life or death is still up to me. Wen Tianxiang justice awe-inspiring: "If you want to kill people who have perished. This is not for you to decide. Amar cut his throat and left in frustration. At the end of the same year, Yuan Prime Minister Kyle Polo interrogated Wen Tianxiang. When Kyle Polo came, he was on his high horse. When he wanted to kneel down, he refused, forcing Wen Tianxiang to kneel. Wen awed: "Everything in the world has its ups and downs. Since ancient times, emperors and princes have perished and slaughtered. Why not? Tian Xiang today ... As for this, it has been implemented long ago. "On the eve of the execution, Emperor Kublai Khan surrendered himself, taking the position of Prime Minister as bait, in an attempt to make Wen Tianxiang surrender, but it was severely rejected by Wen Tianxiang. Kublai Khan had to ask him, what do you want? Wen Tianxiang replied, "I'd rather die! "Wen Tianxiang's great spirit of dying for his country made the enemy helpless. This is actually tantamount to declaring the victory of the anti-aggression war, the victory of justice, and the victory of "righteousness" that I praised. This is tantamount to declaring the failure of the aggressors and all capitulationists and traitors.
At the critical juncture of national peril, Wen Tianxiang always takes the national interest as the highest interest, and never shows mercy to capitulators and traitors. 1259, when the Yuan army crossed the river and surrounded Ezhou, Dong Ji, the emperor's favorite, moved the capital to Song Emperor, and Wen Tianxiang bravely went to the desert and begged Dong. 1275, the court posthumously awarded Lv Wende, the general of the Yuan Army, as the king of the county, and promoted his nephew Lv Shimeng as a post-minister. The atmosphere of surrender pervaded the capital for a period of time, and Wen Tianxiang wrote to beg Lu Shimeng to stabilize the morale. After Wen Tianxiang was captured, Liu and other thieves had to bite the bullet and surrender, while Wen was reviled. Even when Song Gongdi, who had defected to the enemy, came to surrender, he was ignored. Wen Tianxiang clearly put forward that "the country is important, and the monarch is light". He is not loyal to the emperor, but only unconditionally loyal to the country and the nation.
1283 65438+1On October 9th, Wen Tianxiang died heroically at the gate of Dadu bus. After his death, he left a lot of poems, such as "Who hasn't died since ancient times, keep a heart and look at history" in Crossing Zero and Ding Yang; Song Zhengqi, written in prison, and Dai Yi Zhao, found in his clothes after his death (Confucius said "to be benevolent" and Mencius said "to be essential", but the righteousness is exhausted, so what did you learn from reading the books of sages? From time to time, it has become a swan song that illuminates the sun, the moon and the mountains, and has become a valuable part of the national spiritual wealth. Therefore, Wen Tianxiang became an immortal national hero.
3. Zhao Pu, Zi Ping, a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. Liang Long was born in Jizhou (now southwest of Beijing) in 922, and moved to Changzhou (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) and Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) in the late Tang Dynasty.
There is a saying that "the Analects of Confucius governs the world". During the reign of Xiande in the Later Zhou Dynasty, he served as our ambassador to Yongxing Army (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), as a judge of military law in Chuzhou and Weizhou (now Pingliang, Gansu Province), and as an official and secretary of our ambassador to Zhao Kuangyin in Tongzhou (now Dali, Shaanxi Province) and Songzhou (now south of Shangqiu County, Henan Province). In the first month of the seventh year of Xiande (960), Pu and Li launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, put on yellow robes, overthrew the Zhou Dynasty, and established the Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty). Pu was appointed as the right imperial historian and served as the secretary of the straight bachelor. In April of that year, following the week, he rose up against the Song Dynasty, and Pu suggested going on an expedition in person. After Song Desheng returned to our company, he was promoted to Assistant Minister of Finance and Deputy Minister of Government Affairs.
Zhuge Liang was a famous politician, strategist and diplomat during the Three Kingdoms period. The word Kongming, the word Wolong, was born in Yang Du (now yinan county, Shandong Province), Langye County, Xuzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang was born in Han Guang and four years ago. In the fourth year of his birth, that is, the first year of Emperor Zhong Ping (AD 184), the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. The warlord regime, war, Zhuge Liang lost his parents, and uncle Zhuge Xuan lived alone. At the age of fifteen, Zhuge Liang followed his uncle to Xiangyang, Jingzhou and attached himself to Liu Biao. He saw that Liu Biao was incompetent and not the master of the world, so he lived in seclusion in Longzhongshan, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and built a house. This was in the year 197. Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong for ten years. He made friends with celebrities in the south of the Yangtze River, "comparing himself to Guan Zhonghe every time", and loved to sing Song of Fu Liang, and made friends with celebrities such as Pang Degong, Pang Tong, Huang, Cui and Xu Shu. His intelligence has been recognized by everyone, and he has the ambition to conquer the world. He pays close attention to the development of the current situation, so he knows the world situation like the back of his hand. Known as "Wolong". Marry Huang's daughter.
In 207 AD, on the recommendation of Xu Shu, Liu Bei visited the Caotang, so please count Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang brilliantly analyzed the situation in the world and put forward that to unify the world, we must take the road of uniting with Cao Cao and Sun Tzu. This is the famous "Longzhong Dui". In 208 AD, Cao Cao conquered the south and defeated Liu Bei in Nagano. Zhuge Liang "was ordered by the defeated army and was ordered by danger" and sent messengers to Jiangdong to link Sun Quan. Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan negotiated the firm principle of Longzhong-China confrontation and concluded a bilateral alliance, not a subordinate relationship. Sun Quan realized that "unless he is Liu Yuzhou, he can't be Cao Cao", so he had to give in, agree to the three-point position and send his troops to refuse to practice. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan fulfilled his promise and lent Jingzhou to Liu Bei. Assist Yizhou, so that Shu, Wei and Wu Cheng can gain a foothold. After Cao Pi replaced Han as emperor, Liu Bei also became emperor, Zhuge Liang became prime minister and premier, and Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou.
In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was dying in Yong 'an, and called Zhuge Liang to take care of the affairs, saying, "You are ten times as good as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and achieve great things in the end. If the heir can be assisted, he will be assisted; If it is incompetent, you can replace it. " Zhuge Liang quickly cried: "I will try my best to bring out the best in each other, and I will be loyal to death!" " After the emperor ascended the throne, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the marquis of Wuxiang, and set up a prime minister's office to handle daily affairs, and also served as Yizhou shepherd. At that time, the military, political and financial affairs of the whole country, big or small, were decided by Zhuge Liang.
After Zhuge Liang came to power, the first important thing he did was to resume diplomatic relations with Soochow. After Liu Bei's death, Soochow continued to be a vassal of Wei, but on the other hand, it has not made up its mind how to deal with Shu, and it is still at the border of Shu. Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi, a minister, to persuade Sun Quan to unite with Shu and sever relations with Wei.
At that time, during Liu Bei's crusade, the counties in South China rebelled under the instigation of Wu Dong, which seriously threatened the backyard of Shu Han. After Zhuge Liang came to power, he resumed diplomatic relations with Soochow and cut off foreign aid to South China. After two years of aftercare, Zhuge Liang wrote to his late master, determined to quell the rebellion in southern China. In the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang led an army to conquer Nanzhong in three ways. In this war, Zhuge Liang used offensive tactics against Meng Huo, the rebel leader, which completely convinced him. After the war of counter-insurgency, Zhuge Liang divided the four counties in the south into six counties by learning from the experience of "vassal States building their own armies". Jianning county, the center of the rebel army, was divided into the smallest county, and a large number of local officials were used to achieve the goal of not losing troops and transporting grain and grass, but also managing the local area. More than 10,000 families of "Qing Qiang" in South China were recruited into Shu, and five cavalry units were formed with their youth and strength, which were called "flying troops": the commander-in-chief was set up to take charge of the military and political affairs in South China. In December of that year, Zhuge Liang led the army back to Chengdu.
In March of the fifth year of Wen (227), Zhuge Liang took the model to see his ancestors and led his army to Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition. He first trained in Hanzhong for about a year, and then attacked the north. Wei Nan 'an (Longxi, Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (Jichuan, Gansu) immediately fell to Shu. Wei Mingdi went to Chang 'an to supervise the war, while Cao Zhen supervised the right army, and adopted the strategy of giving priority to defense. At first, the Shu army took Gu Jielu as a threat to capture the county seat, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi led the troops (now northwest of Shaanxi Baocheng) as suspected troops, and Zhuge Liang led the troops to attack Qishan in the west. Ma Su, who joined the army, led an army as a pioneer and was stationed in the street pavilion. Ma Su was bad, lost to Wei Jun and lost to the street kiosks. The Shu army lost its stronghold and had to return to Hanzhong (there was no "empty city plan" to retreat Sima Yijun in official history). Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears in his eyes, wrote to himself three times, and became prime minister as a right general.
In the winter of 228, in the sixth year of Jianxing, Wei Jun attacked Wu in the third way, and Guanzhong was empty. Zhuge Liang led the army to the Northern Expedition again. The Shu army went through the big three passes this time, besieged Chencang for more than 20 days, and all the food was gone. In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang led the army to the third Northern Expedition. The Shu army marched westward, occupied Weiwudu and Yin Ping counties, and then returned. Zhuge Liang was reinstated as prime minister.
During this period, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Li Yan became the focus of attention. It turns out that the two of them are entrusted by Liu Bei, and * * * is the assistant minister. Until lite four years (226), the relationship between them was relatively good. Zhuge Liang also praised Li Yan in his letter to Mengda. But soon, Li Yan wrote to Zhuge Liang, suggesting that he use the power of state affairs to become a king like Cao Cao and accept the "Nine Tin", so that he can also get some benefits. Zhuge Liang was very angry about this and severely criticized Li Yan in his reply. Soon, before Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei, he asked Li Yan to guard Hanzhong with his 20 thousand army. Li Yan bargained for Zhuge Liang to draw five counties from the eastern part of Yizhou to set up Jiangzhou, and let him be the secretariat of Jiangzhou, but the transfer failed. Zhuge Liang put the overall situation first and compromised; In the seventh year of lite, before Kyle went to Wu Dong, he specifically asked Zhuge Liang to report Li Yan's clever deception, especially about some misdeeds of Li Yan when he was an official in his hometown in his early years, but it did not attract enough attention from Zhuge Liang. In the eighth year of Jianxing (230), he wanted to attack Shu in three ways. Zhuge Liang once again asked Li Yan to take 20 thousand troops to Hanzhong, and Li Yan bargained again. Zhuge Liang immediately gave in and appointed his son as the governor of Jiangzhou, and took over the work after Li Yan was transferred. Li Yan carried out the transfer order. In the ninth year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the fourth time and put Li Yan in charge of logistics supply in Hanzhong. Li Yan failed to raise food and grass in time, so he wrote to Zhuge Liang that the emperor ordered the retreat. After Zhuge Liang withdrew his troops, he lied to the court that withdrawing troops was to lure the enemy. When Zhuge Liang came back, he pretended to be surprised and asked, "Is there enough rations? Why did you suddenly retreat? " So Zhuge Liang took out Li Yan's letters as evidence in court, signed them with many soldiers, impeached Li Yan, transferred him from Shu Ren and exiled him to Zitong.
In February (234), the 12th year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang made the fifth northern expedition and led a large army out of the oblique valley, according to Wuzhangyuan (now 40 miles south of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). This time, I made an appointment to attack Wei at the same time. However, Wu Dong has been slow to send troops. Until May, Sun sent Lu Xun to camp in Jiangxia and Miankou (now Hanzhen, Hubei) and attacked Xiangyang, while Sun Quan himself led the army to encircle the new town. In this regard, Wei Mingdi's strategy is to defeat Wu Dong first. He personally led the water army eastward, made Sima Yi, who was guarding the west, insist on not fighting and let the Shu army retreat. However, when Sun Quan learned of Wei Zhu's intention, he thought that his side had become the main battlefield and suffered losses, that is, he ordered all the troops to withdraw. On the western front. In view of the lessons learned from the past, Zhuge Liang divided his troops and settled in the field, intending to be stationed for a long time. In August of this year, Zhuge Liang suddenly fell ill and died at the front, at the age of 54. The Shu army retreated across the board. Zhuge Liang left a will before his death: "If you are buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, just dig a grave on the hillside and the coffin can be placed in the grave. Wear ordinary clothes and don't bury objects. "
The path Zhuge Liang chose fully shows that he is an orthodox thinker who upholds feudal laws and advocates Confucian loyalty and morality. However, Zhuge Liang did not stick to Confucian dogma. He respects the king, but does not harass foreigners. He made a southern tour to appease foreigners and implemented the best ethnic policy among the three countries. Zhuge Liang fought to the last breath of his life with the spirit of "doing his best and dying".
5. Gu Gu (16 13— 1682), No.,was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu. I took part in the struggle against eunuchs when I was young. The Qing army went south to participate in the local anti-Qing struggle. After the failure of the anti-Qing dynasty, he traveled all over North China and took books with him. I tilled the fields, visited the customs and collected information, especially devoted to the research of frontier defense and northwest geography. Gu has a wide range of knowledge, and has in-depth research on the subset of classics and history, phonological exegesis, laws and regulations, military agricultural economy, anecdotes of counties and cities, etc. In his later years, he refused the collection of the Qing government and devoted himself to the study of Confucian classics. He is the author of dozens of books, such as Records of the Days, Chronicles of Diseases in Countries and Counties of the World, and Chronicle of Zhao Yu.
Gu advocated "applying the world to practical use" and "saving the world through learning". In his view, some intellectuals in the late Ming Dynasty were ignorant of books, divorced from reality, and spoke without roots. They "don't learn the Six Arts, don't test the classics of hundreds of kings, and don't melt into contemporary things", which leads to "the stock fell, the four countries were in chaos, China was teetering, and the ancestral society was in ruins" (Rizhilu). Therefore, he advocates applying what he has learned and believes that writing books should be beneficial to the contemporary world. "All articles that have nothing to do with the purpose of the Six Classics and the contemporary world should not do whatever they want", "Don't do anything that has nothing to do with economics and politics" (Complete Works of Lin Ting). He tried hard to practice his own ideas, combined book knowledge with on-the-spot investigation, and created a good style of study for down-to-earth study, which had a great influence on scholars in Qing Dynasty. Gu also opposed the "arbitrary rule" of absolute monarchy and advocated absorbing more members of the landlord class to participate in the "pluralistic rule" of politics. He believes that "man is the king of the world and cannot be ruled by himself." If you rule alone, the punishment will be very complicated; Public governance, while criminal policy (abandonment) is easy (Qing Confucianism case, Lin Ting learning case). Gu also has a strong patriotic thought. He distinguished between "national subjugation" and "national subjugation" in feudal society, saying: "Changing one's surname and name means national subjugation. Benevolence and righteousness are full. As for attracting animals to eat people, people will kill each other, which is called the death of the world. "The' national subjugation' mentioned here refers to regime change, and it is a question of one feudal ruling group replacing another; "subjugation of the country and the world" refers to the decline of the nation and culture, which is a major issue related to the fate of the whole nation. He believes that "protecting the country" is different from "protecting the world", that is, "protecting the country" means defending the old feudal dynasty, and "its monarch and its ministers seek it", and ordinary people don't have to care; Protecting the world means defending the nation and its culture, which is everyone's responsibility. This is the famous "those who protect the world are cheap and have no responsibility" ("Rizhilu Politics"). Liang Qichao summarized his patriotic thought as "every man has a responsibility for the rise and fall of the world" Gu's thoughts had certain progressive significance at that time and had a great influence on later generations.