The cultural industry takes the production and provision of spiritual products as its main activity and aims to meet people's cultural needs. It refers to the creation and sale of cultural meaning itself, including literary and artistic creation, music creation, photography, dance, industrial design and architectural design in a narrow sense.
Cultural industries can basically be divided into three categories:
First, industries that produce and sell cultural products in relatively independent physical forms (such as books, newspapers, movies, audio-visual products and other industries); The second is the cultural service industry in the form of labor services (such as drama and dance performances, sports, entertainment, planning, brokerage, etc.). ); The third is industries that provide cultural added value for other commodities and industries (such as decoration, decoration, image design, cultural tourism, etc.). ).
Question 2: What does cultural industry mean? I graduated from the cultural industry management major. Let's talk about my opinion.
First of all, what is the cultural industry:
UNESCO defines cultural industry as a series of activities that produce, copy, store and distribute cultural products and services according to industrial standards. It is defined from the perspective of industrialized standardized production, circulation, distribution and consumption of cultural products.
UNESCO's definition of cultural industry only includes products (such as books, newspapers, electronic publications, audio-visual products, audio-visual products, etc. ) can be industrialized and meet the four characteristics (namely, serialization of production process, standardization, refinement of division of labor and popularization of consumption) and related services, but excluding the production and services of stage performances and plastic arts.
In fact, countries all over the world have no unified view on the cultural industry. The United States did not mention the cultural industry. They generally only talk about copyright industry, which is mainly defined from the perspective that cultural products have intellectual property rights. Japan believes that all industries related to culture belong to cultural industries. In addition to traditional performances, exhibitions, press and publication, it also includes leisure and entertainment, radio, film and television, sports and tourism. They call it the content industry, emphasizing the spiritual attribute of content.
In September 2003, the Ministry of Culture of China formulated and issued "Several Opinions on Supporting and Promoting the Development of Cultural Industry", which defined the cultural industry as "an operating industry engaged in the production of cultural products and providing cultural services. Cultural industry is a concept corresponding to cultural undertakings, both of which are important components of socialist cultural construction. The cultural industry is an inevitable product of the development of social productive forces and an emerging industry developed with the gradual improvement of China's socialist market economy and the continuous progress of modern production methods. " In 2004, the National Bureau of Statistics defined "culture and related industries" as activities providing cultural and entertainment products and services to the public and activities related to these activities. Therefore, China's definition of cultural industry is * * * cultural entertainment, which is different from the national ideological and cultural undertakings.
In 2004, the National Bureau of Statistics formulated the Classification of Culture and Related Industries on the basis of research with relevant departments in Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. According to the relevant national policies and the research objectives of the research group, combined with the actual situation in China, the concept of culture and related industries is defined as: activities to provide cultural and entertainment products and services to the public and activities related to these activities.
According to this concept, the scope of cultural industry is:
1. Books, newspapers, publishing, production, distribution and other entertainment products that provide cultural products to the public in kind.
2. Provide cultural services and entertainment services that the public can participate in and choose, such as radio and television services, film services and cultural performance services.
3. Provide cultural management and research services, such as cultural relics and heritage protection, library services, cultural and social group activities, etc.
4. Production and sales activities of equipment and materials necessary for providing cultural and entertainment products, such as printing equipment, stationery and other production and business activities.
5. Production and sales activities of equipment and articles necessary for providing cultural and entertainment services, such as production and operation activities of radio and television equipment and film equipment.
6. Other activities related to culture and entertainment, such as arts and crafts and design.
Is cultural industry the only way for China?
That's for sure. Because developed countries are vigorously developing cultural industries, such as Hollywood (film industry) in the United States and animation export (animation industry) in Japan. Because the cultural industry involves a wide range, many tertiary industries belong to the category of cultural industries. It can be said that the development of cultural industry will make great contribution to the economic construction of China.
How to take the road of culture;
This can only be discussed from my own perspective.
First of all, we should improve the quality of the people and the level of cultural consumption.
Secondly, we should make the cultural industry develop systematically.
Third, the gradual industrialization of cultural undertakings can increase capital investment.
Another problem is the system, which depends on national policies. Basically, what cultural industry practitioners can do is to learn from foreign excellent cases and develop their own industries.
I hope it helps you. ...& gt& gt
Question 3: What are the classifications and summaries of cultural industries? What is the cultural industry? As a new form of cultural development and cultural phenomenon, cultural industry has attracted wide attention around the world and has been studied for more than half a century. In the wave of world cultural development, the concept of cultural industry is constantly changing and its connotation is increasingly rich. Experts and scholars have systematically studied the concept of cultural industry, but so far they have not formed an authoritative and standard definition or a unified title. Accurately grasping the concept and classification of cultural industry is of great reference value for studying the evolution of the theoretical development of cultural industry in China and the West, and then it can promote the theoretical research of domestic cultural industry and promote the rapid development of cultural industry in the new period.
Keywords cultural industry; Concept; classify
The concept of "cultural industry" originated from the controversy and criticism of "popular culture" by Theodor Adono and Max Harmo of Frankfurt School in 1947. Since they put "cultural industry" into the research category, the theoretical and practical research of cultural industry has been highly concerned by academic circles and countries, and the changes and development of cultural industry have promoted the rapid development of national economies. At present, in China's academic circles, cultural industry is also a concept with rich connotation and multiple meanings.
First, the distinction between the concept of cultural industry
At present, it is difficult to define the concept of "cultural industry" accurately. If "culture" is the "life panorama" of a unique group or social group in the broadest sense of anthropology, it can be extended to all industries as cultural industries, because all industries are related to the production and consumption of culture. However, in fact, if we define culture as "a necessary (though not the only) symbol system for the dissemination, re-creation, experience and exploration of social order", then the expression and use of the term "cultural industry" will be more accurate and rigorous. In short, the cultural industry usually refers to the institutions that are most directly related to socially meaningful production (mainly for-profit cultural enterprises, but sometimes it also includes public cultural institutions, national organizations and non-profit organizations) [1]. Therefore, the definition of cultural industry should mostly include radio and television, book and newspaper publishing, advertising and performing arts. The primary goal of all these cultural activities is to communicate with the audience, create texts and finally present them to the audience in the form of cultural products. Broadly speaking, all cultural products are texts, but because anyone can interpret them, it will inevitably lead to cognitive deviation, and some concepts are even often mixed together.
(1) Cultural industries and cultural undertakings
Cultural industry and cultural undertakings are corresponding concepts. For a long time, cultural industry and cultural undertakings have been confused in many occasions and fields, and people have not accurately realized that there are significant differences between them in many aspects. With the further liberation of social productive forces and the gradual improvement of the market economy system, with the rapid development of high technology and the continuous improvement of modern production methods, the cultural industry is increasingly integrated into the daily life of the public and gradually becomes a new industry. Cultural industry and cultural undertakings are the two wings of the development of cultural industry in China.
Generally speaking, cultural undertakings are dominated by * * * and have the nature of public welfare, and meet people's cultural needs by providing undifferentiated public cultural products and services; The cultural industry is dominated by the market and has maneuverability. Mainly use the market to allocate resources, promote the development of cultural enterprises, mobilize more non-public welfare resources and private capital to activate the cultural market, and meet people's diverse spiritual needs with rich cultural products and services. [2] From the source of funds, the production capital of cultural undertakings is provided by the state or society in a unified and centralized manner; However, the sources of funds for enterprise commodity production are diversified to varying degrees, and the private economy is widely absorbed into the field of cultural industry management. From the perspective of management system, cultural undertakings usually implement public welfare management system, and cultural industries implement commercial enterprise management system. From the way of regulation and control, the state indirectly regulates and guides enterprises mainly through tax policy, legal system and price leverage; On the other hand, cultural undertakings are mainly regulated by the state.
The characteristics of cultural undertakings are mainly reflected in three aspects. The first is social welfare. Most non-profit cultural undertakings, such as libraries, museums, cultural centers and art galleries, are managed by state investment and allocated daily funds, which naturally should be owned by all citizens of society. Second, society ... >>
Question 4: What is the connotation of cultural industry? It's an honor to have someone ask me questions about my industry. The so-called "cultural industry" is extensive, but it is only the definition of the concept, not the final content. You can tell. 1. Culture: Of course, culture contains many definitions. Our national studies and small and medium-sized enterprises in today's society are doing cultural development companies, including performing arts culture, music culture, history culture and animation. So what is an industry? 2. Definition of industry: The so-called industry is to build a single project into a chain-like development law, resulting in a series of complexes such as chain-like production, processing, manufacturing and publicity. Just like the food chain, industry is an aggregate, such as how a clothing culture company develops in industrialization. First of all, his definition project is clothing culture. Costume culture contains a lot (including ancient figure costumes, royal costumes, national costumes and costume cultures of various times). How to develop industrialization needs to form a chain-like connection between enterprises related to clothing culture, and unify clothing enterprises, fabrics, manufacturers, processing, publicity and other additional value-added industries to form an appropriate scale of industrialization. When a single project forms industrial development, and this project is a cultural project, it is called cultural industry. If the project contains innovative ideas and ideas, the project is: cultural and creative industries; This is a hot industry in the current municipal planning, and it is also the planning work that all provinces, cities and enterprises are doing.
Question 5: The concept of cultural industry UNESCO's definition of cultural industry only includes products (such as books, newspapers, electronic publications, audio-visual products, audio-visual products, etc.). ) can be industrialized and meet the four characteristics (that is, serialization of production process, standardization, refinement of division of labor and popularization of consumption) and its related services, but excluding the production and services of stage performances and plastic arts. In fact, countries all over the world have no unified view on the cultural industry. The United States did not mention the cultural industry. They generally only talk about copyright industry, which is mainly defined from the perspective that cultural products have intellectual property rights. Japan believes that all industries related to culture belong to cultural industries. In addition to traditional performances, exhibitions, press and publication, it also includes leisure and entertainment, radio, film and television, sports and tourism. They call it the content industry, emphasizing the spiritual attribute of content. In September 2003, the Ministry of Culture of China formulated and issued "Several Opinions on Supporting and Promoting the Development of Cultural Industry", which defined the cultural industry as "an operating industry engaged in the production of cultural products and providing cultural services. Cultural industry is a concept corresponding to cultural undertakings, both of which are important components of socialist cultural construction. The cultural industry is an inevitable product of the development of social productive forces and an emerging industry developed with the gradual improvement of China's socialist market economy and the continuous progress of modern production methods. " In 2004, the National Bureau of Statistics defined "culture and related industries" as activities providing cultural and entertainment products and services to the public and activities related to these activities. Therefore, China's definition of cultural industry is * * * cultural entertainment, which is different from the national ideological and cultural undertakings. Although different countries in the world have different definitions of cultural industry from different angles, the basic characteristics of cultural products, such as spirituality and entertainment, remain unchanged. Therefore, the cultural industry is the production, circulation and consumption activities of cultural products with spiritual entertainment.
Question 6: Definition and characteristics of cultural industry According to this concept, the scope of cultural industry is:
1. Books, newspapers, publishing, production, distribution and other entertainment products that provide cultural products to the public in kind.
2. Provide cultural services and entertainment services that the public can participate in and choose, such as radio and television services, film services and cultural performance services.
3. Provide cultural management and research services, such as cultural relics and heritage protection, library services, cultural and social group activities, etc.
4. Production and sales activities of equipment and materials necessary for providing cultural and entertainment products, such as printing equipment, stationery and other production and business activities.
5. Production and sales activities of equipment and articles necessary for providing cultural and entertainment services, such as production and operation activities of radio and television equipment and film equipment.
6. Other activities related to culture and entertainment, such as arts and crafts and design.
Cultural industry is a new industry developed under the background of global consumer society, and it is also a new industry developed under the background of global consumer society. It is a "sunrise industry" or "gold industry" recognized in the era of global economic integration in 2 1 century.
In the early 1990s, former US President Bill Clinton put forward the concept of cultural industry.
A few years later, British Prime Minister Blair put forward a new concept of creative industry. Literal translation is a creative industry, and Singapore began to translate it into a creative industry, which is very accurate.
The British Creative Industries Task Force defines "creative industries" as follows:
"Creative industry" is an industry that originates from individual creativity, skills and talents, and has the potential to create wealth and employment through the development and application of intellectual property rights.
According to British experts, the category of "creative economy" includes 13 industries, namely: advertising, architecture, art and cultural relics trading, handicrafts, design, fashion design, movies, interactive leisure software, music, performing arts, publishing, software, television broadcasting and so on.
Cultural industries are more extensive; Cultural and creative industries are higher than traditional cultural industries.
Creativity is not a simple copy of traditional culture, but relies on the wisdom, inspiration and imagination of creative talents to re-create and improve traditional cultural resources with the help of high technology. It is a part of the cultural industry that really creates great value.
Britain is the first country to advocate creative industries. They listed 13 industries: advertising, architectural art, art and cultural relics trading, handicraft production, fashion design, fashion design, film and television production, interactive leisure software, music production, performing arts, publishing, software development and television broadcasting.
The United States divides creative industries into six categories: culture and art, music records, publishing industry, film and television industry, media industry and network service industry.
Singapore divides creative industries into three categories, 13 industries. Art and culture in category 1: photography, performance and visual arts, art and antique trading, handicrafts; Two types of design: software design, advertising design, architectural design, interior design, graphic products, clothing design; The third kind of media: publishing, broadcasting, digital media and movies.
The current cultural industry standard in China is the Classification of Culture and Related Industries issued by the National Bureau of Statistics. In practice, each province and city is different according to its own reality. But this is the only official standard:
Part I Cultural Services
I. News services
1. News service
journalism
Second, publishing and copyright services.
1. Publish books, newspapers and periodicals.
(1) Publication of books, newspapers and periodicals.
Bibliography
Newspaper publishing
Periodical publishing
Other publications
(2) Production of books, newspapers and periodicals
Printing of books, newspapers and periodicals
Packaging, decoration and other printing *
(3) Distribution of books, newspapers and periodicals.
Book wholesale
Book retail
Newspaper wholesale
Newspaper retail
2. Publishing and distributing audio-visual and electronic publications
(a) the publication and production of audio-visual products
Publication of audio-visual products
Audio-visual production
(2) Publication and production of electronic publications
Electronic publication publishing
-Publication of electronic publications
-Production of electronic publications
(3) Reproduction of audio-visual and electronic publications
Reproduction of recording media *
-Reproduction of audio-visual products
-Reproduction of electronic publications
(4) Distribution of audio-visual and electronic publications
Audio-visual products and electronic publishing ... >>
Question 7: What does the cultural industry include? Cultural industries mainly include nine categories:
First, news service, the main category is journalism;
Second, publishing and copyright services, mainly including books, newspapers, audio-visual and electronic publications and copyright services;
Third, radio, television and film services refer to radio and television services such as radio stations and television stations, the transmission of radio and television and the production and distribution of films;
Fourth, cultural and artistic services, mainly including literary and artistic creation, performances and performance venues, cultural protection and cultural facilities services, cultural research and cultural community services, and other cultural and artistic services;
Fifth, network cultural services mainly refer to Internet information services, including the following four categories: Internet news services, Internet publishing services, Internet bulletin board services and other Internet information services;
Six, cultural leisure and entertainment services mainly refer to tourism cultural services and entertainment cultural services;
Seventh, other cultural services mainly refer to cultural and artistic business agency services, cultural product rental and auction services, advertising and exhibition cultural services;
Eight is the production of cultural goods, equipment and related cultural products;
Nine is the sales of cultural goods, equipment and related cultural products.
Different regions have different development plans for cultural industries.
Question 8: The difference between cultural industries and cultural undertakings. Wang, director of the Cultural Industry Department of the Ministry of Culture, said at the 2003 China Animation Industry Forum held here that different countries have different definitions of cultural industry, and it is unscientific for some domestic media to simply compare international cultural industry figures.
Wang said that the cultural industry refers to the operating industry engaged in cultural production and providing cultural services. Cultural industry is a concept corresponding to cultural undertakings and an important part of social and cultural construction. Cultural industry is an inevitable requirement for the development of social productive forces, and it is a new industry developed with the gradual improvement of the socialist market economic system and the continuous progress of modern production methods. This is the latest definition of cultural industry by the Ministry of Culture in September this year. Cultural industries are divided into nine categories: film and television industry, audio-visual industry, cultural entertainment industry, cultural tourism industry, network culture industry, books and newspapers industry, cultural relics and artworks industry and art training industry.
In fact, the scope of cultural industries is far more than the above categories. At present, the media often publish the digital gap between Chinese and foreign cultural industries. In fact, these figures are not very comparable. For example, the output value of Japan's cultural industry is nearly1000 trillion yen, accounting for 18.3% of Japan's domestic GDP, ranking second only to manufacturing. However, Japan's cultural industries include sports and tourism, and the scope is very extensive. South Korea, the United States and European countries have different definitions of cultural industries, so it is very unscientific to simply compare different countries with numbers. The scope of China's cultural industry should at least include press and publication, radio and television, literature and art and some information industries.
Question 9: What is the relationship between cultural undertakings and cultural industries? Up to now, Gao Shusheng, deputy director of the Propaganda Department of the Cultural System Reform and Development Office of the Communist Party of China, still hears two opposing views on the cultural system reform: one view holds that public welfare cultural undertakings and commercial cultural industries are inseparable, and there is always an overlapping "quasi-public welfare" gray area between them; Another view is that career and industry are just concepts, and culture can be industrialized, so we should vigorously promote "cultural industrialization." Both views are biased. For a long time, most cultural units in China have adopted the institution system and implemented the enterprise management of institutions. Since 2003, the cultural system reform has paid equal attention to both public welfare cultural undertakings and commercial cultural industries, divided cultural units into public welfare and commercial ones, promoted the transformation of commercial cultural institutions into enterprises, and established a modern enterprise system to make them qualified cultural market players. After several years of practical exploration, in key areas such as publishing and distribution, theatrical performances and film production, distribution and projection, most of them have been transformed into enterprises as operating cultural units, except for some units that continue to retain their operating systems. Even in the news media industry, which is the most difficult to distinguish, the reform idea has been determined: Party newspapers and periodicals will be separated from advertising, distribution, printing and other business parts and transformed into enterprises, and radio and television stations will also be separated from network transmission, TV drama production, advertising management and other business parts and transformed into enterprises, with separation of production and broadcasting. The next step is to divide all kinds of newspapers into current politics and non-current politics, and promote the transformation of non-current politics newspapers into enterprises. At present, the reform of the classification of literary and art academies and troupes has also determined the basic idea, that is, there are three main types of retaining the career system: one is the literary and art academies and troupes directly under the Ministry of Culture, which represent national standards and play an exemplary role; One is to embody national characteristics and belong to national treasures, such as a few Peking Opera and Kunqu Opera; The other is that market development needs a certain process and elegant art, such as ballet, symphony and opera. It should be emphasized that the cultural system reform has never put forward "cultural industrialization", but has always adhered to the "two-wheel drive" of career and industry. Even after the cultural system reform has been completely completed and all the operating cultural institutions have been transformed into enterprises, there are still a certain number of non-profit cultural institutions, including public libraries, museums, memorial halls, art galleries, cultural centers (stations) and so on. , as well as party newspapers and periodicals, radio and television stations, current affairs newspapers, public welfare publishing houses and key literary and art groups that continue to retain their business systems. The viewpoint of "cultural industrialization" is a misunderstanding of cultural system reform. Regarding the relationship between cultural undertakings and cultural industries, we should not only make a scientific distinction between them, but also reveal their internal relations. Culture is the collective memory of a nation and a country. Inherited in both material and intangible forms, as cultural products and services of * * *, it has become the main body of public welfare cultural undertakings. Cultural undertakings are the accumulation and accumulation of culture, which is eternal and endless. Libraries, museums, etc. Accumulate the splendid culture created by mankind in the past. At the same time, while transforming the objective world, human beings are constantly creating new achievements of civilization. On the basis of fully absorbing the excellent culture of the past, they will also generate new spiritual and cultural needs, which are manifested in various market demands. In order to meet people's current cultural consumption, we must rely on cultural enterprises to create and produce rich and colorful cultural products and services, and prosper the cultural market, thus forming a cultural industry. On the one hand, cultural products and services, as the achievements of cultural industries, will inevitably be transformed into public cultural products and services with the accumulation and accumulation of culture and become an important part of public cultural undertakings. Therefore, the development of cultural industries is the basis for the prosperity of cultural undertakings. On the other hand, the development and prosperity of cultural undertakings have greatly stimulated the creativity of the broad masses of the people, and original works such as literature and art, humanities and social sciences, science and technology have emerged constantly, becoming the source of the development of cultural industries and promoting the rapid development of cultural industries. Therefore, the prosperity of cultural undertakings is the source of the development of cultural industries. (Editor: Wang Xiaojie)