On February 5th, 2006, China National Committee of Man and Biosphere Program of UNESCO held an awarding ceremony in the Great Hall of the People, and declared Baotianman, neixiang county, Nanyang City as "World Biosphere Reserve". It is also one of the 2 1 world biosphere reserves in China. There are 64 species of vertebrates/kloc-0, and 3 species of musk deer and giant salamander/kloc-0 are national key protected animals.
Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Baotianman Nature Reserve Category: Forest Ecosystem Type Nature Reserve Location: neixiang county, Nanyang City, Henan Province Honor: National Nature Reserve Type: Forest Ecosystem Type Approval Time: 1988 May Nature Reserve Area: Total Area 9304 hectares Climate Type: Monsoon Continental Climate Scenic Area. Attractions: Fossil Tip and Camel Peak. The latest honor: one of the world biosphere reserves, with a length of 28.5km from north to south and a width of 26.5km from east to west. Historical evolution, regional scope, geographical environment, protected objects, protected area management, tourism landscape, scenic spots, traffic routes, protected value, historical evolution 1980, approved by the people of Henan Province, on the basis of state-owned Wang Ou forest farm, 1in August, 989, the management office of neixiang county Baotianman National Nature Reserve was established with the approval of Nanyang State Committee, and it was a deputy county-level unit. 199 1 Baotianman started the first-phase construction project with the approval of the former Ministry of Forestry. 1February, 1992, Baotianman was identified as an area of national and global significance (A-level nature reserve). 1In April, 1993, the National Committee of Man and Biosphere of China incorporated Bao Tianman into the network of man and biosphere reserves in China. Henan Provincial Forestry Department agreed that Baotianman Nature Reserve should carry out eco-tourism activities at Fangping Protection Station in the experimental area. 1In July, 1993, the National Committee of Man and Biosphere of China included Bao Tianman in the "China Biosphere Reserve Network". In 2000, the Protection Department of the State Forestry Administration placed part of Wang Ou Forest Farm in Funiu Mountain National Nature Reserve under the unified management of Baotianman National Nature Reserve, and the protected area increased to 9304 hectares. In August 2000, with the approval of Nanyang Organizational Establishment Committee, neixiang county Baotianman National Nature Reserve Management Office was renamed as Henan Baotianman National Nature Reserve Management Office. 200 1, the state forestry administration approved the second phase project of baotianman national nature reserve in neixiang. In September of 20001year, UNESCO approved Bao Tianman to join the world biosphere reserve network, making it the first "world biosphere reserve" in Henan Province. In 2006, the National Nature Reserve Evaluation Committee of the State Forestry Administration adopted the plan to expand the area of Baotianman Nature Reserve. After the expansion, the management area of the nature reserve was integrated into two parts from the initial seven unconnected forest areas, and the area was expanded from 9304 hectares to 23 198 hectares. Coverage: Baotianman Nature Reserve borders Qiaotuan in the south of Funiu Mountain National Nature Reserve in the east, Songxian County in the north, Xixia in the west and Qiliping Township in neixiang county in the south. It is 28.5 kilometers long from north to south and 26.5 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total jurisdiction area of 9,304 hectares, including 3,040 hectares in the core area, 5,000 hectares in the buffer area 12 14 and the experimental area. Geographical environment location of Baotianman National Nature Reserve Baotianman National Nature Reserve is located in the northern mountainous area of the ancient city Nanyang and Jutan Neixiang, and in Xiaguan Town, neixiang county at the southern foot of Funiu Mountain. Its geographical coordinates are11147 ′ ~112 04 ′ and 33 ′ north latitude. Geological landform of Baotianman National Nature Reserve Baotianman Nature Reserve has a long geological history, and there are world-famous dinosaur eggs and bone fossils nearby. The main rocks are granite, limestone and sandstone. Terrain is characterized by slow foothills, steep slopes, high mountains and deep valleys and winding valleys. The landform is dominated by the mountains with different cutting degrees, supplemented by the low mountains. Floodwarves and terraces only began to appear alternately with low mountains and steep cliffs. The valleys above Zhongshan are mainly mountain streams with rapids and steep slopes. According to the genetic classification, Baotianman Mountain includes erosion and denudation structural landform and accumulation landform. According to the cutting degree, it can be roughly divided into four vertical geomorphic zones: ① the erosion fold faults in Zhongshan are undulating, with an altitude of 1300- 1830m and a relative height of 400─600m；; ; (2) The eroded fold fault is undulating low mountain landform, with an altitude of1000-1300m and a relative height of 300-400m; ; (3) an accumulation mountain basin with an altitude of 800- 1000 meters and a relative height of less than 200 meters; ; ④ The piled floodplains and terraces are 600 ~ 800 m above sea level, and the relative height is less than100 m. Climate Baotianman National Nature Reserve is located in the transition zone from the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone, and the climate obviously has the transitional characteristics of the eastern monsoon zone, belonging to the monsoon continental climate with distinct four seasons. The annual average total radiation is 25.9 1kj/cm2, and it can reach more than 25US/cm2 in 80% of the years, with monthly changes. The total sunshine hours over the years are 1934.3 hours, and the sunshine percentage is 44%. Especially in April-10, the sunshine time is longer. The annual average temperature is 15. 1℃, and the interannual variation is relatively stable. 10 minimum temperature 1.5℃, extreme minimum temperature-14.8℃. The highest temperature is in July, with an average of 27.8℃, and the extreme highest temperature is 465,438 0.2℃. The hot summer period is 8 1. 1 day, and the cold winter period is 73.6 days. The frost-free period is 160 days in high mountains and 227 days in low mountains. In areas above 800 meters above sea level, the annual active accumulated temperature is ≥0℃ and less than 4500℃; 500-800 meters above sea level, with annual active accumulated temperature ≥0℃ and less than 4500℃-5000℃; In areas below 500 meters above sea level, the annual active accumulated temperature is ≥0℃ and above 5000℃. Precipitation has the following characteristics: ① the distribution of precipitation is uneven, mainly manifested in seasonal changes, with more in summer and greater intensity, accounting for 55%-62% of the total precipitation in the whole year; In winter, the intensity of rain is small, accounting for 4%-6% of the annual precipitation; Spring and autumn are moderate, accounting for 19%-25% of the annual precipitation. ② During the same period of water and heat, the precipitation during the period of daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ accounts for 89% of the annual precipitation. ③ The precipitation variability is stable, and the annual precipitation variability is 17.9%, and the interannual precipitation changes little, so it is not easy to cause drought. The annual average precipitation is 855.6mm, the annual evaporation is 99 1.6mm, and the annual average relative humidity is 68%. According to soil forming factors, soil forming process and soil characteristics, the soil in this area can be divided into three types: mountain brown soil, mountain yellow brown soil and mountain cinnamon soil. Mountain brown soil includes mountain brown soil and mountain coarse bone brown soil, mountain yellow brown soil includes mountain yellow brown soil and mountain yellow cinnamon soil, and mountain cinnamon soil includes calcareous cinnamon soil, mountain cinnamon soil (leached cinnamon soil) and coarse bone cinnamon soil. Soil distribution is closely related to altitude. More than 1300 m belongs to mountain brown soil, 800- 1300m belongs to mountain yellow brown soil, and 600─800m belongs to mountain cinnamon soil. Generally, the soil layer is 30-40 cm, with light or medium soil, obvious development layers, thick litter layer and humus layer, fertile soil, PH value of 5.5-7, neutral and acidic, and no erosion. Baotianman National Nature Reserve Hydrology Baotianman National Nature Reserve belongs to the Yangtze River system. Restricted by the regional structure, the main water systems are northwest and northeast. Affected by topography, many small tributaries in the area extend to the northeast. The main water systems are ① the upper reaches of the Turbulent River, which flows through the central part of the reserve, with a general flow of 3.36m3/s and a maximum flow of 103.56m3/s, which flows from northwest to southeast and flows into the Hanshui River system. ② Qitan River passes through the east of the reserve, with a general flow of 4.25 6m3/s and a maximum flow of 1 13.86m3/s, and flows into the turbulent river from north to south. (3) Xuyaogouxi flows into the Turbulent River from northeast to southwest, with a minimum flow of 0.098m3/s and a maximum flow of 7.566m3/s ... The groundwater types are mainly bedrock weathering fissure diving and structural fissure diving, which are deeply buried and rich in reserves. Baotianman National Nature Reserve belongs to the forest ecosystem type nature reserve, which is the most complete section of natural broad-leaved forest in north subtropical and warm temperate regions. There are many types of forests, and vegetation is a typical representative of the transition from warm temperate deciduous forests to north subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. The object of protection is the forest ecosystem and rare wild animals and plants in the transitional zone. Tertiary "residual species"-Cercidiphyllum bungeanum plant resources Baotianman National Nature Reserve is below the altitude of 1200m, and it is dominated by Quercus variabilis forest; Altitude1100-1300m, dominated by short-stalked forests; At the altitude of 1300- 1600 meters, Quercus acutissima forest is dominant; At an altitude of1600-1750m, it is a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest composed of Pinus armandii and Quercus acutissima; At an altitude of 1700 meters, there is a short curved forest composed of Quercus acutus and Betula platyphylla at the top of the mountain; In some areas, there are Populus davidiana forest, Betula platyphylla forest, Betula platyphylla forest, Hu Axiang forest, Sorbus pohuashanensis forest and Acer negundo forest. Broad-leaved forest is widely distributed in nature reserves, especially deciduous broad-leaved trees, which are the main components of forest vegetation and widely distributed in hillsides or valleys around nature reserves. Coniferous forests are mainly large-scale artificial Pinus massoniana forests, Chinese fir forests and Chinese pine forests, as well as small-scale artificial Metasequoia forests, Japanese larch forests and some naturally distributed Chinese pine forests, Chinese pine forests and hemlock forests. Common shrubs are Lespedeza shrub and Salix fruticosa shrub. A large area of Hemerocallis Hemerocallis Hemerocallis meadow is distributed in valleys or hillsides at an altitude of 1400- 1700 meters in Fangping and Baotianman forest areas. Reed marshes are distributed in small plots in beaches or valleys in forest areas such as Fangping and Qiligou. The forest coverage rate of the reserve is 97.3%, and a large number of relatively complete natural primary and secondary plants and biological communities have been collected and preserved. There are 29 1 1 species and varieties of plants in the whole region, belonging to 256 families 1054 genera, accounting for 73% of the total number of plants in Henan, including 28 species of wild plants under special state protection; It is not distributed in other parts of Henan Province, and it is one of the most concentrated and abundant areas of rare plants in Henan Province. There are more than one species of wild fruit trees 1 10, 436 species of wild flowers, 73 species of wild vegetables175 species of medicinal plants 1055, which is the gene bank of animals and plants in Henan Province and even the whole country. There are 20 1 species of terrestrial wildlife in the nature reserve, belonging to 64 families, including 48 species of mammals 18 families, 26 species of reptiles, 4 families of amphibians 1 1 species, and 34 families of birds1/6 species. Golden eagle, leopard, giant salamander, golden pheasant with red belly. More than 30 kinds of animals, such as fragrant roe, have been listed as national key protected animals. There are more than 3,000 species of insects here, including butterfly 162 species, dragonfly 58 species and spider 108 species, many of which are rare and unique. Known as "the treasure house of natural species" and "the green pearl of Zhongzhou". Black stork Baotianman National Nature Reserve is an important habitat for forest birds in mountainous areas of Henan Province. Precious and endangered birds include black stork, golden eagle and other national first-class protected animals; Yuanyang, goshawk, red-bellied eagle, sparrow hawk, kestrel, golden pheasant, carved owl, small owl with longitudinal abdomen, gray owl, long-tailed owl, long-eared owl and short-eared owl are the national second-class protected animals. Other common or easy-to-see birds include pond heron, egret, green-winged duck, mallard duck, pheasant, white-waisted sandpiper, fan-tailed sand cone bird, rock pigeon, mountain pigeon, pearl-necked turtledove, four-tone cuckoo, common kingfisher, blue emerald, black-pillow green woodpecker, crested lark, golden swallow and crested lark. The management organization of protected areas has established a perfect protection and management organization for the management of Baotianman National Nature Reserve. The independent accounting institution established by neixiang county Organization Establishment Committee has a deputy division level system, with 1 director, 1 secretary, 1 deputy secretary, 3 deputy directors and 7 middle-level leaders. Administratively, it belongs to the people of neixiang county, Henan Province, and its business is guided by the forestry department at a higher level. Mainly engaged in forest management and protection, scientific research and monitoring, economic forest tending, tourism development and management. Protected Area Management Bureau consists of six departments: Science and Technology Department, Management Department (Resource Protection Department), Task Department, Political Work Department, Office and Financial Planning Department. Xiaohong Temple River, Dahongsi River, Hougou, Qiligou, Baotianman, Dashiyao, Xuyaogou, Yinhugou, Nanyinpo, Muhuding, Mayigou, Dazhaoyu, Shengduo Mountain, Kyoko Dui, Wuyizi and other protected areas 15. According to the relevant national laws and regulations, rules and regulations on forest fire prevention, field patrol, labor discipline and financial management have been established, the post responsibility system has been clarified, and joint defense organizations such as forest fire prevention have been established with nearby communities, effectively protecting the biological resources of nature reserves and forming effective management methods of nature reserves. Based on the reality, Baotianman National Nature Reserve has carried out a number of scientific research projects in conjunction with national scientific research institutions such as China Academy of Forestry and Institute of Botany of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and local universities such as Henan Agricultural University and Henan University, and established an ecosystem positioning research station in Zhuanglin District of Nature Reserve. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the nature reserve hosted or participated in the research projects 15, such as national scientific and technological research, national scientific and technological support, natural science foundation, forestry industry public welfare projects and forestry science and technology popularization, and carried out research work on animal and plant resources investigation, insect investigation, tree introduction and domestication, forest ecosystem service function evaluation, efficient compound management technology under forest, natural forest protection and restoration, forest carbon cycle, etc. Won more than 40 scientific and technological progress awards at or above the municipal level, of which 10 won the provincial scientific and technological progress award, and 1 won the second prize of the provincial scientific and technological progress award. Since the establishment of the reserve, more than 280 professional papers and 8 monographs have been published. Field research facilities have also been developed, and scientific research instruments and equipment have been continuously improved. In cooperation with the Institute of Forest Ecological Environment and Protection of China Academy of Forestry, Baotianman Forest Ecosystem Positioning Research Station of State Forestry Administration was established. The forest hydrology, forest soil, forest meteorology and forest plants in nature reserves have been continuously observed and studied. Objective A carbon flux observation system, a slope runoff observation system and a 1 1 long-term observation plot were establish in that field facilities. Large-scale advanced instruments and equipment were purchased, such as Lico8 100, soil respiration, leaf area index and CO2/H2O steam flux. Infrastructure The basic construction of Baotianman National Nature Reserve was gradually implemented from 1992. After 30 years of construction, the field protection management, scientific research monitoring, popular science propaganda and infrastructure construction projects of nature reserves have been improved. With the support of State Forestry Administration and local * * *, after the implementation of the first, second and third phases of the nature reserve infrastructure project, the nature reserve administration not only purchased certain field protection, scientific research and office equipment, but also built protection facilities such as key species monitoring points, field protection points and forestry police stations, as well as scientific research facilities such as publicity and education training centers, forest ecological positioning research stations, tourist centers and flow measuring weirs, with a construction area of 7352m2. At the same time, the patrol roads of nature reserves have been improved, and infrastructure such as water, electricity and communication have been set up, and the infrastructure conditions in forest areas have been significantly improved. Cooperation field 1979, when the Henan Forestry Survey and Design Team visited Funiu Mountain, it was found that the vegetation in this area was complete and there were many rare species. It is suggested to establish a nature reserve in Wangou Forest Farm in Neixiang, and the people of Henan Province *** 1980 approved the construction of the first nature reserve in Henan Province-Baotianman and Muhuding Forest Nature Reserves in Funiu Mountain. After the establishment of the Nature Reserve, experts and scholars from France, the United States, Australia, Japan and other countries 1990 were received successively, as well as Wu, Jiang,,, Xu Zhihong, and Feng, China Academy of Engineering. It has been received in China. After 200 1 Bao Tianman joined the world biosphere reserve network, international exchanges became more frequent, and researchers from UNESCO, the United States, Sweden, Japan, Slovakia, Canada and other countries visited here successively. In 2006, Baotianman Nature Reserve established a partnership with Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve in Canada. The two sides signed a five-year cooperation plan and exchanged visits several times, and carried out exchange activities with Fontainebleau Biosphere Reserve in France. China has closer ties with China Academy of Forestry and Beijing Institute of Botany, China Academy of Sciences. The two sides have jointly carried out a number of research topics and published more than 280 papers in domestic and foreign journals. Baotianman, a tourist attraction, is located at the eastern edge of the nature reserve, with a vast area because of the steep mountain; The mountains are rich in water. It is the local main peak, with an altitude of1830m, and belongs to the boundary mountain of Neixiang and Nanzhao counties. There are more than 60 species of birch, green bar, Pinus armandii, sumac, tung, linden and mulberry on the mountain 160. There are more than 20 rare tree species such as Chinese fir, fragrant fruit, magnolia and big fruit pestle. There are 100 kinds of animals, such as tigers, leopards, deer, camphor, antelopes, otters, giant salamanders, golden pheasants and so on. Medicinal materials 1055, such as Jin Shijie, Gastrodia elata, Moschus, Cornus officinalis, Bupleurum chinense, Platycodon grandiflorum, etc. There are temple ruins on the top of the mountain, and stone tables with inscriptions of the Ming Dynasty are still preserved. The broom farm of Baotianman National Nature Reserve in Henan Province is located in the northwest of Baotianman Mountain. It is said that this mountain produces a lot of bamboo, and people use bamboo as brooms here, hence the name. The north-south direction of the mountain is one of the peaks on the ridge of Funiu Mountain, with an altitude of 1, 780 meters. The mountain is steep and densely forested. More than 65,438+0,000 kinds of wild animals and plants grow here. There are more than 900 kinds of medicinal materials, which are the scientific basis for studying animals, plants and natural secondary forests. Muhuding is located in the southeast of Baotianman main peak. According to legend, a hunter once set a tiger on the top of this mountain in ancient times, hence the name. This mountain system is one of the famous peaks in the Funiu Mountains, with an altitude of1795m. The mountain trend is east-west, and the rock is Yanshan granite, which is 1.4- 1.95 million years ago. Many animals and plants from the north and south can be found here. Fossil tip is located in the southwest of the reserve, named after the multi-series fossils on the top of the mountain and the prominent peaks. The mountain is east-west, with an altitude of1641m. The main peak is steep, the slope is high in the north and low in the south, and there are many weeds. Rare birds and animals live here all the year round. Niuxinduo is located in the southwest corner of the reserve, and it was named after a jewel shaped like Niuxinduo on the mountain in ancient times. The mountain trend is east-west, with an altitude of 1300m. Rock is Caledonian granite and marble, which can be traced back to 400-600 million years ago. The north and south sides of the mountain are steep cliffs, and the east and west sides gradually slow down, and the east, west and south sides are surrounded by rivers. Rare trees on the mountain naturally form forests, where there are often wild animals and a variety of precious Chinese medicines. There are gold mines and white marble in the western mountainous areas, which are rich in reserves. The transportation route to Baotianman National Nature Reserve, first take a bus from Nanyang City to neixiang county, contact the vehicle in the nature reserve management office to enter the reserve for about 200 kilometers, or rent a car to go. The conditions of food, shelter and transportation in the nature reserve are relatively poor. There are guest houses that can accommodate 20-30 people at the same time. Due to the remoteness of the nature reserve, it is necessary to pay attention to bring enough clothes and daily necessities. There are fewer cars bound for the reserve, so it's better to get in touch with the reserve management office in neixiang county. ① Ecological line. This route is full of towering old trees, most of which can't be carried by one person, giving people a feeling of returning to the virgin forest. ② Waterline: There is water along the waterline, which flows down the valley. There are waterfalls of different sizes at intervals, and the waterfalls are covered with all kinds of trees. Red azaleas can be seen from the mountain to the outside (the flowering period under the mountain has passed), which is very bright. ③ Climb the fossil tip. The highest top of Baotianman. Baotianman is at the dividing line between north and south, and there are both north and south. There are some plants such as Pinus taiwanensis and white flowers on the top of the mountain, and there are winding vines among the trees. From time to time, you can see dead wood lying on the road! Because the visibility at the top of Wushan Mountain is only 5M, you can't see the danger and strangeness of the whole mountain. ④ It takes 20 minutes from Getiaoba Village to the scenic spot. It takes ten minutes from Dashiyao Village to the scenic spot. Nongjiale Hotel is located in Getiaopa Village and Dashiyao Village. Protection Value Baotianman National Nature Reserve in Henan Province is the best preserved forest ecosystem in the transitional zone of Central China, and it is also one of the regions with the richest biodiversity in Henan Province. It is not only a world biosphere reserve, but also a forestry demonstration nature reserve. It has been listed as an international biodiversity protection hotspot by China Biodiversity Protection Action Plan. Baotianman Nature Reserve is not only a natural species gene bank of wild animals and plants, but also an ideal place for scientific research, ecological monitoring, environmental education, teaching practice and eco-tourism. The nature reserve has dense forests, rich biological species and complex community structure, which is also of great significance to play the service function of forest ecosystem and promote the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Protecting the forest ecosystem and rare species in the transition zone of Baotianman Nature Reserve is not only of great value to the natural protection and sustainable economic development in Henan Province, but also an important contribution to the ecological protection in China.