Voltaire (1694-1778):18th century French enlightenment thinker, known as "the king of thought" and "the best poet in France". Voltaire, whose original name was Fran? ois Marie Arouet, was a pseudonym. Born in a wealthy middle-class family in Paris, he received a good education since childhood. Voltaire experienced the rule of Louis XIV, XV and XVI, witnessed the decline of feudal absolutism from prosperity, and personally felt the decadent and reactionary rule of feudal absolutism. When he was young, he was twice imprisoned in the Bastille for publishing works against feudal aristocratic rule. 1725 After he was released from prison, he lived in England for three years. He advocated the rule of "enlightened monarch" and implemented constitutional monarchy. Voltaire wrote many works. He opposed feudal autocracy and religious superstition, advocated the principle of freedom and equality, and advocated equality before the law. His main works are: Dictionary of Philosophy, On the Customs and Spirits of All Ethnic Groups, The Age of Louis XIV, etc. He also wrote The Orphan of China, a historical drama about China.
Rousseau (17 12- 1778): French enlightenment thinker and philosopher. Born into a watchmaker's family in Geneva. Worked as a servant, secretary, tutor and scorekeeper. He advocated the establishment of a bourgeois democratic republic and thought that private ownership was the root of social oppression of people, but he did not advocate the complete elimination of private ownership. His main works are Social Contract (old translation of Civil Contract), On the Origin and Basis of Human Inequality, Confessions, etc.
Napoléon Bonaparte (1769- 182 1): French politician, strategist and the first emperor of France (1808- 18 14). Born in ajaccio, Corsica. He graduated from the Paris Military Academy and served as a second lieutenant and artillery major. 1793 Battle of Toulon, with outstanding achievements, was promoted to Brigadier General. As a director, he led troops to attack Italy (1796) and Egypt (1798). 1799165438+10 A coup took place in October and an executive government was established. 1804 proclaimed himself emperor. 18 12 the war against Russia failed and the empire collapsed. Defeated at Waterloo. Exiled to St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.
Hugo (1802- 1885): one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature. Hugo was born in an officer's family in Besancon on February 26th, 802. He was brilliant and creative, and his literary career lasted for half a century. Humanism is the main thread running through his works. Hugo comes from an officer's family. I went to Italy and Spain with my father when I was a child, and 18 14 settled in Paris. When he was young, he embarked on the road of striving for social progress. Notre Dame de Paris, a novel published by 183 1, shows the writer's strong anti-feudal and anti-church thoughts. 1848 When the "February Revolution" began, Hugo had become a staunch party member and was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly, becoming the leader of the social democratic left in the French National Assembly. 185 1 year, louis bonaparte staged a coup. Hugo immediately issued a declaration to resist, but failed. In February of the same year, Hugo was forced to flee to Brussels. During his 19 years in exile, Hugo always insisted on fighting and writing against Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. 1862 Finish the novel Les Miserables. 1870, the second empire of France collapsed and Hugo returned to his native land. 1872 finished his last novel "93". 1885 died in Paris on May 22nd. Hugo followed the pace of the times all his life and was an important writer in the history of French literature. It is particularly worth mentioning that in 186 1 year, Hugo was filled with indignation when he learned that the British and French invaders had set fire to Yuanmingyuan. He righteously wrote: "The French Empire got half of the stolen goods from this victory, and now it is naive as if it is the real master, showing the glory of the plundering of Yuanmingyuan. I hope that one day France can get rid of the heavy burden, clear its guilt and return this wealth to the plundered China. "
Picasso's former residence museum
Gaullist
Charles de Gaulle, founder of the Fifth Republic of France.
Charles de Gaulle was the founder of the Fifth Republic of France, a French soldier, writer and politician. 1890165438+1Born in Lille on October 22nd. 19 12 graduated from Saint-Cyr army school. 19 13 served under general petain with the rank of second lieutenant. During the First World War, he fought in Verdun, was wounded and captured three times, was imprisoned for two years and eight months, and was praised three times in the Battle Report.
From 1925, he was promoted to the staff of the highest operational conference by Betan, and served as a major in the troops occupying the Rhine from 1927 to 1929. He served in the Rhine from 1936 to 1938. He also served in the Middle East for two years, then was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and served as a member of the secretariat of the National Defense Commission for four years. During this period, he wrote books such as Confrontation within the Enemy (1924), Sword Blade (1932), Future Army (1934), France and Her Army (1938).
After the outbreak of World War II, he served as the brigade commander of the tank brigade and the brigade commander of the 4th armored division in the 5th Army of France, 1940, and served as the Deputy Secretary of State of the Ministry of National Defense on June 6th of the same year. He advocated resisting Nazi Germany's attack and refused to sign the armistice agreement between Germany and France. The Germans left England after they occupied Paris.
June 18 made his first radio address to France in London, calling on compatriots to continue the war of resistance under his leadership. On June 25, he founded and led the French National Committee (later renamed the Free French Government and the French National Liberation Committee) to fight against German aggression. 1943, he moved the headquarters of Free France from London to Algiers and became the chairman of the French National Liberation Committee. 1August 25, 944 returned to Paris three days after its liberation. 1 August 1944 to1August 1946,1served as chairman of the interim government and minister of national defense. 1946 1 resigned because of dissatisfaction with the left-wing Coalition government composed of three political parties. The French People's Union was founded in 1947. From 1949 to 12, he always stood in the position of the opposition, opposed the new constitution, and accused the constitutional provisions of making France repeat the second mistake and the political turmoil of the times. 195 1 established a formal political party, occupying 120 seats in parliament. Later, due to dissatisfaction with the decision of the parliamentary group to link with the parliamentary organization, the party disintegrated in 1955.
1955 1958 retired from the countryside to write his memoirs and wrote three books: Call of Honor, Unity and Savior.
1In June, 958, he became the Prime Minister, proposed a new constitution, and strengthened the presidential power and administrative power. A referendum was held on September 28th, and the new constitution was adopted with 78.5% of the votes, and it came into effect on 10 10. Since then, the fifth * * * Republic of France has replaced the fourth generation of * * * Republic, and France has made a transition from parliamentary system to de facto presidential system. 1958, 12 was elected president of the fifth Republic by universal suffrage, and 1965 was re-elected. 1966, France announced its complete withdrawal from NATO, but remained a member of the Atlantic alliance. 1April, 969, he failed in the referendum on regional reform and Senate reform, and was forced to resign and return to his hometown to continue writing his memoirs. 1970 165438+ died on1October 9.
During his second term as president, he advocated "relaxation and cooperation" between the East and the West, and advocated trade and cultural exchanges with the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. 1964 recognized People's Republic of China (PRC). He also advocated that American troops withdraw from Vietnam and travel around many countries to strengthen France's international status.