Date of birth: 1623~ 1662
Nationality: France
Works: arithmetic triangle
Invented a computer
Life: Pascal, French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher, prose master and founder of modern probability theory. Born in Claremont, France, he was weak from childhood to the end of his short life. His father tried to forbid him to study mathematics before 15 or 16 years old. But when 12 years old, Pascal insisted on knowing the true face of geometry, and based on the information obtained, he began to explore himself. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he wrote The Theory of Conic Curves with high mathematical achievements, which is the result of his study of Deschage's classic works on projective geometry. Bleuse Basgal is the son of Edeni Basgal, and Edeni is the correspondent of Maier's victory. Basgal Crucible is named after Eldon. Under the education of his father, Bryce developed his wisdom very early. 16 years old, he discovered the "Basgar Theorem", which involves a hexagon inscribed on a cone. This theorem was printed on a single page at 164 1, and it shows that it was influenced by Descartes. A few years later, Basgal invented another computer. At the age of 25, he decided to go to a monastery in Port-au-Prince and live an ascetic life as a Ransen, but he continued to provide time for scientific and literary research. He talked about an "arithmetic triangle" which is extremely useful for studying probability, but it appeared after his death 1664. His works on integral method and his thoughts on infinitesimal influenced Leibniz. He was also the first person to establish a satisfactory description of the principle of complete induction. During the period of 1642~ 1644, he designed and manufactured a computing device, which was originally designed to help his father calculate taxes, but it was already famous at that time. In a sense, it was the first digital computer. Before 1646, the Pascal family all believed in Catholicism. Because of his father's illness, he came into contact with deeper religious beliefs, which had a far-reaching impact on his later life. 1646, in order to test physicist Galileo's Torricelli theory, he made a mercury barometer, paving the way for the future research of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. In 165 1~ 1654, I have written papers on liquid balance, air weight, density and arithmetic triangle. The latter paper laid the foundation of probability calculation. During the period of 1655 ~ 1659, he wrote many religious works, but from 1659, his illness prevented him from working normally, and finally he endured great pain and died.
Gilad Girard Desargues
Date of birth:1591~1661
Nationality: France
Works: (1639)
Life: De Shag is a French mathematician who introduced the main concepts of projective geometry. He is Cardinal Li Sailiu and a technical adviser to the French government. According to Beye, the author of Descartes Biography, Descartes met Descartes in 1628. Little is known about his early achievements. Around 1630, he became a member of a mathematical organization. In: (1636), he put forward two theorems of triangular perspective, but they were not paid attention to by contemporary people. His most important work: (1639) made a bold innovation by applying projective geometry to the theory of conic section, which had an important influence on his follower Pascal. However, in this book, he uniquely used botanical terms as mathematical terms instead of Cartesian symbols, which led to the book being ignored for 200 years. All his colleagues called him crazy except his friends Messeni, Descartes, Pascal and Fermat. Even when Descartes learned that he had put forward a new method to deal with conic curves, he wrote to Messeni and said that he didn't believe that one could deal with conic surfaces without algebraic methods, but after reading Descartes' paper, he also praised him. Fermat thought Descartes was the founder of conic section theory, and saw the beauty of ancestral temple from his works, but most people couldn't understand it, so he was disgusted and Descartes had to retire to his hometown. 1845, people found that his manuscript was revived because of his interest in projective geometry, and the importance of his contribution was recognized.
Los Angeles hospital
Date of birth: 166 1~ 1704
Nationality: France
Works: Explain infinitesimal analysis of curves [1696]
Life: L'H?pital was a French mathematician. 16 1 was born in a noble family in France. 1704 died in Paris on February 2. He was attacked as a marquis and served as a cavalry officer in the army. Later, he quit the army because of poor eyesight and turned to academic research. 15 years old, learned to solve the wheel line problem. Later, he gave up his position as an artillery, devoted more time to mathematics, studied calculus under Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician, and became a major member of the French New Analytical School. L'H?pital's> This book (1696) is the earliest teaching material of calculus, and it is a model work of18th century. It creates an algorithm (Robida's Law) to find the limit of the quotient of two functions that meet certain conditions. In the preface, L'H?pital thanked Leibniz and Bernoulli, especially Jean Bernoulli. After L'H?pital's death, Bernoulli issued a statement saying that this law and many other discoveries were due to him. L'H?pital's works are still very popular in the study of conic curves in the18th century. His most important work is infinitesimal analysis of explanatory curves [1696], which is the first systematic calculus textbook in the world. Starting from a set of definitions and axioms, he comprehensively expounded the concepts of variable, infinitesimal, tangent and differential, which played a great role in spreading the newly established calculus theory. In the ninth chapter of the book, it is recorded that John first? Bernoulli told him a famous theorem on July 22, 1694: "Robida's Law" is a law to find the limit of a fraction, when both the numerator and denominator tend to zero. Later generations mistakenly thought it was his invention, so the name "L'H?pital's Law" is still in use today. L'H?pital also wrote articles about geometry, algebra and mechanics. He also planned to write a textbook on integral calculus, but due to his premature death, this textbook on integral calculus could not be completed. The rest of the manuscript was published in Paris on 1720, and it was named conic curve analysis.
( www.mcjh.kl.edu.tw/usr/jks/jks.htm )
Descartes
Date of birth: 1596~ 1650
Nationality: France
Works: On the World, Methodology, Metaphysical Meditation, Philosophical Principles and Geometry.
Life: Descartes is a famous French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and natural scientist. On March 3rd, Kloc-0/596 was born in a noble family in Toulon. When I was a child, I cut public school in Lafleur. Because I was weak, I was allowed to study in bed in the morning, and gradually developed the habit of loving peace and being good at thinking. Mei Sen, a close friend, was formed in school. 16 12 went to the university of poitiers in Paris to study law. Four years later, he was awarded a doctorate and became a lawyer. At that time, people with lofty ideals in French society were very popular, either in religion or in the military, which drove Descartes to join the army in the Netherlands in 16 18. During his service, he was still interested in mathematics. One day on vacation, he was attracted by a poster in Dutch when he was walking in the street, but because he didn't know Dutch, he asked people around him to translate it into Latin or French. It happens that this person is beekman, Dean of Dortmund College. After this translation, Descartes learned that this was a "challenge book" written by mathematicians at that time, and collected the answers to the above questions. Descartes found the answer in a few hours, which greatly admired Bi Ke.
. 162 1 year, Descartes left the army and returned to France, but it coincided with civil strife, so he traveled to Denmark, Germany, Italy and other places. It was not until 1625 that he returned to France to discuss mathematics with Mei Sen and others. He moved to the Netherlands from 65438 to 0628, and kept close contact with major European scholars through his mathematician father Mei Sen. In his spare time, he engaged in research in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and physiology. Almost all his works were completed in Holland. His main works have guiding philosophical principles; [Written in 1628] On the World Based on Copernicus Theory was completed in 1634, but it was not published because Galileo was persecuted by the church], and the methodology was published anonymously in Leiden on June 8, 2007, Metaphysical Meditation and Philosophical Principles [1644].
/kloc-in the winter of 0/649, he was invited to Stockholm to give a class to queen christina Christina. Finally, this mathematician, who is famous for creating analytic geometry, died of pneumonia in the local area on February 1650. Descartes had doubted and opposed the scholasticism that ruled the European ideological circle as early as his student days. Years of travel and scientific research, combined with contacts with people from all walks of life and constant self-reflection, made him firmly believe that he must abandon scholasticism, explore the correct thinking method and create a philosophy serving practice in order to become the master and ruler of nature. "He thinks that mathematics is the ideal and model of all other sciences, and puts forward methodology and epistemology based on mathematics and with deduction as the core. He became one of the founders of modern western philosophy and had a great influence on later philosophy, mathematics and natural science. In addition, he has been fighting against the church and other opposition forces to defend his theory. In addition, his Methodology (the earliest work) written in French in 1637 was accompanied by three short articles and a preface, namely Refractive Optics, Meteorology, Geometry and Methodology of Correctly Applying Reason and Pursuing Truth in Science. Among them, Geometry is a masterpiece, which established his position in the history of mathematics. This is also his only math paper. The Book of * * * is divided into three volumes, which analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of geometry and algebra, and expresses the necessity of seeking another method that contains both advantages and disadvantages. In the first book, he transformed geometric problems into algebraic problems and put forward a unified drawing method of geometric problems: using the concepts of unit line segment and square root of line segment, the line segment is connected with quantity, and the equation is established through the relationship between line segments. In the second volume, when he used this new method to solve the Pappus problem, he defined a point, and selected another straight line intersecting the point on the plane as the baseline. The three items were the X axis, the point and the Y axis, respectively, to form an oblique coordinate system. At this time, the position of any point on the plane can be uniquely represented by [x, y]. The Pappus problem is reduced to a binary quadratic indefinite equation. He pointed out that the number of equations has nothing to do with the choice of coordinate system, so it can be based on the number of equations.
Classify curves.
In the third volume, he pointed out that an equation can have as many roots as its times, and put forward the flute rule: the maximum positive root number of an equation is equal to the number of times its coefficient changes sign; The maximum number of its negative roots (pseudo-roots) is equal to the number of times the symbol remains unchanged. Descartes also used A, B, C, ... to represent known quantities and X, Y, Z, ... to represent unknown quantities, so as to improve the symbol system created by Vedas. Geometry puts forward the main ideas and methods of analytic geometry, which marks the birth of analytic geometry. Descartes devoted his life to the study of knowledge groups, which brought rich achievements to the scientific treasure house of mankind and had a far-reaching impact on the research of later generations.
Morville Abraham de
Date of birth: 1667~ 1754
Nationality: France
Works: On Gambling Law
Life: Mathematician, pioneer in discovering analytic trigonometry and probability theory. He was born in France and is a Calvinist Protestant. 1968+0685 was imprisoned because the Nantes order protecting Calvinists was abolished. He was soon released and moved to London, becoming close friends with Newton and Harley. 1938+0697 was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London, and later as an academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Sciences. Although he is famous. Make a living as a tutor, gambling and insurance consultant. +07 18, he extended 17 1 1 to ((On Gambling Law)) (Demensura sortis). A book Although modern probability theory originated from unpublished correspondence between blaise pascal and Pierre de Fermat (1654) and christiaan huygens's paper on inference in gambling (1657 in Ludo Aleae), Demefu's works greatly promoted the study of probability theory. The so-called definition of statistical independence, that is, the probability of the product of independent events equals the product of the probability of independent events, was first mentioned in ((chance theory)) of De Mobil. His second book on probability theory is ((comprehensive analysis)) (Misellanea Analytica, 1730).
He first used the probability integral, and the integrand function of this integral was exp(-x*x). He also pioneered the Stirling formula, that is, for large numbers n! However, this formula was mistakenly thought to have been put forward by james stirling (1692- 1770) in Britain. In 1733, he used Stirling formula to derive the normal frequency curve as an approximation of binomial theorem. He was one of the first people to apply complex numbers in trigonometry. Dumeford formula named after him has played a great role in trigonometry from the field of geometry to the beginning of the field of analysis.
Fermat Pierre de
Date of birth: 160 1~ 1665
Nationality: France
Life: Fermat, French mathematician, 160 1 was born in Dromana in the south of France in August. He was educated in his hometown in his early years, and later entered the University of Toulouse to study law. After graduation, he worked as a lawyer and became a member of parliament in Toulouse from 163 1. During this period, he specialized in mathematics in his spare time, and often corresponded with Descartes, Mei Sen and other famous scholars to discuss mathematical problems. He has read a lot of books, is good at several languages and has mastered a lot of scientific knowledge. Although I paid close attention to mathematics when I was nearly 30 years old, I made great achievements. Finally, he died in castel on 1655. Because of his indifference and humility, he rarely published his works, and most of his achievements were only left in the blank of manuscripts, letters or books. His son compiled his manuscript into a book and published it in Toulouse on 1679. Fermat and Descartes were both the earliest mathematicians in the first half of17th century. In modern number theory, no one can match them before Euler a century later. He discovered the basic principles of analytic geometry independently of Descartes. Because the method of finding the tangent of a curve and its minimum value is considered as the pioneer of calculus. Through Pascal's correspondence, he became one of the co-founders of probability theory. 1629, he began to rewrite the long-lost < < plane trajectory >; & gt people soon found that it would be easy to study the trajectory by using algebra in geometry through coordinates. In optics, Fermat applied minimax method, revealing that the refraction law of light is consistent with his "shortest time principle". Suffering < < Arithmetic > > Influenced by this book, Fermat got many new results in number theory. One of the most outstanding results is that the prime number of 4n+ 1 can be uniquely expressed as the sum of two squares. Among Fermat's last theorem, there are two theorems called the great theorem and the small theorem respectively, and the former is also called the last theorem. This little theorem was put forward by Fermat in a letter to his friend Frannico. Its content is that if P is prime and a p is coprime, then A minus the power of A can be divisible by P. The great theorem is that if n2, the equation has no integer solution. Fermat wrote this theorem in the blank space of the book and found a wonderful proof method, but the blank space was not enough to write it down. Because of his great contributions in number theory, analytic geometry and probability theory, he was praised as "the king of amateur mathematicians" by later generations.
( www.mcjh.kl.edu.tw/usr/jks/jks.htm )
Gilles Pesone Droboval
Date of birth: 1602~ 1675
Nationality: France
Life: Robert is a French mathematician. Curve geometry has made great progress. From 65438 to 0632, he was a professor at the Institut de France in Paris. The method of measuring the surface area and volume of solid was studied. Robert often had scientific debates with mathematicians at that time, including Descartes. Robert summarized Archimedes' method of finding the tangent line on the spiral in his novel (although it was published as late as 1693 and has been recorded since 1634). Like Archimedes, Robert regards the curve as the trajectory of a moving point, which is influenced by two kinds of velocities, such as the object thrown from the muzzle and the horizontal velocity. Robert regards this composite vector as the tangent of the curve at point P; According to Torricelli's explanation, the Roberts method is based on a theorem asserted by Galileo: horizontal velocity and vertical velocity are independent of each other. The argument that the tangent is regarded as the synthetic velocity is far more complicated than that of the Greek era when the tangent was regarded as a straight line in contact with the curve. The former solved many problems that the latter could not. It plays a very important role in connecting pure geometry and dynamics. Before Galileo, pure geometry and dynamics were separated. In other words, this tangent view materialized the mathematical garden, because it defined the tangent with physical concepts. But there are many curves that have nothing to do with motion, so the tangent line is produced for no reason, and other methods are needed to find the tangent line.
"(Abraham Boss)
Date of birth: 1602~ 1676
Nationality: France
Works: Maniere Universelle de m. Desargues, practique la-perspective.
Life: Engaged in the research of projective geometry, he is a close friend of the famous mathematician Dasaga, sorting out some important trigonometric theorems and other theorems of Descartes.
Source: Little Lion Mathematical Dictionary.
Jean-Francois, Gobilon
Date of birth: 1654~ 1707
Nationality: France
Works: and
Life: French mathematician, 1687 came to China, Chinese name is Zhang Cheng, and he is proficient in astronomical arithmetic. He used to be a teacher of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, teaching Mohism, calculation and other western learning. Among them, Geometry is Practical and Theoretical Geometry written by the legal person Batty, and there are also Chinese versions such as Original Geometry, This Book, General Outline of Algorithm Compilation, Usage of Altimeter, and Solution of Proportion. It had a great influence on the masterpiece Essentials of Mathematics compiled by Kangxi.
The diary of Bessie Bernard
Date of birth: 1605 ~ 1675
Nationality: France
Life: French algebra expert, the best friend of the great mathematician Fermat, wrote a letter explaining the infinitesimal theorem on 16401October 18, in which he wrote that if P is a prime number, A and Q are coprime, it can be divisible by Q ... Regarding Fermat's last theorem, he thinks that if N & Fermat once mentioned the proof of n=4 by infinite forward method. After describing the details, Franny can prove the process of n=4 in his published book "Traite des triangles rectangles an nombres" (about the mathematical properties of right triangles), which was published in the second year after his death and later in IN. de I 'Acad，Dessci，PAEIS，5，65438+。
Buwe Joachim
Date of birth: 1656~ 1730
Nationality: France
Life: French mathematician, Bai Jin took a Chinese name after he arrived in China, and he was familiar with astronomy, calendar and mathematics. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/7th century, France became more and more powerful. Louis XIV planned to extend his robbery to the East, so he sent many missionaries to China. Bai Jin is one of the famous mathematicians. 1687 stayed in China and was the teacher of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
Jacques de Billy
Date of birth: 1602~ 1679
Nationality: France
Works: number theory
Health: 1602 March 18 was born in watts. I used to be a math teacher in Lyon. 1679 65438+ 10/0/4 died.
De Billy wrote to Fermat about number theory, and he also studied arithmetic. A series of problems have been raised, which have attracted the attention of many mathematicians, and some of them have been solved by Euler and others.
Source: Providence University Basic Database (Mathematician Dictionary P. 153), call number: R/310.9904/1731/
Jacques de Billy
Date of birth: 160 1~ 1652
Nationality: France
Works:
Life: Deborn, also known as Bourne. Worked as an officer and a judge. De Bourne was the first person to understand Descartes' mathematical thought, and many of his mathematical research results were published in Descartes' Geometry. Firstly, the equation ax+by=c is proposed to determine the straight line.
Source: Dictionary of Mathematicians P. 153
The History of Blay (Paris, 1682), pp. 563-568.
P Costabel, Florimond de Beaune, Brewster and Scholars, Journal of History of Science, No.27 (1974), pp. 73-75.
P Costabel, solidarity trade union of Fremont-Debona, in the bulletin of the International Congress on the History of Science, section 1968. Iii. History of Accurate Science (astronomy, mathematics, physique) (Wroclaw, 1968), 189- 194.
Florimund de Bonn, Bull. Della Soc Law and Literature 4 (1896), 13-29.
Honnore Fabbri
Date of birth: 1607~ 1688
Nationality: France
Works: Overview of Geometry (1669)
Geometric study of sine curve and secant (1659)
Life experience: Fabry, born on April 5th, 1607. He is a student in cavalieri. 1688 died on March 8th. The term sine curve was first put forward by him in his works. Honnore Fabbri joined the Jesuits on 1626 and spent two years in avignon. 1628 entered the Jesuit College in Li Chang to study philosophy, and 1632 to 1636 continued to study theology in Li Chang. 1635, he was appointed. His first position was as a professor of philosophy in China at Jesus College 1636 to 1638. The farther position of Jesuit college followed him. At that time, he became a professor of logic in 1638, and in the six years after 1640, he became a professor of logic and mathematics in Jesuit college. He wrote more than thirty books, some of which were reviewed in the Journal of Philosophy. Fabbri is the first among many famous professors trained by Jesus Church College. His students include Pierre Musnier, Fran? ois de Reno, Jean-Dominique Cassini and Philippe de La Hare. He is the leader of mathematician friendship circle headed by Gassendi, including Leibniz, Mei Sen Naylor, Descartes and two Huygens (father and son), Claude Detchart and Bert. Fabbri's great activities paid attention to almost all urgent scientific problems in Saturn's rings, tidal theory, magnetism, optical equipment and dynamics. In mathematics, the problems of infinitesimal method and connected region are more obvious. Fabbri tried to explain the tidal phenomenon according to the activity of the moon. Regard Fabbri as the best expert in studying Jansenism mistakes. Among his close friends were Jesuit partners and his classmate Father Lachez, who later named this famous cemetery in Paris. On 1646, Fabbri went to Rome, where he met Mi Zu Ki, who participated in the investigation involving college issues and was imprisoned. Because he himself can't believe in religion, the philosophy of faith is accused. Descartes returned to France after returning to Rome, was put in prison and spent a year in 1668-69. Through Mi Zu Ki, he met Grand Duke Leopold II and Fabbri, who was soon released from prison. Fabbri studies astronomy, physics and mathematics. 1660, he studied a theme of Saturn's rings, which complicated his argument with huygens and lasted for five years. He also discovered the Andromeda nebula. Fabbri developed the tidal theory according to the moon's activity. He also studied magnetism, optical equipment and calculus. In calculus, he is closer to Newton than cavalieri, and his symbols are more troublesome. His work in calculus led to geometric sketches in his major mathematical publications. This book is written to challenge Pascal because of the controversy about cycloids. Fabbri calculated in this work.
Honnore Fabbri tried to unify all physics along the route of geometry. This work is described in the Journal of Philosophy of the Royal Society. "He has understood the geometric method involving his method in the whole physics. Fabbri also reasonably explained why the sky is blue for the first time. He discovered the capillary dispersion and made his explanation according to the dispersion of light. He quickly applied this calculus to this newly invented material world, and his application provided a convincing reason for Galileo's experiment for the first time, that is, objects fell the same distance at the same time. Galileo, in turn, became interested in this issue because of the works of another Jesuit, Hotel Cabello. Under Alexander's rule, the Pope's statement about Galileo put Fabbri VII in prison for 50 days, and he was released only after Leopold II's intervention. He still put a chapter ("Movement involving the Earth") in "de motu terrae" authorized by his Dialogi physici (1665). Fabbri's creative ability of cycloid inspired young gottfried leibniz. Isaac Newton claimed that he first heard Maldi's theory of light diffraction from Honnore Fabbri's works.
Source: Dictionary of Mathematicians P. 169
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BiogIndex.html
http://www . faculty . Fairfield . edu/jmac/SJ/scientists/fabri . htm
Ozanam (Jacques Ozanam)
Date of birth: 1640~ 17 17.
Nationality: France
Works: Dictionary (1690)
Mathematics course (1693)
Math and physics games
Life: Ozanam, born in 1640. 170 1 became an academician of the Paris academy of sciences. 17 17 died. He mainly studies algebra and geometry. He published his book Dictionary in 1690, in which he explained the word "analysis" as: analysis by algebraic method. He admits four-dimensional space, but it exists in imaginary space.
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BiogIndex.html
Pierre de calka Wei
Date of birth: 1600~ 1684
Nationality: France
Life: Pierre de calka Wei did not have a formal college diploma. From 1632 to 1636, he was an adviser to the Toulouse parliament. In fact, he first met Fermat in 1632, when they were all members of Toulouse parliament and they were still friends. 1636 calka Wei bought an office in the Paris Grand Council. 1648, anyway, continuous hard blowing.