1 to avoid academic misconduct

For example, forging or tampering with experimental data, copying or plagiarizing other people's achievements.

What is forging or tampering with experimental data and copying other people's achievements is easy to confirm, and most people will not do it on purpose, so I won't say much. However, many people will fall into it intentionally or unintentionally? Plagiarism? Trap.

So, how can it be constituted? Plagiarism? And then what? In the eyes of many people, the same or similar words are often compared with plagiarism. Is this why many colleges and universities are keen to use computers now? Anti-overtaking attack? Text detection software for dissertations.

In fact, when writing a thesis, we will use other people's theories, theories or methods to solve your problems; When analyzing and summarizing, you will also use other people's opinions and data to strengthen your argument; Finally, a series of conclusions will be drawn. These are all allowed. However, you must understand that the thesis is ultimately a display of your academic views and achievements. We must distinguish between the two parts of the content, which part belongs to ourselves and which part belongs to others.

How to distinguish clearly? That is, other people's things should be marked or quoted; Otherwise, it is easy to constitute plagiarism. In other words, the idea put forward by others first, even if it is described in your own words (although the computer may not be able to detect it), also constitutes plagiarism.

In order to avoid plagiarism, the best way is:

(1) Write your own general written expression, and don't be lazy. In this way, even if you really meet someone who is the same or similar to others, there is nothing to worry about; He who does nothing wrong is not afraid of ghosts knocking at the door. Remember, even if it is a narrative of common sense content, you can't use other people's words casually, otherwise it is plagiarism.

(2) Important data, as long as it is not the result of your own experiments or work, should indicate the source (and it is an authoritative source). The marked contribution number is placed after the reference data in the above target form.

(3) Strictly distinguish between your own words and quoted words. What to do: correct quotation? And then what? Correct labeling? . I now advise my students to put double quotation marks on even indirectly quoted words; If it is a direct reference, use double quotation marks and underline it. Of course, if there is a way to distinguish indirect references clearly, double quotation marks can be omitted from the quoted parts.

Nowadays, many dissertations (in fact, not only dissertations) do not have any concepts of citation and annotation. Its document number is misplaced. It seems that others have it, so I just put a few contribution numbers on it. This can't be completely blamed on students, and even the teachers in most colleges and universities in China have not received the education of citation norms. Everyone seems to be a teacher? Self-communication I don't understand.

I have repeatedly called for the establishment of citation norms in China as soon as possible, at least in the undergraduate education.

2. avoid papers? New?

Scientific research is inseparable? New? Words. Could it be? New methods, new problems? , may be? New methods, old problems? , or? Old methods, new problems? At least? Old methods, old problems, new ideas? .

Literature [1] stipulates:? The master's degree thesis should have a new view on the research topic, which shows that the author has the ability to engage in scientific research or undertake specialized technical work independently. The doctoral thesis should show that the author has the ability to engage in scientific research independently and has made creative achievements in science or special technology. ?

? Every scientific paper must make a new contribution to literature. It must raise new scientific questions, suggest new research types, submit new data, show new theories or put forward new theories. [2]?

3, avoid no width

The paper should prove that your basic theory in related research problems or related research fields has been relatively solid, and you have a deeper understanding of the corresponding research status. In my opinion, master students should be familiar with the research status of related issues, and doctoral students should be familiar with the research status of related fields (more widely). Therefore, you must provide a certain number of references (at least 40). These references (that is, quotations) must be read by you and you can make some comments.

About what? Quote? I have a sentence: Quote? Is it necessary? Quote? More? Use? ; Just use it? False quotation? ; If you only use it without quoting it, it is plagiarism!

A few months ago, I just reviewed a master's thesis of a famous university in the south. This paper is still written in English, which looks a bit scary. However, the total number of references given is only 16, among which Microsoft operating system, some computer control systems and Wikipedia are described more. Add some other questions. What's my comment? Make major changes before replying? .

After talking about width, isn't it time to talk about depth? It's really hard to say It is difficult to generalize because of the limitations of everyone's ability, environment and research conditions, as well as the different problems faced by various disciplines.

4. Avoid disorder, illogical and incoherent.

What is organized? In English, we say that someone is organized. Can we say that? He/she is very organized? . ? Organized? , can also be translated into? Sense of order? . Therefore, the order of the paper can also be understood as the rationality of content organization and the order of text narration.

The paper is divided into several chapters, each chapter is divided into several sections, and each section can be divided into several sections. Therefore, you must seriously consider and organize the content. You might as well make an outline and think about it for a few days before you start writing the content of each section.

When describing the content, it can be expanded in the positive order of time (from far to near), in the reverse order (from near to far), or in the order of importance or detail? Small? And then what? Big? Or by? Big? And then what? Small? Expand. Satisfying these can be called being organized.

In the application of written narrative, it is often not the process of analysis or synthesis, and the process of concept comparison, abstraction, induction and reasoning will be used. Concepts often have certain relationships, so be careful not to confuse the relationships between concepts, such as subordination, causality and so on.

It is suggested to find a textbook of formal logic to read, which is conducive to improving thinking ability. Professor Huang Rongbin of Xiamen University and I both agree that logic plays an important role in scientific research. People are not born with strict and correct logical thinking ability.

A paragraph consists of several sentences, which express a central idea and ensure a certain coherence between sentences. Similarly, there should be some coherence between paragraphs.

There is actually a certain correlation among orderliness, logicality and coherence.

5, avoid not rigorous

Lack of rigor is probably the most common phenomenon in dissertation. First of all, the attitude of researchers in the whole scientific research process is not rigorous, of course, their papers can not be very rigorous.

Science is rational, so we should respect objective laws and facts. Dissertations are scientific documents, which are completely different from political propaganda articles and can distort facts; It is not a commercial advertisement and can be exaggerated at will; It is not a literary work, but can be imagined by the author.

Stiffness is one of the necessary conditions for a paper.

So, first of all, don't exaggerate the value of your research results at will; Don't arbitrarily exaggerate the advantages of the method you use, but also objectively evaluate other methods (you can't just highlight its shortcomings just because you don't use it). ? Quotations should be used reasonably in academic works. The introduction, comments, quotations and annotations of existing academic achievements should be objective, fair and accurate [3]?

It is better to have quantitative indicators to evaluate your research results. ? There are data and conclusions in the abstract [4]?

In order to make the paper objective, try to avoid using it? Maybe? 、? Probably? 、? Should? 、? Maybe? Words like this are best not expressed in spoken language.

Based on rigor, you must be responsible for all the words in your dissertation, including every concept you use, every sentence you say, every data listed, every formula, chart, table and so on.

It says here. Responsible? You can understand it this way:

(1) You must understand all the concepts you use.

(2) You should understand everything you say, which is one of them; Secondly, if these words are quoted from others, be sure to mark them clearly. Of course, even if you quote others' words, you should clearly understand what they mean.

(3) The listed data (formula, figure and table are the same) are divided into three categories. First, it goes without saying that you should be responsible for the results of your work; Second, works from others are not well known, so they must be marked; Third, as we all know, you can leave it unmarked.

Also based on rigor, we should consult the most original literature as much as possible; Literature that has not been read cannot be used as a reference; All cited documents must be truthfully indicated, and the cited documents cannot be cited as original documents; If foreign documents are quoted only through Chinese translation, the source of Chinese translation shall be indicated, and foreign documents shall not be directly cited.

The lack of rigor also lies in: too few experiments; There are too few experimental data; The comparison of experimental results is unreasonable, and the design of experimental conditions is unreasonable.

I have seen such a paper before, but it only takes 3 ~ 4 steps to reach the conclusion that the algorithm converges; Obviously too hasty.

Finally, a rigorous dissertation must basically conform to the norms in form.

6. Avoid being serious

There are similarities between seriousness and rigor, and a rigorous person must be serious. Make an appropriate distinction here, I believe everyone can understand.

Try to avoid typos.

Try to avoid grammatical mistakes.

Try to avoid punctuation mistakes (some people only have a period in a paragraph, and the rest are commas).

Try to avoid all kinds of typographical errors.

There are also some people whose titles on the cover are different from those on the cover.

I have seen the gratitude of a shocking person; There are only seven names in total, and this guy made five mistakes, even the tutor's name.

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