Putting forward and solving scientific problems is an important scientific research activity to enrich human knowledge base, which can not only enrich the existing theoretical achievements, but also improve the scientific literacy of researchers and the writing level and ability of papers. In this paper, the research path of "problem definition-problem presentation-problem demonstration-demonstration test-case analysis" is adopted to clearly define scientific problems, and the research ideas and methods of scientific problem presentation and demonstration are put forward.

Keywords: scientific issues in writing and argumentation of papers

introduce

Putting forward and solving scientific problems is an important scientific research activity to promote the progress of modern civilization and enrich human knowledge base. The presentation of scientific questions contains the innovative value of original questions, from which new concepts, new ideas, new thinking and new theories are introduced, which constitute the cornerstone of human knowledge system. The proposal of a major scientific issue often leads to multidisciplinary and multidimensional thinking. The so-called "different people have different opinions" has formed more than one hypothesis or different academic schools, which has greatly enriched people's cognitive dimension of a certain issue. However, at present, more than 70% of papers and project applications have many problems in raising and demonstrating scientific questions (Chen Yue, 2006). Therefore, it is necessary to guide the authors to constantly discover, put forward and demonstrate scientific problems in scientific observation, experiment or literature reading to avoid low-level repetition or imitation in scientific research.

I. Concept definition

Scientific problem is an unknown phenomenon or existence that can't be explained by the existing knowledge of human beings under the background of specific subject knowledge, that is, problems to be solved in scientific knowledge system and scientific practice or new theoretical knowledge to be discovered, including certain solving objectives and response fields, but there is no definite answer.

In the writing of scientific research papers, some authors often confuse scientific issues with technical issues. However, scientific issues are not technical issues, and the two should be distinguished. Science is knowledge and discovery, and technology is application. The scientific question is to answer "what to do?" In Chinese, it means "Why ...? The English expression is "Why ..."? "。 The technical question is to answer "How?" In Chinese, it can be expressed as "What should I do?" How ...? "。

Second, the research status at home and abroad

Focusing on the three key words of "scientific question", "proposal" and "demonstration", this paper summarizes the definition, proposal, demonstration and test of scientific questions respectively, and comments on the problems existing in the research.

(A) the definition of scientific problems

For a long time, there are many definitions of scientific problems in academic circles, and there are at least 30 representative definitions. Among them, the typical views are: scientific problems refer to the contradiction between theory and fact (Dong, 2000); Scientific problem is the exploration orientation of unknown scientific knowledge on the basis of known scientific knowledge (Tao Yingchun, 2014); Scientific problem is the contradiction between known and unknown, existence and non-existence found by the subject of scientific understanding in practice (Xia Congya, 20 10). Although the above definition admits that scientific problems are unknown and need to be solved, it does not emphasize the difference between scientific problems and general and technical problems, nor does it highlight the positioning of scientific problems in the subject knowledge system or knowledge tree structure.

(b) scientific questions raised

At present, scholars analyze the emergence of scientific problems from the perspective of epistemology and philosophy. Liu Min (20 15) thinks that the emergence and development of scientific problems are generative, procedural and emergent, and emphasizes the independent evolution mechanism of scientific problems and systematic research on them. In addition, scholars have also studied the influencing factors of raising scientific questions from the aspects of hemispheric interaction level, individual cognitive inhibition ability, achievement goal orientation, feedback evaluation and self-esteem (Hu Weiping, 2015; Horse, 2014; Wang Botao, 20 13), and defined the scope of scientific problems (Gao Qi, 2003; Tanzi, 2005). Although scholars have discussed the source, influencing factors and scope of scientific problems from the cognitive and philosophical levels, they have not classified the scientific problems studied in the way of methodology and epistemology, nor have they explored the general model of concise scientific problems.

(3) Demonstration and test of scientific problems

The argumentation of scientific problems is a process of starting from scientific problems, obtaining scientific facts through constant experiments, observation, analysis, thinking, reasoning and argumentation, and scientifically describing the existence of unexplained anomalies and objective facts, so as to further revise, improve and develop scientific theories (Yu Wei, 200 1). Some scholars believe that the argument of scientific questions is to answer scientific questions with appropriate methods (Tao Yingchun, 20 14). The test of scientific problem demonstration includes transcendental test and empirical test, which is a comparative analysis of the structure, logic, effectiveness and accuracy of the demonstration process (Li Tian, 2003). Although the existing literature has expounded the procedures, methods and standards of argumentation and test, it has not constructed a universally recognized structure and logical test model of scientific theoretical argumentation.

(d) Review of studies

The existing research has realized the importance of scientific problems, and discussed the concept, characteristics, generation, influencing factors and evolution mechanism of scientific problems from the perspective of epistemology and philosophy, and achieved certain research results. However, the existing research discusses science on the basis of "scientific problems" and studies the emergence or evolution of scientific problems, but does not analyze how to concise, demonstrate and test scientific problems in paper writing from the perspective of application and guidance, and does not extract the general mode of scientific paper writing. The main problems are: first, there is no difference between scientific problems and technical problems, which highlights the positioning of scientific problems in the subject knowledge system or knowledge tree structure; The second is not to classify the scientific problems to be studied as methods and knowledge, but to explore the general model of scientific problems; Thirdly, we haven't built a structural and logical test model of scientific theoretical argumentation that everyone agrees with.

Third, put forward and demonstrate the research ideas of scientific problems.

This paper adopts the research path of "problem definition-problem presentation-problem demonstration-demonstration test-case analysis" to clearly define scientific problems and elaborate the ideas and methods of presenting and demonstrating scientific problems. In this paper, the research idea is decomposed into five interrelated sub-questions, which are logically progressive and interlocking to answer a complete core question. Firstly, the definition of scientific questions is clarified, then how to put forward scientific questions is discussed, then how to demonstrate scientific questions is analyzed, and the effectiveness of scientific question argumentation is tested again. Finally, the case of classical paper writing is analyzed.

(A) the definition of scientific problems

Clearly define scientific problems from the perspective of the evolution of subject knowledge system or knowledge tree, summarize the main characteristics and essential attributes of scientific problems, summarize the criteria for judging scientific problems, and clearly express them with concise and clear formulas. In this paper, the judgment of "scientific problems" is summarized as "unknown+interesting+valuable", that is, unknown and valuable problems that can arouse researchers' interest.

(b) scientific questions raised

Science begins with questions, and putting forward scientific questions is the first step of "a journey of a thousand miles" in scientific research. Li Siguang, a famous geologist in China, pointed out: "If you ask a question accurately, the problem will be solved by half." The importance of asking scientific questions is self-evident. So how to raise scientific questions from the complicated literature and phenomena? First of all, we will explore the source of scientific questions from the logical contradictions within the scientific knowledge system, summarize the ways and methods of raising scientific questions, and summarize the general mode of concise scientific questions in methodological papers and knowledge-based papers. End printing

(3) Demonstration of scientific problems

After the scientific question is put forward, it is necessary to demonstrate whether the scientific question is established. It is necessary to sum up the steps and general models of scientific problem demonstration. It is suggested that the total score logical thinking should be adopted to summarize and refine the argumentation process of method and knowledge articles respectively. Firstly, the general idea of the demonstration is sorted out, then the appropriate method is selected to define the research area, then theoretical assumptions and models are established, and finally the research results are obtained by data analysis.

(4) Demonstration and test of scientific problems

After the demonstration of scientific problems, we should test their advanced nature, effectiveness, structure and logic. According to the content of the paper writing, choose the correct inspection methods and means. Advanced testing is mainly to compare and analyze speed, efficiency and accuracy. Validity test mainly compares the research results with the established standards to test whether they are within the effective range; Logical testing is to check the logical consistency between theoretical assumptions and conceptual model construction.

(v) Case studies and analysis

After understanding the thinking process of putting forward and demonstrating scientific questions, we need to study and analyze classic authoritative articles to understand the whole process of putting forward, demonstrating and testing scientific questions, that is, to analyze how scientific questions are put forward, demonstrated and tested.

Fourthly, put forward and demonstrate the research methods of scientific problems.

Corresponding to the research content, this paper suggests using literature research, induction and summary, deduction, comparative analysis and case analysis to study the presentation and demonstration of scientific problems.

Literature research: collect relevant research materials at home and abroad, understand the research trends, provide reference for in-depth research, enlighten research ideas, and clarify scientific issues. ② Inductive summary method: summarize the concise way and thinking process of scientific problems in methodology and knowledge papers. (3) Deduction method: to demonstrate scientific problems through research hypothesis, model construction, data analysis and research results. (4) Comparative analysis method: compare the research results with the standards or previous research results to prove the effectiveness of the argument. ⑤ Case analysis: Case analysis of published high-quality papers will deepen the understanding of scientific issues.

label

The presentation and demonstration of scientific questions can not only clearly define scientific questions, put forward new thinking modes of thesis writing, enrich and enrich the existing theoretical research, but also provide a general mode of thesis writing for researchers and college students, which is conducive to improving scientific literacy and thesis writing level and ability. This paper defines the scientific problems in the research, and expounds the ideas and methods of putting forward and demonstrating scientific problems in paper writing, in order to inspire and help the teachers and students in their paper writing.

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