To Liang Jie, Indian rice and wheat production has increased year after year, reaching the highest level in history, and has basically achieved food self-sufficiency in total. Recently, farmers in Biha, India have set a world record for rice production, which has attracted worldwide attention. But India is still a country with a very serious food problem, and farmers' income is also very low. There are over 50 million malnourished children in India. The failure to provide lunch for a large number of children is an important reason for the high dropout rate of children in India. At the same time, India's crop varieties are highly single and there are few choices at ordinary times. Many tourists to India are extremely uncomfortable with this, and often have never seen green leafy vegetables in all parts of India. A friend saw a grape in a supermarket in Singapore, which was marked as produced in India. He wondered: Can India really export this seedless grape except those sticky "long rice"? According to statistics, more than 70% of India's land is planted with rice and wheat, but their output value accounts for only a quarter of India's total agricultural output value, and most farmers live below the poverty line. Although India has planted grain for thousands of years, its efficiency has not been high. Objectively speaking, India's climate belongs to tropical monsoon climate, and the difference between rainy season and dry season is obvious. The rainy season is the time to plant crops, which leads to the fact that Indian farming system generally has only one crop a year, which is incomparable with China. In the middle of last century, India launched the so-called "green revolution", introduced high-yield wheat from Mexico, and vigorously promoted technologies such as fertilizer and irrigation. India's grain output has indeed increased, but the ecological harm caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides seems to be more serious. Generally speaking, few people think that India's green revolution has really succeeded. Economists have raised another question about this. Since farmers in most parts of India can only get little return from growing food, why don't they switch to cash crops? Without changing the cultivated land area, the real income of farmers can also be effectively improved by changing the crop structure. In fact, in the past few decades, the planting area of rice and wheat in India has never decreased. Are Indian farmers really irrational? Gaubil, an Indian agricultural economist, recently wrote an article on this issue. She cited eight reasons to support the decision of Indian farmers not to turn to cash crops, revealing some deep-seated problems in India's agricultural policy and economic development. First of all, India's food crops have the minimum purchase price stipulated by the government, while cash crops do not. This means that although the income of cash crops may be higher than that of food crops, farmers must also bear more market risks when the market is in a downturn. Second, compared with food crops, these vegetables and fruits are more vulnerable to adverse weather. Some local governments provide some crops with "insurance" against bad weather. But this seems to be somewhat beyond the understanding of farmers. Farmers simply choose not to plant. Third, vegetables, fruits, etc. Farmers need to devote more energy and take care of those crops more carefully. The cultivation of food crops is much simpler. Indian farmers are not as "hardworking" as farmers in Southeast Asia and are unwilling to choose crops that need more energy. Fourth, vegetables and fruits are not easy to preserve. Once it is picked, it needs to be sold quickly, otherwise it will rot quickly and cause serious losses. The sales of fresh fruits and vegetables need to be supported by a relatively mature farmer's market, which is completely unavailable in India. Ordinary Indians are far from getting into the habit of eating fresh fruits and vegetables. Fifth, the price fluctuation of vegetables and fruits is much higher than that of grain, and the reason behind it is the lack of farmers' market. In big cities, the lack of farmers' markets makes it difficult for the supply and demand sides of fruits and vegetables to match in time; From a national perspective, due to the backwardness of the logistics system, it is also difficult to achieve efficient collocation of fruits and vegetables in India. Sixth, reverse elimination in price realization. India lacks logistics distribution and preservation technology, people are used to curry cooking, and there are few requirements for the freshness of ingredients. This has led to a serious loss of fresh fruits and vegetables, and finally it can only be priced according to semi-corruption, which has caused a serious blow to vegetable farmers. Seventh, Indians usually regard food crops as financial assets. Food crops are often used as savings assets because they are relatively easy to preserve. When farmers need cash, they can quickly exchange it by selling some grains. Finally, Indians feel that growing food is more dignified. If they grow food, they can trade in a car full of food. But if it is to cultivate the economy, the style of trade can't be compared with growing food. In India, a well-defined caste society, dignity is often the first factor that farmers consider when making planting choices. All these factors bring risks to cash crops in different directions and to different degrees. Scott once said a metaphor when studying the behavior of farmers in Southeast Asia. Farmers in backward countries or regions are always in neck-deep water, and any wave will drown them. In this case, farmers' rational priority must not be to maximize the expected income, but to minimize the risk. Indian farmers have obviously made a similar choice. Gaubil's research reminds us that we must have a global perspective when thinking about India's agricultural problems. Tourists can't eat fresh vegetables in India, which is related to the habit that Indians like to eat curry cooked in a pot and don't care whether vegetables are fresh or not. I'm afraid neither. Behind it are the lack of Indian farmers' market, the backwardness of logistics system, the lack of food preservation technology and the lack of agricultural insurance. Looking deeper, the income of Indian farmers is too low to bear any market risks. All these factors are combined to make Indian agriculture present such a face. Obviously, there is still a long way to go to make India's agriculture change, turn to produce more cash crops and increase farmers' income. Cash crops need more patience, higher technology, richer knowledge and more mature market environment. Whether India is ready to export cash crops such as grapes is not optimistic.