Legend of life experience

It is generally believed that Cixi is a blue flag bearer, and the jade book clearly records that she is "the daughter of Zheng Hui of Ye Henala". According to Ye Hena Lagen's oral records, Cixi was born in Caixi Hutong, the West Fourth Pailou in Beijing, which is now Bicai Hutong.

However, some scholars have put forward different views that Empress Dowager Cixi is probably a Han nationality. ?

1June, 989, Zhao, a 77-year-old villager from the suburban village of Changzhi City (formerly Changzhi County), found the Changzhi Local Records Office with his joint letter with Song, Song, Song and Song of Shangqin Village. Zhao said that Cixi was from Shangqin Village. He is the fifth generation nephew of Empress Dowager Cixi, and Song, Song and others are the fifth generation nephews of Empress Dowager Cixi. They asked the government to help clarify their feelings.

Since then, Liu Qi has embarked on the research road of Cixi's childhood. With the continuous enrichment of supporting materials, Liu Qi's confidence has been continuously enhanced, and related writings have also appeared in newspapers.

On April 20 12, Liu Qi's "Uncovering the Mystery of Cixi's Childhood" won the first prize at the "Symposium on Socialist Literature and Art in the Republic of China" sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Art of the Ministry of Culture. This 7000-word paper focuses on the life experience of Cixi.

According to Liu Qi's research, Cixi was born in 1835 in a poor Han peasant family in Xipo Village, Changzhi County, Shanxi Province, and was named "Wang Xiaoxiao". At the age of 4, she was sold to Song Siyuan, Shangqin Village in this county, and changed her name to "Song".

/kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he was sold to the magistrate of Lu 'an Prefecture and renamed as "Yulan" (Laner), which was carefully cultivated in the special study of Yaxi Garden. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), as the daughter of Yehnara Zheng Hui, she was supposed to be elected to the palace and rose to the highest position until the Empress Dowager.

Extended data:

biography

Cixi (1835165438+1October 29th-1908 65438+1October 15) is the queen, Ye La, the concubine of Emperor Xianfeng. An important political figure and actual ruler in the late Qing Dynasty.

/kloc-entered the palace in 0/852, and was named Lan Guiren (Yi Guiren was recorded in the Qing draft). The following year, he was named the imperial concubine; Born in 1856, the eldest son of the emperor, Aisingiorro Zai Chun (Tongzhi Emperor), was Jin Fenggui, and the following year was Jin Fenggui; 186 1 After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, with the emblem of Cixi, he was honored as the Empress Dowager Notre Dame together with Empress Xiaozhen.

Later, Empress Dowager Ci 'an (filial piety) and Prince Gong Yixin jointly launched a Xin You coup, punished eight ministers and seized power, forming a pattern of "two palaces hanging over the curtain and the prince discussing politics". The Qing government temporarily entered a quiet period, which was called Tongzhi Zhongxing in history. 1873, the queen mother of the two palaces rolled back to the yamen.

1875, the Tongzhi emperor died, and his nephew Aisin-Gioro Zaitian was chosen as the heir of Xianfeng Datong, with the year Guangxu, and the two palaces listened to politics again; 188 1 The Empress Dowager Ci 'an died. 1884, Cixi launched an "imperial decree of Shen Jia" to remove Prince Gong and began to take charge of power alone. 1889 returned to Guangxu and retired to the Summer Palace.

1898, after the secret murder garden of the Emperor of the Reform Movement of 1898, Cixi launched a coup in 1898, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, and the six gentlemen of the Reform Movement beheaded and lectured again; 1900 after the change of Gengzi, the New Deal was implemented in the late Qing Dynasty, and the law on military and commercial officials was reformed.

1908, Emperor Guangxu died, and Cixi chose three-year-old Puyi as the new emperor. Today, she is honored as the empress dowager. The next day, 17 (less than three minutes), she died in a Luan Temple and was buried in Ding Dong Mausoleum in Putuo Valley. ?

Positive evaluation

Empress Dowager Cixi is one of the few women who have been in power for a long time in the history of China. She is skillful in politics, especially in manipulating the balance of power between pro-expensive courtiers and maintaining her absolute authority. The Qing Dynasty continued her life for decades because of her ability.

During the reign of Cixi, the centralization of the Qing court and the sovereignty of China faced various threats from both inside and outside. From the standpoint of defending the authority of the Qing empire and its own power, the measures she took were not successful, but most of them were reasonable in the historical context.

In order to cope with the challenges from European and American powers since the Opium War, we suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and other civil resistance forces. Cixi used Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and other important Han officials to launch the Westernization Movement at the local level, which was the beginning of China's development of modern industry.

With the support of the achievements of Westernization Movement, the Qing court was able to pacify the internal rebel forces, maintain the relatively stable situation of China under the imperial system, and build modern Lu Haijun armaments, thus creating an atmosphere of "rejuvenating the country with the same rule".

Cixi's reform method is actually very clever. The reform of the Hundred Days Reform was too fast. This is just a farce, and it can't be successful. After the disaster in Gengzi, Empress Dowager Cixi realized that the current situation no longer allowed her to adhere to the imperial tradition. The so-called "ancestral law" allowed the Qing court to implement various New Deal measures.

There are many contents involved in the post-boxer New Deal, the most important of which include: changing the official system, preparing for constitutionalism, abolishing the imperial examination system, prohibiting women from foot-binding, setting up girls' schools, starting new schools, and building educational undertakings with boxer's refund.

Negative evaluation

Personally, Cixi seized power from the court struggle in a cruel way. 186 1 year, after the death of Emperor Xianfeng in Jehol Summer Resort, the Ye family, who had just become the empress dowager, joined forces with the royal family such as Prince Gong to launch a coup, seized power from the eight ministers group headed by the distant ancestor of the royal family and the actual minister, and executed three of them (Zai Yuan, Duanhuahe).

Later, in order to establish and maintain her autocratic power, Empress Dowager Cixi showed no mercy to the cleansing of political opponents. Even her own son, Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu, who succeeded her, manipulated and controlled her severely.

From the perspective of China's national sovereignty, Cixi's administrative achievements have also received many negative comments, including 1885' s victory in Zhennan in the war against France, which successfully prevented the French army from landing in Taiwan Province Province, but ended the war by making peace and signing the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, which made the Qing Empire lose the suzerainty of Annan.

In addition, the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese Shimonoseki Peace Treaty of 1895 and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty of 190 1 deprived China of great benefits because of the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894+0894 and 1900. Cixi's ruling and decision-making have an unshirkable responsibility in the occurrence of these two events.

Although Cixi is very capable politically, her supreme goal is still to maintain the Qing Dynasty's rule over China.

The results of several wars that humiliated the country and the country listed above may not be the same. Among them, the Yiyou Qing-Fa War and the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War after Zhennan's victory were humiliating conditions for continuing the war rather than accepting peace.

However, although the result of continuing the war will defeat France, which was in chaos at that time, or drag down Japan, which was about to run out of national strength at that time in the Sino-Japanese War, so that the Chinese nation will have a better result, it is very likely that the central government of Manchu will lose its authority and go to collapse because of the protracted war.

As the head of the supreme power, Cixi refused to cancel the short-sighted discussion and accept the humiliation that had maintained 300 people, which not only reflected her political ability, but also worsened the future of modern China many times. After the Gengzi Incident, when China faced the huge compensation for the contract between Xin and Chou, its extravagance still did not obviously converge, which made the already stretched financial problems in the late Qing Dynasty worse and the people's livelihood languished. ?

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Cixi