Imitation and innovation seem to be two different stages in the process of composition training. The Chinese textbooks for compulsory education organically combine the two, which not only embodies the general trend from imitation to innovation, but also contains the specific requirements for innovation in imitation. Therefore, combining with our own teaching practice, we talk about the understanding of composition teaching in the first stage of junior middle school Chinese.
one
The Chinese Syllabus for Compulsory Education changes the old "listening, speaking, reading and writing" into "reading, writing, listening and speaking", emphasizing the importance and basic position of reading and writing. At the same time, the arrangement of teaching materials not only establishes the observation system in reading, teaches students to draw nutrition from the treasure house of life, but also forms a step-by-step writing system, which divides composition training into fragments and whole articles, interspersed in text exercises and unit exercises respectively. It can be seen that innovation in imitation means promoting reading by writing, promoting reading by writing, and infiltrating composition in reading.
Will imitation turn the composition into a mechanical production of "painting a gourd ladle" or even produce a negative effect of "painting a tiger as a dog"? How to innovate by imitation?
According to the research of thinking science, similar blocks (that is, knowledge units accumulated by people in learning and practice and stored in the brain) exist in a large number of thinking activities of objects and cognitive subjects, and all innovations are nested together, from small to large, from low to high, and are similar or larger (see the book Exploration of Thinking Science for the original text). Beveridge said: "Originality often lies in discovering the connection or similarity between two or more research objects or ideas." Reading is to store and enrich similar blocks in students' brains. Imitation in writing is a process in which a large number of similar blocks in the brain automatically converge, connect and activate, and the similarities and differences obtained from it are the result of innovative thinking.
Psychological research has proved that the development of junior high school students' thinking is a process from concrete to abstract, from low to high. Images or representations in students' thinking will gradually give way to concepts through accumulation, and will gradually develop from empirical abstract logical thinking to theoretical abstract logical thinking. This development and transformation can not be separated from the concrete image, that is, imitation.
From article study's point of view, "people should rely on imitation in the process of mastering language and various skills, as well as in the primary stage of artistic writing. Consciously imitating advanced examples can absorb the experience of others and expand your own experience as the basis for further creation "(see" Imitation "in Ci Hai). Writing is a skill, which must be transferred with the help of existing experience and developed and improved in practice. In short, if you know how to do it, you must do it yourself, that is, consciously imitate it. Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" said "attacking the new" and "smoothing the turbidity and making it clearer"; Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" refers to the innovation in imitation. Throughout the ages, there are countless masterpieces imitated by famous artists, such as Wang Bo's sentence "Lonely sunset in Qi Fei, autumn waters are the same color", Lu Xun's Diary of a Madman, and so on.
From the perspective of teaching, compulsory textbooks divide the process of Chinese learning into three stages: from simple to complex, from easy to difficult, from general training to practical training, and from sub-training to comprehensive training, which embodies the law of people's understanding of things and the law of students' learning, that is, cognition-analysis-synthesis. A large number of' composition training' is manifested in several ways, such as imitation, reference, comment and appreciation, forming a series of scientific systems, which is embodied in the process that a student gradually gets rid of imitation and enters creation. Moreover, "Wen is nothing more than an example" (Ye Shengtao) is exemplary and intuitive. This requires students to master knowledge through reading, draw inferences from others, and turn knowledge into ability. Therefore, from reading to writing, imitation can play a "bridge" role.
Learn to copy calligraphy, learn to copy painting, and learn to simulate performance. Similarly, writing is inseparable from imitation.
two
Because of the different combination of reading and writing, the way and difficulty of imitating composition are also different. Taking picture composition as an example, in the first stage of junior high school teaching, the focus is on explaining or describing pictures; The second stage focuses on the analysis, comments or feelings of pictures. Therefore, in the first stage of Chinese teaching, a lot of imitation and variation exercises were arranged in combination with the text, starting from cultivating the general ability of absorption and expression. The following is an example analysis.
copy
Imitation is a means of basic training, and it is the training of writing according to the style (including content) provided by the model essay. For junior high school students, when writing at a loss, they will naturally be inspired to follow the "law" and "chapter". Imitation can generally be carried out from the following aspects:
1. Imitate the content and cultivate observation ability.
Although Zhu Ziqing's father's back is tearful and unforgettable, it is difficult for students without life experience to sing it. After the article "Back", an exercise was specially arranged for students to talk about their "new magnificent back".
When instructing students to practice, we analyze Zhu Ziqing's father's predicament, old environment and mood, and ask students to find similar emotional points from family life, and carefully observe and describe them. Students imitate grandma's white-haired old back, mom's sad back when sobbing, dad's trembling back when carrying a burden, and so on. One of the students observed the back of his father's desk preparing his homework under the lamp outside the window and sighed, "Isn't this curved back a bridge?" Students' Bridge to the Future! "This language comes from life, from the heart, and contains new ideas. These are all based on "Hui" to trigger association and touch the emotional center. It can be seen that imitating the content of the text exercises students' eyes of "discovering beauty".
2. Imitate language and cultivate students' language sensitivity.
"Words can only be understood, but not expressed" is often the common feature of those intriguing languages. For junior high school students, if this "unspeakable" is too deep and too detailed, it will make them lose the temptation and pleasure of meeting God. Therefore, students' psychological characteristics should be grasped in teaching, and their sense of language should be enhanced through repeated reading, so as to improve their language application ability by imitating foreign languages.
Some language imitation exercises are arranged in the textbook, including sentence imitation and fragment imitation. Imitation of language is inseparable from the specific language environment. For example, the description of catching birds in the snow in From Baicaoyuan to San Tan Yin Yue is vivid, and a series of verbs used together highlight the "interest" of Baicaoyuan. Therefore, the author inspires students with "fun" and teaches them to find "fun" from after-school games, such as jumping beef tendon, "eagle catching chicken", "cockfighting" and "swinging", and then uses accurate verbs to express "fun". In this way, students' parody becomes a description of their own game process and an imitation of model essays, which forms the unity of their own experience and others' experience, thus enhancing their ability to feel and use the language.
3. Imitate skills and cultivate specific writing skills.
Different from writing textbooks, model essays show writing knowledge indirectly and writing skills concretely. Its indirectness, concreteness and demonstration require students to unify reading and imitation, turn others' experiences into their own, and promote the transfer of writing knowledge.
For example, learning the contrast between silence and sound in Laoshan Street can guide students to imitate the fragments of reading in the light at night, and naturally associate them with those sounds, such as turning pages, scraping pens, snoring of others, barking of dogs and so on. In the dead of night, use metaphors to express the feelings of the dead of night. This can further develop students' creativity and practice writing beauty with ugliness, writing goodness with evil and writing happiness with sadness.
4. Imitate thinking and expand students' thinking space.
The previous imitation was based on the article; Imitation thinking is based on the author's imitation. From the perspective of reading psychology, it often depends on the psychological process of identification and restoration to deeply understand the text and appreciate the author's feelings. In other words, reading becomes the author, experiencing the situation, doing things personally, entering the realm of no "I", and grasping the author's thinking process from it; After reading it, it can be restored to readers for long-distance appreciation and comment. Therefore, imitation thinking training belongs to a higher level of imitation writing, which can effectively expand students' thinking space.
For example, parody of Three Fables is to imagine and write the third race of the tortoise according to the ideas of Chinese comics. In parody teaching, teachers can grasp the thinking of seeking difference in Chinese cartoon creation and analyze the characteristics of its originality, surprise and uniqueness. Therefore, it is natural for students to imagine the result of the third game: the tortoise and the rabbit either won or suffered a fiasco. This is the end of the game, which meets the requirements of the topic.
Imitation is for creation. Therefore, in imitation training, we should correctly choose the imitation points of model essays, pay attention to the unity of content and form, and pay equal attention to similarity in form and spirit. But too superstitious to be confused. Model essay can't block the composition, and students' imitation should be kept between similarity and dissimilarity, that is, innovation in imitation.
(2) change the writing
Make some changes to the content or form of the model essay and write a composition that is basically similar to the original but different. This kind of training is called rewriting. It goes further than parody and belongs to "semi-creative writing" (in Qian Menglong).
There are some ways to change the writing, such as abbreviation, expansion, rewriting and continuation. Let's talk about the specific methods in combination with the teaching materials.
1. abbreviation
Abbreviation is a variant writing method of compressing and simplifying articles according to certain requirements while keeping the central meaning and main content unchanged. It is not an excerpt or revision of the article, so the meaning and structure should remain relatively complete.
For example, Pangu's creation is a fairy tale, and the practice of reading the abstract is arranged after the article and needs more specific description. To guide students to practice, we can grasp the characteristics of imagination first, then imagination "open" and then "change", delete branches and leaves, keep the trunk, and change the detailed narrative into rough narrative, thus summarizing the main contents of this paper.
Abbreviations can not only cultivate students' reading analysis ability, but also improve their comprehensive generalization ability and language reproduction ability.
Expand writing
Amplification is the antonym of abbreviation, that is, transforming a short essay into a long one, which should be concrete, concise and vivid, instead of repeating Lu Peng's verbosity and gilding the lily.
The methods of "adding branches and leaves" and "adding trunk" are often used in writing. The former is developed by adding reasonable fictional elements, while the latter is the development of the simple content of the original text, both of which are summarized as concrete. For example, the article "Bian Que Meets Cai Huangong" ends with Bian Que's "Escape from Qin" and "Death of Huan Gong", which are extremely general and good materials for writing practice. To guide the development of writing, students can be required to master the personality characteristics of Huan Gong, to describe the storm of escaping from Qin by adding tree trunks, and to describe the manner, language and movements of Huan Gong before his death by adding branches and leaves.
This kind of expansion is conducive to enhancing students' logical thinking ability, developing imagination and improving description and narrative ability.
Continue to write
Continuing writing is a complete training method for unfinished articles or events, which can promote students to further understand and digest the original work and develop their creative imagination. Imagination is reasonable, that is, it conforms to the original author's creative intention and the internal logic of the article. Therefore, the sequel is a reasonable extension and development of the original text.
For example, The Emperor's New Clothes provides two sequels, one is that the emperor killed innocent people, and the other is that the emperor punished children who told the truth. After this article, the students were asked to make another sequel. How is it different from the first two articles, and is it in line with the author's intention of mocking feudal rulers? We ask students to ponder the word "as if" from the original sentence "he thinks what the people say seems to be true" and imagine it with the personality characteristics of emperors and ministers. Will the emperor become smarter after he returns to the palace? Will ministers tell the truth? As a result, the students suddenly realized that their thinking was active. Some of them designed a new scam, the swindler provided the magic mirror, and some people described the absurd scene of the queen playing the emperor.
Since it is a continuation, we should pay attention to the continuity and integrity of the article, and we should not be "distinct" and have a beginning and a end.
rewrite
Rewriting is a training way to change its expression form according to the original content. It helps to train students' ability to express the same content in different ways. There are several forms of rewriting, namely, changing genre, person, structure, expression, style and angle. The basic content remains the same when rewriting.
When guiding rewriting, students are first required to grasp the central meaning of the original text, and then see the specific requirements, and work hard on casting materials and designing articles. For example, after the last lesson, it is required to rewrite the text fragments in the third person, which will open the psychological distance between Francis Jr. and the students and let the students objectively understand the role of clues and the deep connotation of the works. This is a rewriting that changes people. For another example, after teaching Zhang's "Fishing Song", in order to understand the poet's interest, we can rewrite the text into prose, guide students to arouse associations through reading, and then paint the related bright and beautiful paintings with beautiful style, so as to appreciate Zhang's chic rivers and lakes and sentimental landscapes. Another example is that music composition is difficult. How do students get inspiration from the text? In the guidance, the poems such as Guilin Landscape Song and Sky Street are used for analysis, and students are required to grasp the similarities for association and imagination, so that the musical image can be integrated into the students' psychological process, and then the auditory image can be transformed into the visual image by words. At the same time, when we were teaching, we chose two songs, Two Springs Reflecting the Moon and Gusuxing, to let students compare their different musical feelings. The former is sad and crying. The latter is in high spirits and intoxicated. In this way, students can use their life experience to expand their imagination and make bold and provocative descriptions.
Therefore, rewriting should pay attention to the characteristics of different forms of expression and make full use of the advantages of specific forms of expression.
In a word, rewriting cultivates students' basic writing ability, especially their creativity in reading comprehension. It is a ready-made material composition, so it is also a convenient way to test the degree and ability of students' reading and writing.
three
Training students' writing ability with preliminary imitation is easy for junior high school students who have just entered the middle school gate to get started and make achievements. Infiltrating composition in the combination of reading and writing can enable students to absorb the previous experience and turn it into their own use, and promote the transformation of knowledge into ability. It is an extension of reading, which promotes reading better and forms a virtuous circle.
But imitation is not an end, but a means. When instructing students to imitate, teachers should proceed from the specific characteristics of students, teach students in accordance with their aptitude and gradually improve them. Special attention should be paid to not only guiding students to find the "source of living water" from life, but also touching the inspiration sparks caused by the collision between "similar building blocks" and life, so as to improve students' ability to master language, develop intelligence and protect creativity in writing. In a word, the composition infiltration in the first stage of junior middle school Chinese should show a positive innovation trend in imitation.
;