? First, metaphor: use?

-In narration, explanation and description, the intangible is turned into tangible, the abstract into concrete, the dull into vivid, the verbose into concise, and the esoteric into simple, which leaves a distinct and profound impression on readers. ?

Metaphor generally consists of three parts, namely, ontology (the object to be compared), vehicle (the object to be compared) and figurative words (the symbolic words of figurative relations). ?

(1) What are the types of metaphor?

(1) Simile: Ontology and vehicle both appear, connected by figurative words "like, like, as if", sometimes followed by words such as "like" and "same". The typical form of simile is: A is like B?

For example, there are many kinds of clouds in the sky, some like running horses and some like lions. ?

(2) Metaphor: Ontological vehicles all appear and are connected by metaphors such as "yes", "cheng" and "cheng", sometimes without metaphors. The typical form of metaphor is: A or B?

This is an ocean of flowers. Narrow boards are sharp arrows flying in. A small spinnaker is a big colorful wing. ?

(3) Metonymy: without ontology, the carrier is directly described. Typical forms of metonymy are A and B?

For example, like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows away the petals of 10 thousand pear trees. ?

(4) Metaphor: several vehicles * * * are used to describe an ontology. ?

For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath. (Pearl, Star and Beauty Who Just Showed Bath describe the beauty of lotus from the perspectives of color, luster and feeling, and grasp the similarities of light, faint flicker, freshness and cleanliness. )?

(2) What should we pay attention to when using metaphors?

(1), the ontology and the vehicle of metaphor are two different things with similarities. The vehicle must be common and easy to understand, so that people can clearly understand the relationship between metaphor and metaphor. ?

(2) Metaphor should be appropriate, and the similarities between ontology and vehicle should be firmly grasped. ?

(3) Metaphor should have feelings and show the author's thoughts and feelings. ?

(4) Improper use of metaphor often indicates that there is no similarity between ontology and vehicle, or the vehicle expresses inappropriate thoughts and feelings, so we should pay special attention to avoid it when using it. ?

(3) What are the conditions for using metaphor?

(1) A and B must be different. The following situations are not metaphors:

(1) Compared with the same kind. She looks like her father. ?

(2) Expressing conjecture. This book seems to be his. ?

3 stands for imagination. It's like going back to my childhood more than twenty years ago. ?

(4) Give an example. Many flowers are in full bloom, such as peach blossom, pear blossom and apricot blossom. ?

(5) Metaphorical meaning is not metaphor. Metaphor is temporary, and metaphorical meaning is a fixed meaning formed through metaphor. ?

(2) A and B should have similarities. ?

The train was speeding, and the trees on both sides of the carriage flashed by like an avalanche. An avalanche describes great impulse, which has nothing in common with speed, and cannot be used as a metaphor for trees passing by?

Our will is as high as the Himalayas. There is no similarity between "will" and "Himalaya", nor does it constitute a metaphor?

(3) The emotional colors of Party A and Party B should be consistent. The following metaphor is not appropriate:

The enemy plane fled, and our plane followed closely, like a wolf chasing a rabbit, tandem. ?

Ex. 2: At the May 4th Youth Gala, the whole school students crowded together like ants. ?

(4) The vehicle should be easy to understand, so that people can understand it at a glance. The following metaphor is not appropriate:

He has a formidable appearance and a beard like a halberd. What is a flat-headed halberd? Most people don't know it, but it is puzzling to use it as a metaphor for "beard".

(4) What is the difference between metaphor and analogy?

Analogy and metaphor are similar in that they both involve A and B. Compared with them, A and B are comparable. ?

The difference between analogy and metaphor lies in:

(1) In a sense, the focus of metaphor is "metaphor", that is, "analogy", which highlights the similarity between two things; The focus of analogy is "imitation", that is, mutual imitation, that is, "analogy as"?

It directly describes a as b?

(2) From the formal point of view, figurative vehicles often appear in the form of nominal words, indicating an entity. The part that plays a comparative role in comparison is descriptive, and its manifestation is verbal words or descriptive words. ?

A full moon is embedded in the blue sky like a jade plate. ?

The metaphor of "full moon" with crystal clear, round and clear "jade plate" makes people feel holy and fascinating. "Blue sky" is a metaphor for "night sky", which depicts a refreshing background. ?

Grass crept out of the ground quietly, tender and green. ?

Use the personification words "secretly" and "drill" to write the vitality and vigor of grass vividly. ?

Exodus 3: I stood in the same place for a long time. ?

Standing is a word used to describe stone tablets. Here I will be imitated to describe the stone tablet, so as to set off my spirit of sticking to my post?

Second, analogy: endowing something with human action expressions, thoughts and feelings, and spiritual character, making the language vivid and interesting, and arousing readers' strong * * * sound; Or write the characteristics of something vividly, with bright colors and rich meanings, express the author's strong thoughts and feelings, and leave a deep impression on readers. ?

There are two kinds of analogies: personification and imitation.

(1) personification: that is, writing things as adults, or describing things with words that express human characteristics, or directly turning things into people. For example:?

(1) The lake is becoming more and more gentle and serene-it lies quietly on its back, enjoying the gentle caress of the morning mist, and its expression is really like a baby sleeping with its breast in its mother's arms. (Morning in the North Sea)?

(2) This circle of hills is particularly lovely in winter, as if Jinan were put in a small cradle. They whispered, "Don't worry, it will be warm here." (Lao She's Winter in Jinan)?

(3) The flowers in that vase are drooping and listless, which seems to have cut off the hope of survival. ?

(4) When (windsurfing) jumps, it looks like joy; When rotating, it looks like dizziness; When leaning against it, it looks timid ... ((Faith-Zhang Qi watching windsurfing performance)?

(5) Old people are really humorous. They bid farewell to summer while eating watermelon, saying that they were "gnawing at autumn". People finally ushered in a new autumn and ushered in this lovely bride. ?

(2) Quasi-object: refers to the action or modality of writing "person" as "thing" to make people have the object, or writing "A" as "B" to express the author's strong feelings of love and hate. For example:?

(1) When I got outside the house, my mother had already greeted me, and then my eight-year-old nephew Honger flew out. (hometown of Lu Xun)?

(2) Behind the tank, the soldiers of the "Tiger Group" screamed and rushed over. (Xie Xuechou's The End of Tigers)?

(3) There is another question, that is: How much is "axiom" a catty? (Lu Xun's "Where is Axiom")?

If we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs. ?

3. Metonymy: replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness, and feelings with things; Highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of language, and make it more concrete, vivid and vivid; Make the text concise, the language diverse and humorous. ?

When you speak or write an article, you don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead. This rhetorical method is called metonymy. What is replaced is called "ontology" and what is replaced is called "borrowing". When "ontology" does not appear, it is replaced by "borrowing body". ?

What kind of metonymy?

① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared. ?

(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses. ?

(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng. ?

(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun. ?

⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt. ?

⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men. Laughter is the result of laughter?

All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze. ?

(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line. ?

Similarities and differences between metonymy and metonymy;

Similarities: metonymy and metonymy are both substitution, metonymy is to replace ontology with metonymy, metonymy is to replace ontology with metaphor, and ontology does not appear. ?

Difference:?

1. Metonymy's borrowing body is something in objective reality, which is related to ontology; The vehicle in metonymy has nothing to do with objective reality. For example:?

Soldiers with shortcomings are soldiers after all?

-The perfect fly is just a fly after all. ("Fly" is a metaphor for "reactionary guy". "Flying" is not instantaneous and has nothing to do with objective reality. )?

(2) After a hundred years of weakness, we fought Yan 'an for eight years. ("Fighting" and "Yan 'an" are synonymous with "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression" and "China * * * production party". "Battle" is one of the weapons in the war, and "Yan 'an" is the anti-Japanese base of China's * * * production party, which is related to reality. )?

2. There is no similarity between metonymy ontology and metonymy body, but metonymy vehicle and ontology must be similar. For example:?

The red scarf offered her seat to the old lady. ("Red Scarf" is borrowed from primary school students, but it is not similar to primary school students. Can't say "primary school students are like red scarves". )?

(2) leave the palace of hell! Starving to death is better than being here. The landlord's home is similar to the "temple of death", so it is a metaphor in metaphor. )?

3. Metonymy cannot become simile or metaphor, while borrowing/model metaphor can become simile and metaphor. ?

For example, two sentences in 2. ?

4. In an article, if there is a figurative sentence of "××××" in front, then the vehicle is directly used behind it, which becomes metonymy. ?

Fourth, exaggeration: use exaggerated methods to profoundly and vividly reveal the essential characteristics of things and enlighten people; Or clearly express the author's feelings and attitudes, set off a certain atmosphere and enhance the vividness and appeal of the language; Arouse readers' rich association and imagination, and make readers have a strong sound. ?

In order to express strong thoughts and feelings, highlight the essential characteristics of things, and use rich imagination to deliberately exaggerate or narrow some aspects of things for artistic rendering, this rhetorical device is called exaggeration. Exaggeration can be divided into two types and three forms, namely "ordinary" and "ahead", and ordinary types can be divided into "exaggeration" and "contraction". ?

Three forms of exaggeration?

(1) exaggerate. For example:?

White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow like a beard. ?

(2) also more kindness xi, although nine died without regret. ?

(2) reduce exaggeration. For example:?

(1) eyes like two knives, poking the old bolt narrowed by half. ?

(2) Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills. ?

(3) Exaggeration in advance. For example:?

Seeing such bright green wheat seedlings, I smelled the smell of white flour steamed bread. ?

② If you don't drink, you will have a heart; if you get drunk first, you will have blood in your eyes and grey in your heart. ?

5. Duality: neat form, symmetrical structure, distinct rhythm, harmonious phonology, beautiful melody, easy to read and memorize; Sentences are concise and concise, lyrical, expressive, and expressive. It can make the relationship between related things concentrated and distinct, and it can also make the contrast between opposing things stronger and clearer. ?

(1) concept:?

Duality is a rhetorical way to express two opposite or similar meanings with a pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning. ?

(2) What are the manifestations of duality?

1, which can be divided into positive, negative and string according to the content. ?

Right to right: the dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach. ?

Objection: the dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences. For example, frown at thousands of people and bow your head as a willing ox. ?

String pair (stream pair): the upper and lower sentences have the dual forms of inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis, condition and so on. For example, only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish. ?

2. According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair. ?

The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called leniency means that it basically meets the requirements of antithesis, but it is slightly different in some aspects, that is, the formal requirements are slightly looser. ?

3. According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality. ?

Binary composition. For example, my weakness, however, is not to lose face when discussing current events. The shortcomings of copper are often classified, and the latter is especially out of date. ?

Duality of sentence. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach. ?

(3) What is the difference between duality and contrast?

1, the basic feature of duality is "symmetry", and the basic feature of contrast is "opposition". ?

2. Duality is mainly from the structure, which requires the structure to be commensurate and the words to be equal; In a sense, contrast requires opposite or relative meaning, regardless of structural form. ?

3. The "opposition" in the antithesis (such as "beating your chest, pointing your fingers, bowing your head as a willing ox") is a comparison in meaning, a duality in form and a double phenomenon in rhetoric. )?

Sixth, than: not only inside?

Concentration and distinct rhythm enhance the momentum and express the author's strong thoughts and feelings. In argumentative writing, the use of parallelism can explain the truth more strictly and thoroughly, thus playing the role of emphasizing opinions; In narrative, the use of parallelism in narrative can enhance the momentum of language and express feelings incisively and vividly. ?

(1) concept:?

Parallelism is a rhetorical way of arranging three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure and related content together to strengthen the language situation, emphasize the content and aggravate the feelings. ?

(2) Types of parallelism:?

1, component parallelism: some components in a sentence constitute parallelism. For example:?

Yan 'an's songs are torches at night, coal in snowy days and showers in drought. ?

② How many friends have joined hands in the journey of life, how many times they treat each other sincerely, how many times they reciprocate, and how many beautiful and warm memories there are. ?

2. Sentence parallelism: Each clause of a complex sentence constitutes parallelism. For example:?

Their quality is so clean and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad. ?

② The Eighth Route Army put on sandals and drove the Japanese devils into the sea; The PLA put on straw sandals and kicked out the Chiang dynasty. Ba Lian wore sandals and stepped at the foot of the fragrant wind and poisonous fog. ?

(3) Autumn Mountain becomes plump; Autumn water has become gentle; The autumn wind started, and the weather became cool; Autumn clouds become pale and distant. ?

3. Compound sentence parallelism. For example:?

(1) If we can develop a search and observation technology system similar to Hawkeye, we can broaden the horizons of pilots and improve their eyesight. If we can develop an "electronic eagle eye" based on the principle of eagle eye vision, it may be used to control the launch of long-range laser-guided weapons. If the missile can be equipped with a small "eagle-eye system", then it can automatically find, identify and track the target like an eagle, thus achieving a hundred shots. ?

What is the difference between duality and parallelism?

Formally, duality is limited to two terms, and parallelism must be more than three. Duality is a symmetrical organization, while parallelism is a string organization. Duality requires equal words, and parallelism is not limited to words; Duality should try to avoid literal sameness, and the same words often appear in parallelism. ?

② In content, duality can represent similarity, opposition or relativity, and parallelism can only represent similarity or correlation. ?

Functionally, duality makes sentences more neat, beautiful, harmonious and pleasant; In addition to the above functions, parallelism can further enhance mood and feelings. ?

7. Repetition: In poetry, it plays the role of reciting repeatedly, expressing strong feelings and highlighting thoughts; At the same time, it also makes the poetry format orderly, cyclical and ups and downs, full of language beauty and rhythm. ?

Such as: silence, silence, no longer broke out in silence, but died in silence. ?

Repeatedly defined?

It is a figure of speech that intentionally repeats the same word or sentence to emphasize a certain meaning or express a certain feeling. ?

What kind of repetition?

1, continuous repetition: Repeat the same word or sentence one after another, with no other words in between. ?

2, interval repetition: repeated use of words or sentences, there are other words or sentences in the middle. ?

3. Continuous repetition and intermittent repetition can also be used interchangeably. ?

Pay attention to repeating questions?

When using repetition, we should pay attention to: repetition is different from repetition, which is a kind of redundancy and a language disease; Repeated use should not be repeated for repetition's sake. There must be substantial ideological content and strong feelings, and whether to use it or not should be decided according to the actual needs of expression. ?

What is the difference between parallelism and repetition?

Parallelism is only the repetition of some words, focusing on the same or similar structure, and the sentences can be different; The arranged items are continuous. Repetition, usually word repetition, focuses on the same sentence and structure; Repeated projects can be continuous or intermittent. ?

Example 1: What a "friendly person"! Japanese imperialist troops seized Liaoji and shelled the organs. They're not surprised. They are not surprised by blocking railways, chasing and bombing buses, arresting officials and shooting people. They were not surprised by the successive years of civil war and unprecedented floods in China under the rule of the Kuomintang, such as selling children to help the poor, beheading, assassination and electrocution to extract confessions. There was a little trouble with the student petition. What a surprise! ?

The sentence (1) uses repeated rhetorical devices, in which "they are not surprised" appears three times, and the ending "they are surprised" expresses the author's strong indignation at the reactionary government. ?

8. Questioning: It can arouse readers' attention and thinking, and arouse readers' interest in reading; Structurally, it also plays the role of connecting the preceding with the following, making the hierarchy clear, coherent and compact; When used in argumentative writing, it can also make the argument deeper and the context clearer. ?

What is a road? That is, from where there is no road, from where there are thorns. (Lu Xun's Road to Life)?

Who is the cutest person? Our soldiers, I think they are the cutest people. Who is the cutest person in Wei Wei's works?

(3) Ah, who sent that dear and charming local accent to my ears so early? Who called the rosy dawn with sweet music so early? It's a young man. (Jun Qing's "local accent")?

9. rhetorical question: express affirmation in the form of negation, or express negation in the form of affirmation, with firm and powerful tone and thought-provoking; Can enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of the article. ?

(1) uses negative form to express affirmation. For example:?

Didn't we working people create human history? ?

(2) I was thinking, is there no one else in the quiet bamboo sea? (Huang, Deep in the Bamboo Forest)?

(3) The waves are rippling and the warblers are flying. Who can say that it is not beautiful? (Guo Moruo, "Xi Gu Xi Feng")?

(4) There is no anti-people force in history that cannot be eliminated by the people! Didn't Hitler and Mussolini both fall before the people? (Wen Yiduo's last speech)

(2) negative in the form of affirmation. For example:?

Chairman Mao is so, what can we be proud of? ?

The piano is as heavy as a coffin, and the violin is several hundred yuan each. Although the manufacturing is exquisite, how many people in the world can enjoy it? (Feng Zikai's "Sheltering from Rain in the Mountains")?

(3) The blood of young people in their forties permeates around me, making it difficult for me to breathe. I can't see or hear. Where can I talk? ?

What's the difference between rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions?

(1) Asking questions is asking yourself and answering yourself, often at the beginning of an article or paragraph, in order to attract readers' attention and thinking, and a question mark must be used. ?

Rhetorical questions don't need to be answered, and there are clear answers in the questions, often in the middle or at the end of paragraphs. In order to strengthen the tone and express strong feelings, exclamation marks can sometimes be used. ?

Friend, do you realize that you are in happiness? ?

Sentence 1 Use rhetoric to remind friends to think about whether life is happy or not. ?

How can people not love this beautiful southern city and enjoy the warmth of life from this grand flower market? ?

The second sentence expresses people's deep love for the southern flower city in rhetoric.