This passage is the first part, focusing on the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty, exposing the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, and finally pointing out that "benevolence and righteousness are different when attacking and defending" is the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. This is a view distilled from historical facts.
This view also runs through two other articles. The author summarizes the historical lessons of the Qin Dynasty's death, aiming at satirizing the present by using the past, that is, from the opposite side, explaining that "the way of herdsman is security" and that the policy of "security" is greater than the practice of benevolence and righteousness, with the aim of persuading Emperor Wen of Han to implement a loose policy towards the people.
By grasping the author's intention, we can have a thorough understanding of the content, structure and writing of this article. This paper first narrates the historical facts and then analyzes them. Accordingly, the full text can be divided into two parts.
The first part (paragraphs 1 to 4) describes the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. The whole process from Qin Xiaogong's accession to the throne (36 1 year ago) to Zi Ying's surrender to the Han Dynasty (207 years ago) lasted 154 years and was divided into four different historical periods.
1. The rise of the Qin Dynasty. 1). This happened in Qin Xiaogong.
At the beginning of the Warring States, there were seven countries in Wancheng, among which Qin Wei was the first, and its strength was equal to that of other six countries. Its further strength began with filial piety. This paper first describes the geographical advantages and political ambitions of filial piety in Qin Dynasty, and then describes the basic national policies (legislative degree, agricultural war and continuation of peace) and the achievements made with the assistance of Shang Yang.
Qin Xiaogong reigned for 24 years (from 36/kloc-0 to 338), during which Shang Yang specialized in Qin shou for about 15 years, which shows that this period was not long. In addition, the word "Lian Heng" is an empty pen, and the initiator of "Lian Heng" is Zhang Yi. Qin started in ten years (the first 328 years), that is, the next ten years.
2. The further expansion of the influence of the Qin Dynasty (the second paragraph). This period lasted for 90 years, including five monarchs after Qin Xiaogong and before the first emperor, namely, King Huiwen, King Wu, King Zhao Xiang, King Xiaowen and King Zhuang Xiang.
The last two "enjoy the country short" have been taken over; Mainly about the events of three dynasties 87 years ago. In a highly generalized language, the complex struggle in this period was concentrated in two aspects: first, it described the expanding territory of the Qin Dynasty from four directions, showing its unprecedented power growth; The second is to write about the failure of the vassal's submission and struggle to Qin, and to compare the ease with which the Qin people trapped the vassal, which shows that it is invincible.
This is to prepare for the next stage, indicating that it is a foregone conclusion that the whole country will be unified by Qin. 3. Qin Shihuang unified the whole country (third paragraph).
This period includes 36 years of Qin Shihuang's rule. Qin Shihuang not only wiped out the governors of various countries, but also expanded his territory and created an unprecedented empire.
This means that Qin has been on the defensive since then, so we will continue to talk about its defensive strategy, that is, ignorant people, weak people, and defensive people, so as to ensure "the inheritance of later emperors" by "consolidating Guanzhong and making a golden city thousands of miles away". This passage is just and stern, which fully exposes Qin Shihuang's tyranny and ruthlessness, and summarizes this article with a sentence "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different."
4. Chen She Uprising and the collapse of the Qin Dynasty. 4). The focus is the Chen She Uprising.
Write in a low line: First, Chen She's low status and lack of intelligence mean that he lacks appeal and command and combat ability. The number of uprising troops is small and the weapons are crude, which means that he is vulnerable; However, the result was unexpected. "All the people in the world gather to respond, and the five grains win the scenery." A single spark suddenly became a prairie fire. This is also written for "benevolence and righteousness are not applied."
If benevolence and righteousness are not applied, the people's hearts will be lost. "Its death can stand and wait for it", so the following is only one sentence to write about its demise. The second part (the fifth paragraph) expounds the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, which can be divided into two layers.
The first layer analyzes the comparison of various forces. First of all, it is pointed out that the advantage of Qin State still exists, and it is stronger than in the past, because it occupies the world.
Then, from the leader's position, the ability to direct operations, the quality and equipment of the army, etc., the division of the Nine Kingdoms is compared with the people of Chen She, and it is pointed out that the latter is far less than the former. Despite this, the two are "different in success or failure, but opposite in achievement."
This contains a question: why is this abnormal situation happening? Leave it to the following answer. The second layer is responsible for the whole article and summarizes the central arguments.
The following four sentences refer to paragraphs 1 and 2; Then the second sentence "take Liuhe as home" takes care of the third paragraph; The third sentence of "one husband is hard to find" takes care of the fourth paragraph; Finally, manage the above sentence "success or failure is at stake". The central argument of the full text naturally comes from: "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different."
Second, demonstration method 1. Take historical facts as arguments and command materials with opinions. The author's so-called "different offensive and defensive potential" means that Qin wants to unify the whole country and naturally takes an offensive against the princes in Shandong (east of Lushan) and gradually eliminates them; After national reunification, the people must be prevented from subverting their political power, which has turned to the defensive.
Offensively, it is "still cheating" and defensively, it is "your obedience". "Surrender to power" means practicing benevolence and righteousness to gather people's hearts.
After Qin destroyed the six countries, it still cruelly oppressed the people and showed no benevolence and righteousness, so it soon perished. This is Jia Yi's basic view.
To understand this, we must explain the rise and fall of Qin according to historical facts. The characteristics of this paper's narration of history are: highly summarizing historical facts under the command of viewpoints.
For example, Qin's "taking outside the Xihe River" was the result of Shang Yang's plan to lure Wei to break its army. This paper summarizes it with the word "surrender". Another example is that Shandong governors fought Qin for many times, and they were all broken by Zhang Yi and others. North Korea, Wei and Chu ceded land to Qin many times, and the territory of Qin became wider and wider, which was the victory of Qin's strategy of "bullying the monarch". The author concentrates these historical facts on the failure of the division of nine countries to attack Qin.
When it comes to Qin's unification of the whole country, the key point is to expose Qin Shihuang's policy of oppressing the people-this is actually a continuation of the "cheat" strategy. This fact fully shows that after Qin was put on the defensive, "its way was not easy, its politics remained unchanged" (in On Qin), and its demise was inevitable.
From the above analysis, we can also see that political comments focus on the essence of historical process, rather than the accuracy of details. 2. Comparative discussion.
The comparative discussion of this article focuses on paragraph 5, which has been explained above. Here is only a little supplement: this contrast must be seen in the process of historical development.
At that time, the division of the nine countries attacked the Qin state with only one place in Yongzhou with "ten times the land and millions of people", but it was a fiasco; Today, with hundreds of "exhausted soldiers" attacking Qin, which occupied the world, it was successful, which vividly showed that Qin had become hollow after turning to the defensive. Why is this happening? Meng.
2. What are the characteristics of the language of Guo Qin Lun?
Jia Yi is an early writer of Han Fu. This article is not Fu, but it obviously has the characteristics of Fu in language. It pays attention to layout and rendering, such as writing Qin Xiaogong's ambition at the beginning, using four words, such as "sweeping the world" and "including space"; The division of the nine countries in the middle attacked Qin, and the four kings and nine countries, counselors, strategists and military commanders were listed one by one, which was very powerful; When writing Qin Shihuang, he tried his best to create his own image of "Weaver Maid in the Sea". Parallel prose is also used in writing, which is powerful to read. Its parallel prose is different from the parallel prose with the basic form of "four or six sentences" in later generations, but it is very flexible, and sometimes the number of words is not even completely equal, such as "following the supreme and making Liuhe fight for the world"; There are some parallel essays in the prose, such as "building Huawei City, because the river is a pool, according to the city of 100 million feet, facing an unexpected abyss, thinking that it is solid." So varied, but not monotonous.
3. Appreciation of Jia Yi's linguistic features after Qin Dynasty; Jia Yi wrote reasoning prose with fu.
Writing Fu requires exaggeration, which Jia Yi can say is adopted throughout. For example, in the first paragraph, there are four sentences, such as "sweep", "contain", "contain" and "swallow", which are basically synonymous; "World", "space", "four seas" and "eight famine" all mean the same thing.
Writing several words with the same meaning in succession is both parallelism and duality, which is an exaggeration of writing fu. There are similar sentences in the second, fourth and fifth paragraphs below; The list goes on.
The so-called "biography" mainly refers to such sentences. This natural momentum makes readers feel that the author's pen is sharp, aggressive, energetic, persuasive and unstoppable.
4. Appreciation of Jia Yi's Language Features after Qin Dynasty The language features of this article are profound and impressive, which endows Jia Yi with the method of writing fu to write reasoning prose. Writing Fu requires exaggeration, and Jia Yi can say that this method is adopted throughout. For example, in the first paragraph, there are four sentences such as "sweeping", "including" and "annexing". "World", "space", "four seas" and "eight famine" all mean the same thing. Writing several words with the same meaning, both parallelism and antithesis, is an exaggeration in writing Fu. There are similar sentences in the second, fourth and fifth paragraphs below. The list goes on and on. The so-called "biography" mainly refers to such sentences. This momentum is natural and abundant, which naturally makes readers feel that the author's pen is sharp, aggressive, energetic and convincing, and there is a sense of stopping.
5. On the key sentences recited by Qin: 1. When he became emperor, he fought bravely for the first time and the sixth time, made a long-term plan to conquer the mainland, swallowed the princes who died in two weeks, gave up his supreme position to Liuhe, and whipped the world with a beating, which inspired the world. 2, so first abolish Wang Zhidao, burn a hundred words, stupid; Famous city, killing heroes; Take the soldiers of the world, gather in Xianyang, sell dysprosium, and cast them into twelve gold people to weaken the people of the world. Then, Jianhua will become a city, because the river is a pool. According to the city of 100 million feet, it will be strong because of the unexpected abyss. A good general will guard the key points with a strong crossbow, and a loyal minister will be Chen Libing. 3. But Chen She's son is self-employed, and so is the migrant population; Talents are not as good as Chinese people, not as good as the wealth of sages in Mo Zhai, Zhong Ni, Tao Zhu and Yi Dun; Wandering among the ranks, squatting in the hustle and bustle, the rate of exhaustion of soldiers, hundreds of people, turned to attack Qin; Chop firewood for soldiers, uncover poles for flags, and the world will gather to respond, and seize grain with the scenery. 4. In the Qin Dynasty, there were many small people, but it became a thousand times. These eight States have been in existence for more than 100 years. Then take Liuhe as home and faith as palace; Water under the bridge, but difficult to be alone. Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different.
Summary of knowledge points of Guo Qin Lun;
Collection of Qin materials: /s/ On Guoqin/
6. The theory that China crossed the Qin Dynasty 3 According to the solid belief, holding the land of Yongzheng, the monarch and the minister stuck to the room of Zhou Dynasty, which has swept the world, embraced the world and swallowed the heart of the Eight Wastes.
When the time comes, Shang Jun should help it, legislate internally, cultivate and maintain the tools of war; Against the prince outside the company. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River.
Without filial piety, Huiwen, Wuwu and Zhao Xiang inherited their careers. Because of its legacy, Hanzhong in the south, Ba and Shu in the west, fertile land in the east and key counties in the north. Feared, the vassal states sought to weaken the State of Qin through alliance, and did not cherish the precious and fertile land, so that the people of the world could join hands and become one.
At this time, there are Meng Chang, Zhao Pingyuan, Chu Chunshen and Wei Xinling. These four monarchs are wise and faithful, generous and caring, and respect the virtuous and value the virtuous. They are all from Tianping, belonging to Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan.
So the people of the six countries, including Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin and Du He, worked for it, while Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi worked for it, while Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She worked for it. Taste ten times the land, a million divisions, knock off the customs and attack Qin.
The Qin people turned on and off to stop the enemy, and the division of the Nine Kingdoms (qūn) patrolled and dared not enter. Wu Qin's death cost him money, but the ruler of the world has been trapped.
So he was defeated from the loose contract and bribed Qin to cede territory. Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing after death and driving north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding profusely.
Take advantage of the trend, slaughter the world and split the rivers and mountains. Strong countries please submit, weak countries enter the DPRK.
Extending to the king of Zhuang Xiang, the country enjoys a shallow life and the country has nothing to do. When Emperor Fen VI was fierce, he made a long-term plan to conquer the palace, swallowed the princes who died within two weeks, followed the supreme rule, and made Liuhe, whipping the world by beating and shocking the world.
Take the land of Baiyue in the south as Guilin and Xiang Jun; Baiyue Wang bowed his head and tightened his neck, appointing officials. So Meng Tian built the Great Wall and guarded the fence in the north, but the Huns were more than 700 miles away.
The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. So let's abolish Wang Zhidao and burn the words of a hundred schools of thought. The famous city of Xi(Huē) killed heroes, gathered soldiers from all over the world, gathered in Xianyang, sold dysprosium (dí), and cast twelve gold men to weaken the people from all over the world.
Then, Jianhua will become a city, because the river is a pool. According to the city of 100 million feet, it will be strong because of the unexpected abyss. A good general will guard the key points with a strong crossbow, and a loyal minister will be Chen Libing.
The world is set, and the emperor's heart begins, thinking that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of the emperor will always have a career. I have been shocked by this unusual custom since the first emperor died.
However, the son of the urn and cable pivot, méng Li Zhimin, and migrants also; Talent is not as good as Chinese, not a sage, but a wealth of Yi (y ρ); Cui Deli was stubborn among the ranks and buildings, and hundreds of people turned to attack Qin, cut firewood for soldiers, unveiled the banner, and the world gathered to respond, grabbing food and chasing the scenery. Shandong Haojun rose together and Qin family died.
Moreover, the world is not small and weak, and Yongzhou is solid and self-sufficient. Chen She's position is not respected by Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. Mow(y?u) and compassion (qín) are not the same as the hook halberd; The people stationed in the garrison are not resistant to the division of the nine countries; Visionary, marching with troops, not for the people of the times.
However, success or failure is different, and achievements are the opposite. Why? Try to make duó bigger in Shandong and Chen She, and it will be out of the question in the same year. Qin, however, is a mere place, but it has become a thousand times more powerful, with eight countries in the same column, which has been more than a hundred years. Then take Liuhe as home and faith as palace; One person's fault (à n) is difficult, the seven temples are destroyed, and the hands are powerless, so why laugh for the world? Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different.