After living in the open field far away from trees, human ancestors were gradually able to use branches and stones to resist wild animals or dig roots for food. In this process, great changes have taken place in the body structure of ancient apes, the most important of which is the change from walking on all fours to walking upright on two feet. This transformation not only enhanced the survival ability of human ancestors, but also caused a series of adaptive changes in their body structure, such as the downward movement of body center of gravity, the growth of lower limb bones, the shortening and widening of pelvis, and the transformation of spine from arch to S-shape. Therefore, it can be said that the basic structural characteristics of human body are related to bipedal walking. In addition, bipedal walking completely liberated the forelimbs of human ancestors from walking and supporting the body, creating conditions for various activities and further development and expansion of the brain. The significance of bipedal walking makes anthropologists regard this condition as an important criterion for the demarcation between humans and apes. In the process of using natural tools, human ancestors gradually learned to make tools. The tools made by early humans were all stone tools (pictured). These stone tools are often found with animal remains and artificial broken bones, and paleoanthropologists infer that the appearance of stone tools is closely related to early human hunting and carnivorous behavior. In the process of making and using tools, the brains of human ancestors became more and more developed, and languages gradually came into being, forming human society. Since Darwin published the theory of evolution, almost everyone accepted his view soon, and people evolved. At first, humans were active in trees. Later, due to the change of natural conditions, the decrease of trees, the increase of population or the number of primitive people or animals that can't walk upright, tree activities can no longer maintain the continuation of all species, so humans began to move in the fields and gradually learned to use natural things. Humans gradually stood upright, mastered some basic labor skills, and then gradually evolved into what we are today. Although scientists are still controversial about whether the origin of human research is unitary or pluralistic, that is, whether human beings evolved from one place or the same evolutionary process exists in many parts of the world, they cannot reach a consensus. But few people doubt the evolution of human beings. But is this the case? In the absence of new scientific evidence, we can only accept this statement; Just like before Darwin's theory of evolution was published, most people accepted that God created human beings. Here, the author raises such a question, which does not mean that there is new evidence to refute Darwin's statement. I just raised my own doubts on several aspects. Of course, such a question may not be the author's first thought. I may have seen it somewhere else, but I can't remember where it is. So there is no way to quote directly, so I have to give a rough explanation. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, the survival of the fittest in nature, there is a typical example to illustrate this problem. At that time, another biologist put forward his opinion, and I can't remember his name clearly. This is an example of a giraffe. Darwin believed that the giraffe's neck was long because under natural conditions in Africa, trees grew taller and there was less grass on the ground, so herbivores had to stretch their necks to reach the leaves on the trees. Another biologist, like Huxley, believes that giraffes are formed because giraffes keep stretching their necks upwards, and the necks of each generation of giraffes will become longer and gradually evolve into what they are now. Darwin thought it was not such a process, but because even giraffes with their parents had different development conditions. Only giraffes with long necks will survive, while giraffes with short necks will have to die young or grow very thin, and they will not or will not be able to mate with them instinctively. That is to say, they will not have offspring, only giraffes with long necks will have offspring, and only giraffes with long necks will have offspring. As a result of long-term changes, giraffes will evolve into what they are now. Moreover, the principle of survival of the fittest not only applies to species, but also has the same evolution in the physical function of species. For example, human beings have auricle muscle, but almost no one uses it, and this function is gradually degraded or forgotten, even though human beings still have this muscle. I once bet that my ears wouldn't move and lost a meal. Later, after a week of contact, I was able to move more, and it was even more powerful than the person who bet with me, that is, I could move two ears at the same time, so that one ear moved and the other ear moved. This example just shows that some functions of people may be forgotten, but they may not disappear. Of course, it can also be disproved that this is only because human beings have not evolved to the point of extinction. But according to Darwin's theory, this is the result of natural selection, not the result of human's own power. According to the present knowledge, it is the change of human genes that leads to the continuous evolution of human beings, but this statement still cannot explain some problems. So, first of all, ask a question, why don't humans have hair? It is not that there is no hair at all, but that compared with other mammals, human beings have too little hair. This can't be explained by the previous evolutionary point of view, because according to the previous point of view, useless functions will be gradually eliminated, but until 1 10,000 years ago, human beings should still rely on hair to keep their body temperature and cold resistance. But why were people at that time almost the same as people today? According to the previous theory, it should be that people with thicker hair will be selected by nature. However, the obviously useless moving ear muscles of human beings have not degenerated until today. Why does the most useful hair degenerate so thoroughly? Secondly, we know that human sexual intercourse posture is mostly positive, but we can't find another such example in land mammals. Of all the mammals we know, only aquatic mammals have active sexual intercourse. How do you explain this? Third, I don't know and no one notices the growth direction of human hair. Although we can design various hairstyles, we can still see the growth direction of our hair. Human hair has one or two centers. More specifically, human hair has three centers, which are what we in China often call "springs", and then it grows around along the center and finally downwards, just like most mammals. But further down, the human beard is not like this. You can look at almost everyone's beards below the ears and above the chin, but they grow back, not down. It is said that people who walk upright should all be downward due to gravity or more due to rain and sweat, but this is not the case. If this is not obvious, then we can look at our arms again. Does the hair on everyone's arm grow horizontally? Our ancestors could not always hold their arms sideways. But if you look at other mammals, the direction of hair growth is almost the same as the direction of rain; How do you explain this? In fact, there are other problems, such as why the initial memory or myth of human beings are all stories about floods; For example, most animals on the road have a natural sensitivity or fear of water, while humans do not, and even have a sense of intimacy with water. But these questions seem a little far-fetched and not as easy to explain as the previous ones. I think there is a suitable explanation for these problems, that is, the direct ancestors of human beings have lived in water for a period of time, that is to say, human beings have lived in water for a long time, and they are not amphibious, but live in water for a long time without interruption; Only in this way can we explain why there is no hair on the human body, the position of sexual intercourse is different from that of other mammals, and the growth direction of hair does not conform to the laws of terrestrial animals. This can also add a little support to the monism of human origin, because it is impossible to have the same amount of water all over the world, which makes human beings have to live in water, because we know that the history of most terrestrial plants is longer than that of human beings, and if there is a big flood all over the world, then the history of these plants cannot be longer than that of human beings; Moreover, humans are more likely to spread all over the world in water than on land. Man is a collective animal of society. If they are not in the water, they will inevitably spread around with this as the center, just like the story that happened on the land of China, and gradually spread from the Central Plains to the whole remote area. But in the water, collective human beings are easy to separate, that is, it is easy to spread all over the world, and finally form today's human beings. Humans eventually went to land without continuing to live in water. The most likely reason is that natural conditions have changed, and a large number of polar waters have frozen, resulting in a sharp drop in water level. The food that can be provided on land gradually exceeds that in water, and human beings began an amphibious life, and finally became farther and farther away from the sea, so there was Yuanmou and Lan. This statement lacks sufficient evidence to support it, but my ultimate goal is not to explain how human beings originated. The main purpose is to show that we should not think about things in a way that conforms to others. We should have our own independent consciousness and ideas, and our interpretation of things should not be completely monopolized by a theory. Just as our society should be pluralistic, it should not be unitary, including the political system.

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Time is running out. It is hoped that about 4.5 million years ago, humans and apes began to differentiate, resulting in Raemakers, which later evolved into Australopithecus 2 million years ago and further developed into modern humans. The process of human development is generally divided into four stages:

1, early ape-man stage. Living about 3 million years ago to 6.5438+0.5 million years ago, it has the basic characteristics of human beings. It can walk upright and make simple gravel tools.

2. Late ape-man stage. About 2 million to 300,000 years ago, they had human-like bodies and huge brains, could make more advanced paleolithic tools, and began to use fire, such as Peking Man in Zhoukoudian, China.

3. Early Homo sapiens (the ancients) stage. From10-200,000 to 50,000 years ago, it gradually broke away from the characteristics of apes and became very close to modern people, such as Neanderthals in Germany.

4. Late Homo sapiens (newcomer) stage. About 40,000-50,000 years ago, at this time, the evolution of human beings has obviously accelerated, and it is very similar to modern people in form. Culturally, the art of sculpture and painting appeared, and decorations appeared. For example, in 1933, the Neanderthals of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian were discovered. At this time, primitive religion has appeared and entered the matriarchal society. In the late Homo sapiens, modern people began to differentiate and form and spread all over the world.