The formation of the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party had a great influence on the revolutionary situation. This paper attempts to analyze the reasons for the final formation of the cooperation model between China and the United States.

Keywords: * * cooperation, intra-party cooperation, non-party cooperation

The way to realize the first national * * * cooperation was the focus of the three-party debate between Soviet Russia and * * * Production International, China * * * Production Party and Sun Yat-sen Kuomintang at that time, and it was also the key to whether the national * * * cooperation United front could be finally established.

1. As early as the brewing period of Sino-US cooperation, China's international representative Darling proposed to Sun Yat-sen that China and the United States should realize parallel cooperation between the two parties, but Sun Yat-sen refused.

First of all, the thought of "ruling the country by the party" is the ideological root of Sun Yat-sen's rejection of parallel cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The essence of "ruling the country by the party" is ruling the country by one party, that is, ruling the country by the China Revolutionary Party or the China Kuomintang he founded. As early as the founding of China Revolutionary Party, Sun Yat-sen pointed out: "Unless the Party is allowed to interfere in political power, it is not allowed to have the right to vote. Therefore, it is necessary for the port to send its own representative in the future. " At the same time, the revolutionary stage is divided into three periods: military and political, political discipline and constitutional government, and it is proposed that "all militarists take full responsibility for their own government" during this period. This clearly embodies the idea of one-party revolution with China Revolutionary Party. After reorganizing the Kuomintang, he insisted on the theme of China Revolutionary Party, emphasizing the transformation of the country by relying on the reorganized Kuomintang. Therefore, when discussing the ways of Sino-US cooperation with international representatives, Sun Yat-sen emphasized: "Only our Party has a historical mission in the national revolution. Unless you join the party, there is no reason to devote yourself to the national revolution. In the era of the national revolution, we were United as one, but the party's doctrine was from. " As a result, the proposal of parallel cooperation between the two sides was rejected. And Sun Yat-sen only regards China's * * * production party as "* * * production party". When talking about the relationship between the two parties, Sun Yat-sen once said: "The Kuomintang is the only political party I founded, and the * * * production party is one of the political parties interested in Russian Leninism. The Kuomintang naturally joined this party, but it has always been the Kuomintang and the * * * production party has always been the * * * production party. Visible, in Sun Yat-sen's view, China * * * is just an aspiring youth group that envies the Russian revolution, and it is a branch of * * * production international. At the same time, Sun Yat-sen's understanding of capitalism in China is also vague. He sometimes thinks: "People's livelihood is no different from * * * productism, and the success of the Russian revolution is only related to civil rights and people's livelihood. "Moreover, he sometimes thinks that the Soviet regime and capitalism cannot be applied to China. It is this kind of deviation and contradiction in ideological understanding that makes him unable to treat the producers of * * * equally and refuse the parallel cooperation between the two sides.

In addition, worrying about the decline of leadership position is also one of the important reasons why Sun Yat-sen refused the parallel cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Sun Yat-sen's ultimate goal is to reorganize the Kuomintang internally by uniting the Soviet Union and consolidate its leading position and power base in the China Revolution. He didn't want to see the * * * production party become strong with the support of the Soviet Union and compete with it for revolutionary leadership. Therefore, while actively promoting Sino-Russian cooperation, he is always wary of China's "sweeping Russia's diplomacy" and "exclusive respect for Russian aid". Zhang, who participated in the first national cooperation, recalled: "Mr. Sun has always been regarded as the only leader of the China revolution. Under his banner, all revolutionaries can be accommodated." However, it is unacceptable to "be unique and compete with our party for profit". Although he "allows the proletariat to propagate within the Party", he also thinks that capitalism is a good friend of the Three People's Principles, but he will never allow "friends" to become masters, and proletarian political parties must obey his leadership; Otherwise, "I will abandon it."

Sun Yat-sen insisted that the cooperation between the two countries must be centered on the Kuomintang, and the leadership of the national revolution must belong to the Kuomintang. This is the basic position of the Kuomintang headed by Sun Yat-sen on ethnic cooperation and the ownership of leadership. Sun Yat-sen's insistence on inner-party cooperation and rejection of parallel alliance between the two parties is a concentrated expression of this position.

2. Russia and * * * Production International strongly urged China to accept the "two-party merger". After Sun Yat-sen rejected the proposal of parallel cooperation between the two parties in China, Marin and Darling, international representatives of * * *, put forward a new plan of "the merger of the two parties", that is, * * * the production party joined the Kuomintang as a political party, and "party member did not join the Kuomintang as an individual". In China, it is clear that such a "merger" between the two parties will make the independence of the * * * production party disappear, and eventually the party organization will be invisibly cancelled. The representatives of Soviet Russia and the * * * production international naturally knew this serious consequence, and the reason why they made up their minds to make such a decision was that the * * * production international did not know much about the reality of China, and there was an obvious tendency to despise the * * * production party and attach importance to the Kuomintang. According to Marin, the international representative of * * * production, it seems that China at that time did not have the necessary conditions to produce a * * * production party: "China is extremely backward. Judging from the economic situation, the current establishment of the * * * production party can only be a utopia, and it can only be produced when the national movement develops further. " . When reporting to the International Executive Committee, he said: China is composed of some students who "don't understand Marxism, lack socialist practice" and "tend to socialism"; They "have never had close ties with the working class" and "don't support strikes", which are of little value to China's political life, so they "will be better as propaganda groups". Therefore, Marin opposed the parallel cooperation between the Kuomintang and China, and thought that China cooperated with the Kuomintang, but remained independent of the Kuomintang, which would inevitably make the people in that small group become a meaningless small Sect. Therefore, he urged China to give up his "exclusive attitude towards the Kuomintang and engage in political activities within the Kuomintang", otherwise "the future is bleak". On the contrary, Marin failed to see the weakness of the Kuomintang and its complex components, and overestimated its strength. He believes that the Kuomintang is a loose organization composed of intellectuals, overseas Chinese, soldiers and workers. Because Sun Yat-sen has been in contact with workers for a long time, the Party has very close ties with workers. He even thinks that there are "some people with Marxist literacy" in the leadership of the Kuomintang, and they are "not inferior to Marxists working in our * * * production groups".

Secondly, in the process of promoting Sino-Russian cooperation, the Soviet Union and international producers pay more attention to their security in the Far East. There is no doubt that Lenin and Soviet Russia are sincere in their help to the China revolution. However, it is undeniable that the key to Russia's eagerness to cooperate with Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang after the October Revolution is the security of its new regime. At that time, in order to break the armed attack and economic blockade of western capitalist countries, Soviet Russia was eager to find partners in the East, especially in neighboring China. Two declarations were issued to China, announcing the abolition of the unequal treaties signed with China during the imperial period, largely to gain sympathy and goodwill from the Russian people. The purpose of Soviet Russia is to expect Sun to admit that he will continue to station troops in Mongolia and safeguard his rights and interests in the Middle East railway. Second, in the long run, I hope that Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang will "recognize the Soviet Union and conclude an alliance treaty with it" after taking control of the central government, and completely break the threat and blockade of imperialist countries. Therefore, in the Sun Fei Declaration of June +0923+10, 65438, the Soviet Union used "international discipline" to force China to accept "the merger of the two sides". * * * Production International emphasizes that the cooperation between countries must serve the foreign policy of Soviet Russia, and demands that * * * "the military collusion between Sun Yat-sen and warlords should be strongly opposed within the Kuomintang" because "these warlords are agents of foreign capital hostile to Soviet Russia"; "China * * * production party should exert influence on the Kuomintang, in order to unite it and the forces of Soviet Russia, and oppose European, American and Japanese imperialism. It can be seen that China * * * is only a bargaining chip for the exchange of interests between Soviet Russia and the Kuomintang.

3. The young China * * * production party resisted all kinds of pressures and set out from reality to explore the cooperation mode of "intra-party cooperation".

The Central Committee of China held a special meeting in Hangzhou West Lake to discuss ways of cooperation between the two sides. At the meeting, Marin further pressured the participants to promote "national merger"; However, the vast majority of participants still stressed that doing so will inevitably "confuse class organizations" and "contain our independence." At the moment when the two sides were at loggerheads and deadlocked, Li Dazhao put forward a new proposal: party member, a * * *, conditionally joined the Kuomintang, with a few leaders taking the lead as a bridge to realize the cooperation between the two parties. This opinion resolved the sharp contradiction between the two sides of the argument, made everyone calm, and the meeting took a turn for the better. After further consultations, the Central Committee of China and the international representatives of * * * finally reached an agreement: * * * produced party member to "join the Kuomintang in his personal capacity" and realized "intra-party cooperation" between the two parties. This method is similar to the "two-party merger" proposed by Marin, but there are essential differences between them. * * * After party member joined the Kuomintang in his personal capacity, his own organization and a part of party member were independent of the Kuomintang party organization, so they could maintain their independence and be conducive to their own development and growth. 192365438+February, the Executive Committee of Producers International adopted the resolution of Producers International on the relationship between China Producers' Party and the Kuomintang, and adopted the "intra-party cooperation" model proposed by China. The resolution particularly emphasized that the China * * * production party must not roll up its original banner in the struggle. 1June, 923, China's * * * "Big Three" officially decided to join the Kuomintang in his personal capacity, thus opening the curtain of * * * "inner-party cooperation". Practice has proved that this mode of cooperation is beneficial to both China and China, and is also beneficial to the actual process of democratic revolution. The first solution to the specific ways of cooperation between the two countries shows that the young China * * * production party began to try to combine Marxism-Leninism theory with the reality of China revolution and solve its own problems independently, which fully demonstrated the unity of principled firmness and strategic flexibility. Of course, this kind of cooperation is short-term and strategic, which also lays the groundwork for the breakdown of cooperation between the two sides.