The title is the eye of the article. The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.

(1) general title

The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are:

(1) reveals the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. For example, on economic system model, on economic center, and my opinion on the reform of county-level administrative institutions.

2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This title form is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is the family contract system a single job?" Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy? "and so on.

(2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the content of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. For example, the two-tier management system in rural areas of China, the correct handling of the relationship between the central and local governments, the relationship between departments and blocks, and the analysis of post-war western trade liberalization.

(4) use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. For example, we can see the light of hope in rural China from the rise of township enterprises, scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy, and see the essence of beauty from the perspective of creating beauty through labor.

⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as inspiring governance system, dawn in the history of science and technology, and shining theory.

There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice.

(2) Subtitles and Subtitles

In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title can be supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "discussing with XX" under the general title.

In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. For example, how to look at the current labor remuneration difference-also talk about the bourgeois rights in distribution according to work, develop protein resources and improve the utilization efficiency of protein-and explore a development strategy to solve the problem of eating.

The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article. Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it should be closely related to the content of the level and closely related to the top and bottom.

There are three requirements for the topic: first, it must be clear. It is necessary to reveal the scope or argument of the topic, so that people can know the general outline of the article, the main content of the discussion and the author's writing intention after reading the topic, instead of specious, hiding the head and revealing the tail, and playing hide-and-seek with readers. Second, be concise. The topic of the paper should not be too long. If it is too long, it will easily make people feel cumbersome and get a clear impression, thus affecting the overall evaluation of the article. Don't be too abstract and empty, and don't use very useful or invented words in the title, so as not to make readers feel like a sea of smoke when they see the title, and they can only understand it after reading the text completely. Third, be novel. The title, like the content and form of the article, should have its own uniqueness. Not unconventional, unconventional, making it fascinating and relaxed, thus arousing readers' interest in reading.

Second, the directory

Generally speaking, long graduation thesis has no subtitle. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system.

The purpose of establishing a directory is mainly to:

1. Let readers have a general understanding of the content and structure of the full text before reading this article, so that readers can decide whether to read it, whether to read it intensively or skim it.

2. It is convenient for readers to choose a sub-argument in the text. A long paper has many sub-arguments besides the central argument. When readers need to know more about a sub-argument, they can rely on the table of contents to save time.

The table of contents is usually placed in front of the text of the paper, so it is the guide map of the paper. To make the directory really play the role of a guide map, we must pay attention to:

1. Exactly. The content must be consistent with the outline of the full text. In other words, the title, subtitle and content of this paper are one-to-one correspondence.

2. Clear and correct. The table of contents should be marked with the page number of the table of contents one by one in the text. Page numbers must be clear and correct.

3. complete. Because the table of contents is the guide map of the paper, it must be complete. In other words, all the contents of the article should be reflected in the catalogue and must not be omitted.

There are two basic types of directories: >

2. Digital catalogue. This kind of catalogue is rare. However, it is easy for readers to read long speeches, and some of them use this method.

Three. Platform for action

Abstract is the epitome of the full text. Here, the author outlines the overall appearance of the full text with extremely economical pen and ink; Put forward the main arguments, reveal the research results of the paper, and briefly describe the framework of the full text.

Abstract is an accessory part of the text, usually placed at the beginning of the paper.

The purpose of writing the executive summary is to:

1. In order to make the instructor have a general understanding of the main contents of the article before reviewing the full text of the paper, and know the main results and main logical order of the research.

2. In order to let other readers understand the problems studied by the author by reading the executive summary, if there is a curse, they should read the full text further. Here, the abstract has become an "advertisement" to recommend papers to many readers.

Therefore, it is necessary to prompt the main points of the paper so that readers can understand the main points of the paper at a glance. The abstract of the paper should be concise and comprehensive, and should not be too verbose to grasp the main points or just a few dry ribs, lacking materials to explain the views.

Executive summary can be divided into reportable summary and indicative summary.

The report summary mainly introduces the main methods and results of the study and the analysis of the results, and gives a comprehensive hint to the content of the article.

Indicative summary only briefly describes the research results (data, opinions, opinions, conclusions, etc.). ), and does not involve research means, methods, processes, etc. Graduation thesis generally adopts indicative abstract.

Fourth, key words

Keyword is a subject word that marks the key theme content of literature, but it has not been standardized. It is a word or term selected from a paper for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3 ~ 8 words as keywords.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) content

The catalogue is compiled by chapter, section and article titles, and the title level is clear. The title in the table of contents should be consistent with the title in the text. The content should include introduction, main body of the paper, conclusion, thanks, references and appendix.

Intransitive verb text

[1] Generally speaking, the theme of Japanese academic papers should include the following three aspects: 1. Facts (examples or phenomena of language, culture, literature, education, society, thoughts, etc. obtained through my actual investigation). The factual basis put forward shall be objective and true, and the source shall be indicated when necessary; 2. Relevant statements of predecessors (including the investigation methods, investigation processes and conclusions of predecessors). In theoretical analysis, we should clearly distinguish other people's views from my own. Whether directly or indirectly citing the achievements of others, the source should be indicated; 3. My analysis, discussion and conclusion, etc. Combine the factual basis, predecessors' achievements and my own analysis organically, and pay attention to the logical relationship between them.

Seven. conclusion

The conclusion should be the final and overall conclusion of the graduation thesis, in other words, the conclusion should be the end and destination of the whole thesis, not the conclusion of a local problem or a branch problem, nor the simple repetition of each paragraph of the summary. The conclusion is that the conclusion of this paper should reflect the author's deeper understanding, and it is a new academic general concept and general view drawn from all the materials of the whole paper through logical analysis processes such as reasoning, judgment and induction. Conclusion The words "final", "conclusion" and "conclusion" can be used to concisely and accurately explain one's creative work or new ideas, their significance and functions, and also to put forward problems and suggestions that need further discussion. Conclusion should be accurate, complete, clear and concise.

The writing content of this part should generally include the following aspects: 1. What does the result of this study show? 2. What amendments, supplements, developments, confirmations or denials have been made to the previous viewpoints? 3. The shortcomings or unsolved problems of this paper, and the possible key points and directions to solve these problems.

Eight, please.

According to the provisions of GB77 13-87, the words of thanks can be placed at the end of the article, reflecting the thanks to the following aspects: National Science Foundation, scholarship funds supporting research work, contracting units, enterprises, organizations or individuals funded and supported; Organizations or individuals that assist in the completion of research work and provide convenient conditions; Someone who gives advice and help in research work; Owners of materials, pictures, documents, research ideas and ideas that have the right to reprint and quote; Thanks to other organizations and individuals. In our graduation thesis, we mainly thank the tutor and the people and units who have made direct contributions and help to the thesis work.

Nine. refer to

References (tables) should be listed at the back of academic papers for three purposes, namely: 1. In order to reflect the real scientific basis; 2. In order to reflect a serious scientific attitude, distinguish one's own views or achievements from those of others; 3. In order to show respect for the scientific achievements of predecessors, we should also indicate the source of the cited materials for easy retrieval. The writing of graduation thesis should be based on a rigorous and realistic scientific attitude. If others' achievements are cited, they should be listed in the references in the order in which they appear in the papers, and only the relevant works and papers cited or referenced in the paper should be listed. References should list the main references directly cited in the order in which they appear in the text.

X. appendix

For some contents that are not suitable to be put into the text, but are an essential part of the graduation thesis or have important reference value, they can be included in the appendix of the graduation thesis. Such as original questionnaires, data, charts and their explanations.

Undergraduate majors (including undergraduate and independent undergraduate course) are required to write graduation thesis (graduation design of engineering major and clinical practice of medical major) and its defense assessment after passing the examination results of various professional courses. Graduation thesis writing and defense examination is one of the important links to obtain the undergraduate graduation certificate of higher education self-study examination, and it is also one of the important bases to measure whether the graduates from self-study examination reach the academic level of the same level and major in full-time ordinary colleges and universities. However, due to the lack of systematic classroom teaching and usual training, many candidates often feel great pressure in independent writing of graduation thesis, and it is difficult to write. Therefore, it is of great significance to guide the graduation thesis writing of self-taught undergraduates.

This paper tries to make a brief discussion on how to write a graduation thesis for reference.

( 1)

Graduation thesis is the last link for undergraduates majoring in higher education self-study examination to complete their undergraduate studies. For candidates, it is a summative and independent assignment, which aims to summarize the learning results and cultivate the ability to solve practical problems by comprehensively applying the learned knowledge. Stylistically speaking, it is also a meaningful essay for scientific research and exploration of practical or theoretical problems in a certain professional field. The writing of graduation thesis can be divided into two steps, namely, topic selection and research topic.

The first is the topic selection. Topic selection is the key to success or failure of thesis writing. Because choosing a topic is the first step in writing a graduation thesis, it is actually to determine the question of "what to write", that is, to determine the direction of scientific research. If "what to write" is not clear, "how to write" is impossible.

The practice and requirement of the Self-taught Examination Office of the Ministry of Education on the topic selection of graduation thesis is that "in order to encourage the combination of theory and work practice, candidates can put forward the topic selection according to their own work and submit it to the examiner's school for approval. Thesis topics can also be published by the examiner's school, and candidates can choose by themselves. The overall requirements of graduation thesis should be consistent with ordinary full-time colleges and universities, so as to test candidates' comprehensive application of professional knowledge through thesis writing and defense assessment. " However, regardless of whether candidates choose their own topics at will or choose from the designated topics announced by the examiner colleges, they should insist on choosing practical topics with scientific value and practical significance. Choosing the right topic is half the battle for graduation thesis.

First, we should insist on choosing topics with scientific value and practical significance. The purpose of scientific research is to better understand and transform the world, thus promoting the continuous progress and development of society. Therefore, the topic selection of graduation thesis must be closely combined with the needs of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization construction, with promoting the development of scientific undertakings and solving practical problems as the starting point and destination. The topic selection should conform to the correct direction of scientific research, be novel and innovative, and have theoretical value and practical guiding significance or promoting effect. A meaningless research, even if it takes a lot of energy and the expression is perfect, is worthless. Specifically, candidates can choose topics from the following three aspects. First of all, we should choose a topic from the disadvantages of reality and learn professional knowledge. We should not only stay in books and theories, but also try to integrate theory with practice and use our professional knowledge to find and solve problems that need to be solved urgently in work practice. Secondly, we should choose topics from the blank and marginal fields of scientific research. There are still many virgin lands in scientific research, and there are still many defects and gaps to be filled. Candidates should have unique vision and advanced consciousness to think, discover and study. Finally, we should choose the topic from finding the shortcomings and mistakes of previous studies. Many of the research topics put forward by predecessors have achieved initial research results, but with the continuous development of society, they still need to be enriched, improved and developed. This supplementary or revised research topic also has scientific value and practical guiding significance.

Second, we should choose practical topics according to our own abilities. The writing of graduation thesis is a kind of creative labor, which requires not only the personal views and opinions of candidates, but also certain objective conditions. Because the subjective and objective conditions of candidates are different, they should also choose the topic according to their own specialties, interests and objective conditions. Specifically, candidates can comprehensively consider the following three aspects. First of all, there should be sufficient sources of information. "A clever woman can't cook without rice", and it is difficult to write a high-quality paper in the absence of information. Choosing a subject with rich data sources is very helpful for the in-depth research and development of the subject. Secondly, you should have a strong interest in research and choose the topics you are interested in, which can stimulate your research enthusiasm, mobilize your initiative and enthusiasm, and complete it with a positive attitude of concentration, carefulness, persistence and patience. Finally, every candidate has his own specialty regardless of his ability level and job position. Choosing a subject that can combine one's own work and give full play to one's professional expertise is of great benefit to the successful completion of the research of the subject.

(2)

After choosing the topic, the next job is to study the topic. The general procedure of the research topic is: collecting data, researching information, clarifying arguments, selecting materials, and finally writing, revising and finalizing.

First, the basic work of the research topic-collecting data. Candidates can collect information from three aspects: consulting materials in libraries and reference rooms, doing field research, experiments and observations. The more specific and detailed the information collected, the better. It's best to list the bibliography and detailed plan of information you want to collect. First of all, when consulting materials, we should be familiar with and master the classification of books, be good at using bibliographies and indexes, and skillfully use other reference books, such as yearbooks, abstracts, catalogues, charts, etc. Secondly, doing on-the-spot investigation and research can obtain the most authentic, reliable and abundant first-hand information with clear purpose, clear object and clear content. Survey methods include: general survey, key survey, typical survey and sampling survey. The methods of investigation are: meeting, interview and questionnaire. Finally, about experiment and observation. Experiment and observation are the basic ways to collect scientific data and obtain perceptual knowledge, and are the practical basis for the formation, production, development and testing of scientific theories. This method is often used in the research of science, engineering, medicine and other majors, and should be carefully and comprehensively recorded when using this method.

Second, the key work of the research topic-research data. Candidates should comprehensively browse the collected materials and adopt different reading methods for different materials, such as reading, selective reading, research and so on.

Full-text reading refers to reading the full text, selective reading refers to reading useful parts and contents, and learning refers to reading the contents related to the research topic comprehensively, conscientiously, meticulously, deeply and repeatedly. Think positively in the process of learning. You should use the arguments, arguments, argumentation methods and research methods in books or papers to arouse your own thinking, and use your eyes, hands and brain to exert your imagination and make new creations, such as www.2008w.com.

When studying the data, we should also make records of the data.

Third, the core work of the research topic-clarifying arguments and selecting materials. On the basis of studying the data, candidates put forward their own views and opinions, and establish basic arguments and sub-arguments according to the topics. Put forward your own views and highlight new ideas. Innovation is the soul, and you can't just repeat predecessors or follow others' advice. At the same time, we should also prevent the tendency of being greedy for perfection, fearing incompleteness and repeating existing knowledge in large sections, so as not to reflect the characteristics and achievements of our own research.

Select materials according to the established basic arguments and sub-arguments, which are formed on the basis of studying the collected materials. Organizing materials should pay attention to mastering scientific thinking methods and paying attention to the logical relationship and primary and secondary relationship before and after materials.

Fourth, the key work of the research topic-writing. Candidates should pay attention to the following two aspects when writing: the proposed outline and the basic format.

Draw up an outline, including the topic, basic arguments and content outline. The content outline includes major events, middle events and minor events. The quasi-outline is helpful to arrange the logical structure of the full text and construct the basic framework of the paper.

Basic format: General graduation thesis consists of title, abstract, text and references. The title should be direct, specific, eye-catching and concise. In other words, the main points in the paper should be put before the main body of the paper, which is convenient for readers to read, so it should be concise. The text is the core content of graduation thesis, including introduction, theory and conclusion. The introduction mainly explains the reason and significance of studying this topic, and should be written concisely. To make the topic of discussion clear and specific, sometimes it is necessary to write some historical review and current situation analysis, and what supplements, amendments or developments I will have, and briefly introduce the argumentation methods. This part is the main body of the paper, which expresses the author's research results and mainly expounds his own views and arguments. In this part, we should use sufficient and powerful materials to explain our own views and accurately grasp the internal relationship between the levels and paragraphs of the article. A long paper often adopts the method of combining reasoning (that is, the writing method of gradually expanding one argument to another) and sub-argument (that is, juxtaposing several sub-arguments subordinate to the basic argument and discussing them one by one). The conclusion part is the conclusion part of the paper. It is necessary to write the results of the demonstration in a consistent way, and at the same time write the prospect of the research, and mention the problems that need further discussion or possible solutions. Reference refers to some articles or materials studied in the process of writing a paper, and the main ones should be selected and listed at the end of the article.

Fifth, the guarantee of research topic-revision and finalization. Through this link, we can see whether the writing intention is clearly expressed, whether the basic arguments and sub-arguments are accurate and clear, whether the materials are properly used and convincing, whether the arrangement and argumentation of materials have logical effects, whether the structure of large and small paragraphs is complete and natural, whether the sentences and words are correct and appropriate, and whether the article conforms to the norms.

In a word, writing graduation thesis is a complex thinking activity, which is really difficult for self-taught candidates who lack writing experience. Therefore, candidates should "learn and learn, practice and practice" and humbly ask the tutor for advice.