Essay? :? Refers to any kind of non-fiction, short and pithy articles, such as essays, reports, comments, satirical essays, etc.
Paper? :? Formal words refer to monographs published in academic journals or read at academic conferences, term papers in colleges and universities or composition exercises in schools.
Thesis? :? It can not only refer to graduation thesis, degree thesis, but also refer to general thesis written to explain academic views.
The word "paper" is American English; In British English, we call it "essays". These two words are usually related to undergraduate education. The word "thesis" is usually associated with doctoral students' final writing (graduation thesis), and "dissertation" refers to master's degree.
Essays are widely used. A short essay that ordinary students need to complete, or a short essay on a certain topic, or a course paper of several thousand words, can be said to be a short essay.
In Britain, thesis generally refers to the graduation thesis written when I was a doctor. The general characteristics of the thesis are: many words and long length. Compared with the dissertation, the doctoral thesis needs its own new research things.
Dissertations generally require students to master some professional research methods, know how to deal with data analysis results, and then combine the theory with practice. However, the doctoral thesis should have its own professional and original content, which is beyond the reach of the dissertation.