Lu Xun (188 1 ~ 1936)

Lu Xun (188 1 ~ 1936) is a writer, thinker, revolutionary and educator in China. Zhou Shuren, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, was born on September 25th, 188 1 year. Born in a dilapidated feudal family. Youth was influenced by the theory of evolution, Nietzsche's superman philosophy and Tolstoy's thought of fraternity. 1902 went to Japan to study, originally studying medicine at Sendai Medical College, and later engaged in literary and artistic work, hoping to change the national spirit. 1905- 1907 participated in revolutionary activities and published papers such as Moro Poetry and Cultural Prejudice. During this period, I was ordered by my mother and wife Juan to return to China to get married. 1909 Co-translated the Collection of Foreign Novels with his brother Zhou Zuoren to introduce foreign literature. He returned to China in the same year and taught in Hangzhou and Shaoxing.

After the Revolution of 1911, he served as a member of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government, and taught in Peking University and Women's Normal University. 19 18 in may, the diary of a madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China, was published for the first time under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, which laid the foundation stone of the new literature movement. He participated in the work of New Youth magazine around the May 4th Movement and became the leader of the May 4th New Culture Movement.

From 19 18 to 1926, he successively created and published novels, vagrancy, essays, graves, essays, poems, weeds, essays, hot air, canopy and the continuation of canopy. Among them, the novella The True Story of Ah Q published in19212 is an immortal masterpiece in the history of modern literature in China. 1in August, 926, he was wanted by the Beiyang warlord government for supporting the patriotic movement of Beijing students, and served as the head of the Chinese Department of Xiamen University. 1927 1 month, went to Guangzhou, the revolutionary center at that time, and served as the academic director of Sun Yat-sen University. 1927 10 arrived in Shanghai and began to live with his student Xu Guangping. 1929, son Zhou Haiying was born. 1930, successively participated in China Freedom Movement League, China Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League, resisting the dictatorship and political persecution of the Kuomintang government. From 1927 to 1936, he created most of the works and a large number of essays in the Collection of Historical Novels, which were included in Ji You, Sanxian, Erxin, Mobilizing from the South to the North, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-Romantic Talk and Lace. Lu Xun's life has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings: he led and supported literary groups such as "The Unknown Society" and "Chaohua Society"; Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as National Newspaper Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Yusi, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Vigorously translate foreign progressive literary works and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classical documents, compile A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, Outline of China Literature History, sort out Ji, compile Miscellaneous Notes on Old Books in Huiji County, Gougu Novels, Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Old Novels and so on.

19361June19 died of tuberculosis in Shanghai. Tens of thousands of Shanghai citizens spontaneously held public sacrifices and funerals and were buried in Hongqiao International Cemetery. 1956, Lu Xun's body was buried in Hongkou Park, and Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the reconstructed Lu Xun's tomb.

Complete Works of Lu Xun (20 volumes) 1938 published. After the founding of New China, the translated works of Lu Xun have been compiled into Complete Works of Lu Xun (10 volume), Translated Works of Lu Xun (10 volume), Diary of Lu Xun (2 volumes) and Letters from Lu Xun, and various ancient books edited by Lu Xun have been reprinted one after another. 198 1 year, The Complete Works of Lu Xun (16 volumes) was published. Luxun Museum and Memorial Hall have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Guangzhou and Xiamen. Dozens of novels, essays, poems and essays by Lu Xun were selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools. The novels Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Medicine were adapted into movies. Lu Xun's works have enriched the treasure house of world literature, and have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German, Arabic and Esperanto, and have a wide audience all over the world.

Appreciation of the Introduction to Scream (Li Shidong)

The preface to Scream is a very important work in Lu Xun's works. We should start with this preface to understand Lu Xun's profound thoughts of grief and indignation and his concise and distinctive artistic style.

This preface outlines the development of the author's early thoughts, and at the same time makes an in-depth analysis of the self-soul wandering in the background at that time. Therefore, in artistic expression, in the process of expressing self-feelings, the author highlights the concise, concise, rich and profound artistic personality.

Talking about the past is easy to get lost. In this preface, my own story and experience are firmly grasped by the author. The problem of "medical treatment" has become a basic clue used by the author to express the past. First, I buy medicine for my father. As a result, "my father finally died day by day." Then I went to a medical school in Japan to study medicine, determined to "treat the pain of patients who were misdiagnosed like my father." But what the author sees is a group of audiences from China, who are "as strong as others, but show numbness". What I see from this group of spectators is no longer a physical illness, but a psychological illness. The author shows the development process of the author's thought from paying attention to physical diseases to paying attention to mental diseases. At the same time, in terms of artistic expression, this change of the author's thought is only realized through the performance of some small things that have not been noticed by others, which shows the accuracy of the author's grasp ability.

Lu Xun obviously realized how difficult it is to treat mental illness. The road he entered was destined to be a lonely one. In the preface, the author does not shy away from his hesitation and loneliness, which embodies the artistic character of openness and frankness. As a preface, the work appropriately prompts the reason why he wants to write a novel: As the symbol of the author to the traditional China society, the "iron house" not only shows the loneliness of Lu Xun's life, but also shows the author's determination to lead the people out of this loneliness spiritually. Thus, "Scream" has become a cavity of passion and loneliness ejected by the author from deep loneliness.

By reading this preface, we realize that the author's brushwork is concise and clear, and he does nothing. This brushwork corresponds to his deep and cold thoughts; At the same time, the simplicity of the author does not mean that the author's thinking is monotonous and narrow. We also see that the author always pushes his brush strokes to our hearts and spirits while describing trivial things in life. Today, this preface still gives people a strong appeal with its concise and thoughtful artistic personality and shocking thoughts.

(Selected from China Prose Appreciation Library (Modern Volume), Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 1990 edition)

Background information related to the text

1. The title and writing time of Scream

Diary of a Madman 19 18 April Kong Yiji 19 19 March.

Medicine1965438+April 09 Tomorrow 65438+June 0920

A little thing 65438+July 0920 hair story 65438+June 0920 65438+ 10 month.

Storm 1920 65438+ October hometown 192 1 1.

The true story of Ah Q 192 1 year 65438+ February Dragon Boat Festival 1922 June.

White light 65438+June 0922 rabbit cat 65438+June 0922 65438+ 10 month.

Duck's comedy 1922 10 social drama 1922 10.

2. Lu Xun's "new life"

1907, Lu Xun is 27 years old. In summer, Lu Xun, Xu Shoushang, Zhou Zuoren, Yuan Wenzhao and others actively organized the literary magazine "Xinsheng". According to the memory of Masuda in Japan, Su was also one of the organizers of "New Life". In order to run Freshman well, Lu Xun made careful arrangements from the aspects of publication name, cover design and illustrations in the book. The illustrations in the first issue were drawn by an oil painting named "Hope" created by the British painter Wazhi in the19th century. The picture shows a poet kneeling on the ground with his eyes wrapped and a harp in his arms. But New Life was never published. Since then, Lu Xun has devoted himself to collecting materials, reading books and newspapers, translating works, and actively exploring a new world of literary and artistic movement.

3. Qian (Jin Xinyi) and Lu Xun's contacts

Qian (1887- 1939), whose real name was Fu, whose real name was Zhong You, Deqian, and later abandoned his surname, was Yi Tong. Zhejiang Wuxing people. In his early years, he studied in Japan, and his contemporaries with Lu Xun studied Shuo Wen Jie Zi from Zhang Taiyan. After returning to China, he successively served as professor and head of the Chinese Department of Peking University and Beijing Normal University, and actively engaged in the Mandarin movement and language reform. On the eve of the May 4th Movement, he participated in the editing of New Youth, published a large number of articles and became a pioneer of the New Literature Movement. After 1920, he thought that the vernacular movement had won, so he "retired" and gradually drifted away from Lu Xun. According to Lu Xun's Diary, Qian Ceng visited Lu Xun many times since1965438+August 9, 2007.

4. In Shaoxing County Museum (1965438+May 6, 2002-19 1965438+20091October 20)

1965438+At about 7 pm on May 5, 2002, Lu Xun arrived in Beijing safely. On the morning of May 6th, he moved into Shaoxing County Pavilion.

Shaoxing County Pavilion, formerly known as Shanhuiyi Pavilion, provides accommodation for alternate officials in Yin Shan and Huiji County of Shaoxing. During the Xuan Tong period, the old system was abolished, and Yin Shan and Huiji merged to form Shaoxing County, so Shanhui Yiting was renamed "Shaoxing County Pavilion". The door of the county pavilion was written by a friend of Lu Xun's father Zhou Fengyi. The guild hall occupies a considerable area, including 57 rooms and a hall.

Lu Xun first lived in the rattan flower hall of Shaoxing County Pavilion. There are three main rooms, three east wing rooms, three west wing rooms, and rattan flower ponds in the east. It is said that Lu Xun lived in the Westinghouse of Hua Teng Pavilion, and later moved to two small north houses facing south. The living environment of the rattan flower pavilion is very bad: bedbugs swarm in the cracks in the bed board, neighbors often make noise in the middle of the night, and sometimes even gather people to gamble, which makes Lu Xun sleepless all night. Often after being reprimanded by Lu Xun, they have to restrain themselves a little.

1965438+On May 6, 2006, in order to "avoid noise", Lu Xun moved to a bookshop in a yard west of Shaoxing Pavilion. Cloth bookstore is a row of main rooms facing east, with a big pagoda tree in the north. Legend has it that a rich man's concubine was hanged on a locust tree. So although the locust tree has grown out of reach, this house is still unoccupied. There is a "Yang Yuntang" in front of the Bushu Bookstore for the memorial tablets of rural sages of past dynasties, followed by a "Xixian Pavilion" for gods such as Wenchang Kuixing, and there are people hanging in the courtyard. Lu Xun lived here, which can be said to be a neighbor of ghosts and gods. Although the blog bookstore is lonely and deserted, it is much quieter than the Hua Teng Pavilion where Lu Xun can concentrate on his work.

Cloth Bookstore has four rooms facing east, one in the south and two in the north. The door opens in the middle of the second room. Lu Xun lived in this room in the south before 19 17. 19 17, he moved to a single room in the north, and the middle room was used as a place to wash his face and eat. Because Shaoxing Guild Hall doesn't provide meals, and the canteen of the Ministry of Education doesn't run well, Lu Xun often caters in small restaurants and sometimes buys food in the street in a guerrilla way. When guests visit, they will order some fried meatballs, moo Shu pork and hot and sour soup at Guangheju near the county pavilion.

Lu Xun's bedroom and studio are poorly furnished: under the north window is a bed, next to which is a desk, a cane chair, bookshelves and a square table full of books and rubbings. Lu Xun used to work at night and didn't go to bed until one or two in the middle of the night. On summer nights, there are many mosquitoes, and Lu Xun sometimes enjoys the cool under the locust tree. He shook his cattail leaf fan and looked at the blue sky bit by bit through the dense leaves, thinking about the future and outlet of China. Silkworms (commonly known as foodies) hanging from trees often fall coldly on his head and neck. During his stay in the bookstore, Qian went to 100 many times, sometimes as many as seven times a month. When money comes, I like to chat with Mr. Lu Xun on the cane chair. When he is in high spirits, he talks for five or six hours. At that time, money participated.