Second, start to learn to write argumentative essays-one thing and one discussion: that is, reason with things and reason with feelings.
At the beginning, you can write an article about "one thing and one discussion", that is to say, you can talk about one thing, that is, "reasoning with emotion", which can gradually improve your reasoning ability and lay the foundation for further argumentative writing.
The article of "one thing and one discussion" generally consists of two parts: narrative and reasoning. Say one thing first, then discuss it, express your opinion and explain a truth.
Third, the common expressions of argumentative essays:
1, adding literary flavor with famous sayings. When discussing, use a few famous aphorisms appropriately, and the article suddenly has bright colors and cultural atmosphere. It can be said that famous aphorisms are a beautiful landscape in argumentative writing.
2. Use common sayings to increase vividness. Let argumentative writing be flexible and vivid, and properly use some common sayings, buzzwords, songs and advertising words to introduce topics or explain things, and the language of argumentative writing will naturally become lively and interesting.
3. Clever use of metaphorical reasoning. When discussing, expanding imagination and using metaphors are not only clever reasoning, but also clever writing. For example, when discussing the harm of parents' doting, we can spread out a series of metaphors, such as "the little trees under the shelter of big trees don't grow up", "the little sparrows under the eaves don't fly high" and "the flowers in the greenhouse can't stand the wind", which can achieve the discussion effect well.
4. The application of long momentum. In the analysis, we can form parallelism through rhetorical questions; When discussing examples, we can form parallelism through a series of short examples; Structurally, we can form parallelism through paragraphs with consistent sentence patterns. In a word, the appearance of these parallelism sentences and paragraphs in the article greatly enhances the momentum of the article.
5. The application of contrast is dialectical. In argumentative writing, we should learn to use comparative argument. The contrast between reason and reason, between fact and fact, between fact and fact, has both positive and negative, which not only makes reasoning dialectical and powerful, but also makes writing tortuous and changeable.
Four, the types and functions of demonstration methods:
(A) demonstration methods
Argumentation method: referred to as example method, it is a method to prove the correctness of views by citing some facts according to needs. The facts are required to be sufficient, conclusive and representative.
Example 1: The information age is for people who can use information. People who regard all the fragments of data as information cannot use information correctly; Those who cram all the useful and useless things into their minds can't successfully use information. Only the information that is really meaningful to you can be called information, and the rest is rubbish, which will only make you more ignorant. Maybe we've all had such "overload amnesia". After listening to a meaningless speech, we not only didn't remember a word, but even forgot where the car was parked.
Q: What argumentation method is used in this paper? What role did it play?
Reference answer: demonstrate with examples. An example of "overload amnesia" is mentioned. Its function is to prove the serious consequences (harm) of indiscriminate access to information.
Example 2: Goethe spent almost half his life learning to draw without success. Facing the constant obstacles of life, he adjusted his life goals in time and made some achievements on the literary road. When Sun Yat-sen was young, he practiced medicine by hanging pots. Finally, he found that treating a person could not save society, so he turned to revolution and finally achieved great achievements admired by the world. Numerous successful examples tell us that successful people find the road to success through constant practice, rather than standing at the right starting point from the beginning. Therefore, we should not blindly believe in our own interests and rely on our own feelings, but try various development paths as much as possible and adjust our efforts with the times.
The central argument of this paper is that only by finding yourself can we choose the right path and realize our greatest value.
Q: What demonstration method is used in this paragraph and what is its function?
Reference answer: model law (example law). The function is to use this example to prove that successful people find the road to success in the process of continuous practice, so they should learn to try various development paths in practice and adjust their efforts with the times. Conclusion: The role of example argumentation: Facts speak louder than words, and proving opinions with hard and typical facts will enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
(B) cited argument method
Citation and argumentation: citation for short refers to citing correct scientific principles, incisive opinions in Marxist classics, famous sayings and aphorisms in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad, and universally recognized theorem formulas to prove arguments.
For example 1, the ancients said, "It is better to believe in books than to have no books". The ultimate goal of reading is to read the "dead" books alive and make them work. "Death" and "life" serve each other and complement each other. We emphasize reading "death" books, but we don't insist. "Death" and "life" are for people. If people want books to "die", books will "die"; If people want books to live, books will live. This is the so-called "wonderful use, one heart." A good reader has a golden key in his hand, which can unlock the mystery of books. The book is dead, but the golden key is alive. The relationship between "death" and "life" is probably like the relationship between books and golden keys. We must have books before the golden key can play its role. What's the use of having a beautiful golden key? So, when it comes to reading, you have to read first.
Title: The article adopts the method of citation. Please find it and explain its function.
Reference answer: The ancients said that "it is better to believe in books than to have no books". The function is to quote the old saying to clarify that "death" and "life" are not absolutely isolated, but use each other and complement each other.
Function: Use authoritative words to make reasoning more profound, thorough and convincing, and pay attention to the strength of theory and the ideological depth of the article.
(3) Metaphorical argument
Metaphorical argument: Metaphorical argument for short, people use familiar things as metaphors to prove their views.
For example, what is the hardest thing in life? Poor? Not depressed? No. Old? Dead? Neither. As I said, the hardest thing in life is to bear an unfinished responsibility. If people can be satisfied, they are poor and not bitter; If you can be quiet (don't make extra hopes), although frustrated, it is not bitter; Old age is an inevitable thing in life, and suffering is nothing to a philosophical person. It's just that a person should do something as long as he is alive. If you don't finish what you should do, it's like having a few thousand pounds of burden on your shoulders, and there is no more pain. Why? Because of conscience, there is nowhere to escape!
Question: What argumentation method does this article use to prove the central argument? What is its function?
Reference answer: Metaphorical argument (metaphorical proof method) "If you don't finish what you should do, it's like having a few thousand pounds of burden on your shoulders" vividly shows the most bitter thing in life, so you have an unfinished responsibility.
The function of metaphor argument: explain the viewpoint in a simple way, prove the viewpoint vividly, make the viewpoint clearer and easier for readers to understand.
(4) Comparative demonstration method
Comparative argument: a method of proving an argument by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of a thing or its advantages and disadvantages.
For example, Tao Yuanming doesn't kneel for Wudoumi, Li Bai doesn't kneel for the powerful, and he doesn't care for the high officials of the Qing Dynasty ... People with lofty aspirations and backbone in ancient and modern times are not proud of their high-ranking officials, and they live a restrained life and strive for self-improvement. Their noble qualities will always be praised by future generations. On the contrary, those who were once brilliant and prosperous have long been washed away by the long river of time.
Q: Besides the example model law, what model law is used in this paragraph? What is its function?
Reference answer: The function of comparative argument is to make the argument more thorough and profound through positive and negative comparison.
The function of comparative argument: it can make the contrast between right and wrong clear, make right and wrong more clear and give people a vivid and profound impression.
Dialing mode
(a), master the law, master the demonstration method:
Example method: generally, facts are cited as arguments to prove opinions, which is easier to judge in form.
Quote: generally cite arguments to prove a point. Argumentation is more distinctive than the external form of case argument. As long as it is Marxist-Leninist classic exposition, famous sayings and epigrams, axioms and so on that support the argument, it is an argument.
Metaphor: the rhetorical method of metaphor is often used in statements used for argument.
Comparative argument: generally, we should find both positive and negative arguments.
(2) Good at analysis:
As we know, argumentation method is the link between materials and viewpoints, and it is an indispensable part of an argumentative essay. Therefore, when we analyze the role of argumentation methods, we must think from the relationship between materials and viewpoints. Think about why this method is used, what kind of function it has, what is the difference between using it and not using it, why we should use a variety of methods comprehensively, and so on.
class exercise
( 1)
Now some people are always afraid that others will say that they are not profound, so they always try their best to disguise themselves and perform themselves. Of course, life is a big stage and we are all performers. However, a truly excellent actor won more applause by virtue of the sincerity and richness of his inner world, not just relying on his gorgeous appearance to please the audience. As Mr. Fu Lei, a famous translator in China, said, "As long as a person is sincere, he can always touch people's hearts."
Question: This paragraph of the article uses a variety of argumentation methods, please point out one and briefly analyze its function.
Reference answer: Example 1: Reasoning. Quoting Mr. Fu Lei's words strongly proves the value of honesty. Example 2: Metaphorical argument. The author compares life to a stage, and only sincere people can become excellent actors. This vividly proves the value of honesty. Example 3: Comparative demonstration. Comparing the different practices of two people highlights the value of honesty.
(2)
To be "single-minded", we need to keep a peaceful mind. In this increasingly prosperous world, it is really not easy for our eyes not to be attracted by colorful scenery. Writer Su Tong has gained great fame since his work "Wives and Concubines" was adapted into a movie. Interviewers and admirers keep coming to you, but Su Tong is very calm. He told reporters: "The prosperity outside the door is not my prosperity. I am a person who lives indoors. One of them was quiet, and now it's quieter. " Another writer, Zhang Wei, pursues the "three noes"-no reading lively books, no going to lively places and no making lively friends. For many successful people, there are actually not many secrets, except that they can "tie their hearts together" more than ordinary people.
Q: What argumentation method is used in this paragraph of the article? Briefly analyze its function.
Reference answer: adopt the method of argumentation. The article enumerates the cases of Su Tong and Zhang Wei, and demonstrates that to achieve "one heart", we must maintain inner peace.
(3)
We live in a limited time, looking for each other day and night, running in an orderly way and not committing crimes. Life is divided into stages, and each stage has its own name: adolescence, adolescence, middle age and old age. Each stage has special jobs that are not suitable for other stages, just like planting crops. If you miss the festival, you can't sow in other seasons.
Q: What demonstration method is used in this paragraph and what is its function?
Reference answer: Metaphorical argument proves that once time is lost, it can't be recovered.
Additional examples:
Listen to your own world
Man is the most lonely animal. When we face everything alone, the brand of sadness has been deeply imprinted in our hearts. At this time, who will make the brand that has always been red disappear and who will take painkillers will make us less painful ... Maybe at this time, the real doctor, the real painkiller is ourselves, don't think about who else we can rely on, we can listen attentively to the call of despair.
A little girl stood in the court where her parents divorced. She is choosing her destination. If she chooses her mother, she will be greeted by Australia-a strange city, a strange man and a strange living environment. If she chooses her father, she will be greeted by a poor life, a happy atmosphere and a familiar city. It's really cruel for a little girl of 14 years old. Taking a deep breath, the result was unexpected, but dad showed a smile he had never seen before. After all, she 14 years old. She has no plans for her future life, but she is immersed in beautiful fairy tales. She didn't think of her father's ability. If her father loves her, then he will let her go with her mother, or bring up the little girl through hardships. I can't say that the little girl doesn't love her father. I can only say that she didn't listen to her heart.
A hunter caught a white fox in the jungle. The hunter seems to have a very firm attitude. He must take the white fox back and make a scarf for his daughter with the white fox. At first, the white fox looked at him with begging eyes, as if to say, "Let me go, I have three children at home!" " "The hunter is very stubborn, caught the white fox also don't say. In the process of "fighting" between the hunter and the white fox, he unconsciously came to the edge of the cliff ... it is useless to regret. The hunter is a heartfelt regret. Not only did not catch the white fox, but also lost his life. This is not worth the loss. At first, the hunter's conscience told him what to do, but he was stubborn because he wouldn't listen. He loves his daughter, and the white fox loves his mouse. When the hunter regretted it, there was no way out.
Humans are the loneliest animals, because they are the most ferocious animals. They let all animals and plants leave them, they filled the world with violence, and they dimmed the world. In the end, human beings only swallow their own tears, leaving only the only brand. Without a way out, mankind will never have a way out. We will all listen to our own world and let our conscience tell us the best way to treat the red brand in our hearts.
Homework: Add the beginning to the following essay, point out the central point of this article, and make a transition:
On the eve of graduation, the professor gave a question: patched clothes are extremely rare in modern life. Excuse me, if there is an ugly patch on a dress, how to make it noble?
This problem has been the main content of our "sleeping party" every night for a while. Two weeks later, several methods were studied-
Embroider on the patch; Ask a model to put on this dress and demonstrate on the stage, telling people that patching is an alternative fashion; Write a touching story about the patch; Invite celebrities to sign stickers; Give up the function of this dress as an exhibit for a certain occasion. Let's hand in these plans. The professor nodded frequently and drew an "A".
Soon, we graduated. When we left school, the professor asked all of us to accept the task of making patches noble. We understand that the professor is trying to tell us that humble patches can also be noble, and people can also use their wisdom to add a heavy and noble sum to their lives.
This is the last lesson of my reading career and a valuable spiritual wealth.
The Bridge between Heart and Heart (Argument)
"This is the inner call, this is the dedication of love." Maybe everyone is familiar with this lyric. Yes, the call of the soul, there are really too many calls in our lives.
This call comes from family, friends, strangers and hearts ... I will call when I am happy, when I am sad, when I am in pain, and when I am helpless. Because calling is a reminder, calling is attention, calling is guidance, and calling is love.
Take the lyrics above, "This is the inner call, this is the dedication of love". Through it, we can deeply understand that some people must be in danger. Why? Because this call is from the heart, because when you are helpless, you will call everyone with sincere heart and ask for help. Therefore, we can say in one sentence: "Call is warm and beautiful love!"
I remember when I was in the second grade, we learned an article. It's been a long time, and I can't remember it clearly. But what impressed me the most was one sentence. The author said, "Mom, I have heard you calling out my birth name on the other side of the mountain." This phone call profoundly shows the author's feelings of missing his hometown and relatives. The author wrote his love and kindness to his hometown through calling. Therefore, we can also say: "Calling is a sweet and warm feeling and a warm expression of emotion!" "
Call, there are really many words to describe you in this Qian Qian language, but I really don't know what words to use to describe you, just praise you! Because you are around each of us, you are in every corner of time. Your strength is really great, you can return the swallows; You can turn the prodigal son back; You can make many people strong; You can also make many people feel warm. ......
Call, you are the story of the heart, you are the explosion of true feelings, you are the acme of happiness, and you are the bridge between hearts.
Call, call ... I will call you forever-a bridge between hearts.
Life needs tears.
Crying is a girl's nature. I remember my mother once said to me, "Tears are of great use to us."
Yes, in fact, tears are not only an expression of excitement or extreme sadness, but also an expression of release, relief and love.
Life needs tears. Because I am busy with the mid-term exam, I am very nervous as if there is no nerve in my body to relax. In this way, I was wrapped tightly like a bandage for a week, and finally ushered in the long-awaited Saturday. God, please have pity on me. I sat stiffly in the car on my way home, looking at the papers that seemed to be fluttering in front of me and those that were "fast" in the middle of the night, and I couldn't help sighing. Imagine being comfortable at home, and let my "mommy" out for the time being, but my father's voice came at me like a thunderbolt, so I climbed upstairs with stiff limbs, locked the door, squatted down quietly, and silently let the crystal tears pour down in that corner. Understand that this is not my silent resistance to my father, but a "summary" of this whole "lingering" week.
This is a vent, not a release. Tears are my best weapon at the moment. I want to cry, I will never bow to setbacks, tears have witnessed my determination. Frustration is not terrible, and these tears are not discouraged. They remind me of my confidence to get up and move on. So I rearranged my luggage and reminded myself to face the challenge bravely and easily.
Life needs tears. Although being strong is a spirit worth pursuing, tears are also worth loving.
I will cry when faced with sudden setbacks. These tears are not cowardice, not fear, but the force that urges me to move forward bravely. I cried when I saw my adopted ducklings leave one by one. These tears are not complaints, not sadness, but love, which is my sincere affection. I cried when I saw that touching story, that touching movie. These tears are not contempt, not sadness. But admiration.
Please believe me. Life needs tears. When you are suffering from something, please cry. When you cheer, please cry. Please believe that this is a true feeling and a deep monologue. After the tears, no matter how fierce the wind is and how roaring the rain is, we can still see the bright sunshine!
Remember, life needs tears.