Like all extraordinary things, people didn't expect in advance that in the summer of 1930, a contemporary greatest sociologist would be born in a small town in the south of France. Whenever I see his face, I can't help being attracted by those eyes. Not because his eyes are shining with wisdom and criticism, but because he is a little squint. He died in 2002. We often hang on cultural capital now ",which is his invention. In order to enhance our thinking ability, we must enlarge our thinking vocabulary (different from English words). Today, let's learn about cultural capital, an interesting new concept. Four types of capital When it comes to capital, the first thing that comes to mind is money. Yes, cash is a typical capital. In fact, real estate, stocks, cars and other properties that can be easily converted into cash can be regarded as one of the four types of capital, which is called financialcapital. Another kind of lcapital that is not difficult to understand. Social capital can be roughly understood as the so-called Guan Xue, teachers, colleagues, peers, peers and other groups. Your social capital can actually or potentially help you achieve economic or status development. Cultural capital (Cultu) We will emphasize the key points in the next section. It refers to your growth, your comprehensive cultural temperament, and so on. The fourth kind of capital is symbolic capital (such as "honor" and "credit"). These symbols can make people think that you are very powerful, reminiscent of, for example, a war hero, a feminist fighter, a great educator, a model worker, an advanced pacesetter, a philanthropist, and so on. ",with its own luminous effect. It is not difficult to understand that these four kinds of capital can be transformed into each other to a limited extent. For example, if you have economic capital, you can buy cultural capital products such as books and courses, and after a certain period of study, you can have cultural capital. If you study with a group of people, those "classmates" may become your social capital. If your academic performance is particularly outstanding and you have won some honorary awards, you will have symbolic capital. Three ways to store cultural capital Economic capital can be stored in the bank, under the bed, lent to others and put in others' pockets. Similarly, so is cultural capital. The most obvious storage method is to embody cultural capital. The information we have absorbed from parents, teachers, peers and cultural environment since childhood will become some kind of neural network structure. There are more tasks that can be stored in concrete objects. This is materialized cultural global capital. Such as books, records, paintings, musical instruments and so on. Books are just ordinary objects formed by binding hundreds of printed pages together. It is valuable precisely because it embodies the value of cultural capital. If cultural capital is stored in the whole society, it is institutionalized cultural capital. Diploma, professional qualification certificate and other symbols widely recognized by various social institutions are the embodiment of institutionalized cultural capital. Labor buyers can judge the ability and value of those who try to sell cultural capital through these signs. How to use cultural capital If we set people's life goal as maintaining and improving living conditions, then cultural capital, like other kinds of capital, is used to maintain and improve living conditions. Take me for example. If I have a culture, I can do some jobs that need these cultures in exchange for economic income. With these economic capital, I can go to the market to buy water, food, clothes, toothpaste and other daily necessities. So as to maintain and improve their own survival. At the same time, specific cultural capital is also the premise of specific aesthetic activities and entertainment activities. I can only speak Chinese and English, and I can't speak other languages. For me, American and English dramas are more interesting than Japanese, Korean and German dramas. Because I can understand what they say directly, and my sight will not be disturbed by the subtitles at the bottom of the screen. Suppose a person's English level is not high, then when watching American TV series, he may often pause, look at the subtitles, and then continue playing. For this person, maybe China's TV series is more to his taste. It is not difficult to imagine that I prefer Hannibal, House, Detective and other American TV series, while that person prefers domestic TV series such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Legend of the Condor Heroes and Bright Sword. Cultural capital is also a symbol of class division. At present, China is in a period of rapid economic development, and some people have accumulated a lot of economic capital through various means. However, the cultural capital of these people is still very low, and the entertainment aesthetic activities in daily life may be dismissed as "low" by "city people". It can be seen from some contents in Aauto Quicker's app. On the other hand, some people have accumulated a lot of cultural capital through reading, studying and engaging in art, but these cultural capitals have not been successfully transformed into economic capital. In this way, their aesthetic preference tends to pursue "elegant" activities that cost little. For example, various cultural performances, exhibitions, reading clubs, academic lectures and so on. Those who have similar cultural capital (and other types of capital) will form the same class. Here is a new concept emphasized by Bourdieu, which can be translated into distinction, separation and difference. Refers to a class of people who maintain their own class uniqueness by consuming unique cultural activities. For example, wealthy people may show their wealthy status by playing golf, equestrian, attending high-end dances, international travel and other cultural activities. The middle class will try to imitate the cultural consumption activities of the rich class and try to upgrade their own class. But this is usually difficult to do, because the cultural consumption activities of the wealthy class are generally expensive. But there are exceptions. It is rumored that Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte is the emperor, but he eats from aluminum bowls. All the guests he entertained used silver bowls. This is because at that time, the refining of aluminum was much more difficult than that of silver, so aluminum was a precious metal that ordinary people could not afford. Napoleon could distinguish himself from others by using aluminum bowls. Later, due to the improvement of aluminum smelting technology, aluminum bowls can no longer serve as partitions. Nowadays, wealthy families may use silver or gold to show that they are different from other classes. Suppose equestrian activities suddenly become extremely hot and popular because of some accidents. Then equestrian will soon change from a symbolic activity of the wealthy class to an ordinary activity. The wealthy are no longer keen on equestrian. This is not to say that people in the rich class consciously show off their differences. Children with well-off families are deeply moved by their parents' consumption habits and cultural life, and naturally develop the habit of what to do and what not to do. For this child, he may have played golf since he was a child, and naturally he thinks he should play golf instead of dancing street dance. His companions (also children of wealthy families) also play golf with him. Hip-hop dancers form another class. In other words, people's tastes have been shaped by their own classes. They're not acting. They do have different aesthetic preferences. And these aesthetic preferences are often artificially divided into advantages and disadvantages. In other words, one aesthetic preference is not inherently superior to another. This situation is the result of social construction and created by a group of vested interests who occupy the right to speak. The purpose is to make the lower class imitate themselves with great efforts, and they can inherit the innate class advantage from their parents. To sum it up. Cultural capital can not only be replaced by economic capital, social capital and symbolic capital, but also be a symbol of maintaining one's class identity. A person's cultural capital determines what kind of cultural activities he can enjoy and what kind of cultural activities he cannot enjoy. I watched StivePinker's lecture on linguistics on Youtube and enjoyed it very much. But for a person who has no corresponding cultural capital, he may choose to watch comedy movies instead of English academic lectures. A person with a cultural background of classical music may like listening to concerts. But I don't have the corresponding cultural capital, so I may choose to watch comedy movies. What's the use of knowing these concepts and theories? I know everyone is lazy, and we don't have the patience to finish reading a long article. Let me summarize some main points directly. 1. Cultural capital is probably the easiest to accumulate among the four kinds of capital. It is difficult to make money, find relationships and win honors, but it is relatively easy to learn. Fortunately, attaching importance to education has become the "political correctness" of contemporary people. Although occasionally anti-intellectualists come out to show off their differences, they can't make waves. The class to which a person belongs has a great influence on this person. Children will inherit not only their parents' economic capital, but also their parents' cultural capital and social capital. If people in the lower classes want to move upward, whether from the bottom to the middle, from the middle to the top, or from the top, they need to rely on institutional design to give everyone a chance to improve their cultural capital. In fact, most countries are doing this. Most countries will provide a whole set of education systems from low to high, provide grants or loans to poor students, and strive to help them accumulate cultural capital. But the whole process may take several generations. Even if the state provides free education, parents and children may not realize the importance of cultural capital. From a static point of view, the whole society will always be an unequal society. From a dynamic point of view, people have the opportunity to improve themselves. 4. From the establishment of isolated identity, since we already know the rules of social games, we can choose to play the social games we want instead of being played by a social game. If you don't want to unconsciously imitate the consumption habits of higher class people and waste your economic capital, it is helpful to learn some sociological theories. This is somewhat similar to psychoanalysis in psychology. Knowing why you get hysteria, hysteria may be cured. If you understand your consumption behavior from the perspective of sociology, then you can reflect on whether you want to continue to maintain your consumption behavior, so that you have more freedom of choice. Compared with Bourdieu's research at that time, great changes have taken place in today's society. The most important change is to become more diversified, with many subcultures. It can even be said that it has been decentralized and there is no so-called mainstream culture. We now have e-sports culture, modern poetry culture, scientific culture, online novel culture, film culture, various dance cultures, various traditional cultures, various religious cultures, various public welfare cultures, various educational cultures, various academic cultures, and so on. As culture becomes more and more special, the intensity of cross-cultural conflict and intra-cultural competition may be greatly reduced. Source: Zhihu Author: AndyLee Copyright belongs to the original author.

Second, the importance of the system to student loans?

Of course, the system is useful for student loans. Only when a good country has a good education can it promote the development of education.

Third, using economic knowledge to answer, what is the significance of trying out the student loan system?

It can prevent some people who don't need student loans from lending, and you can also know the details of the applicants!

Fourth, debate, student loans, system first.

Hello.

I am a law major (I have participated in the legal debate team at school before), and I would like to give you the following suggestions from the perspective of law:

First of all, it needs to be clear that the purpose of this debate is to debate which should be paid more attention to, honesty or system.

Secondly, the key words of this debate are student loan, honesty and system. For keywords, you should be familiar with the basic concepts and usage environment of keywords.

Third, the central idea of this debate is that honesty and system are equally important in student loans. On the positive side, it is important to pay attention to that the importance of honesty and system in student loans is the same, but honesty takes precedence; On the contrary, the opposing party needs to emphasize that honesty and system are equally important in student loans, but the system takes precedence.

Fourthly, from the perspective of the opposing side, I personally think that the positive side can debate on the following points:

1, recognizing the importance of honesty to student loans, but the system should be given priority.

2. The importance of student loan system. (1) The system determines the eligibility of student loans; (2) The system maintains the order of student loans.

3. System is more operable than honesty. Because the system can be determined by normative language and can be manipulated, and honesty depends on a person's morality and values and cannot be manipulated.

4. Institution and honesty are just like procedures and entities relative to justice. Procedural justice is the foundation of substantive justice. Although procedural justice does not necessarily guarantee substantive justice, without procedural justice, even substantive justice will affect legal justice. (See "Discrimination between Procedural Justice and Substantive Justice" for details. )

I hope my answer is helpful to you.

Reference:

Baidu Encyclopedia: Procedural Justice /view/626763.htm