Because the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through "I", it means that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or experienced by the narrator himself, so that the reader can get a kind and true feeling. Use the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be those within the scope of "I" activities. People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in.

2. Third-person narrative method

In third-person narration, the narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physical or psychological constraints. He can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect the social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative.

3. Successive approximation method

Sequential narration is to describe things in chronological order, which is consistent with the actual situation of the occurrence and development of things, so it is easy to write articles clearly. When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight key points. Otherwise, it is easy to list, easy to be straightforward, and like a running account, it is boring to read.

4. Flashback method

Flashback is not to tell the whole event in reverse, but to tell it in sequence except for a certain part in advance. There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; The second is to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection. Pay special attention not to toss and turn aimlessly, making the article unclear.

5. Interpolation method

Interpolation is to express the needs of the article center. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention. When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture.

6. Supplementary narrative methods

Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following. The function of supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but enriches and supplements the original narrative.

7. Classification method

The function of classification is to make complicated things clear and orderly. You can tell one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things. When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed.

8. Detailed narrative method

Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of things. When describing details, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail. When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so as to highlight the center of the article. Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is more complicated.

9. Sketch method

The function of brief narration is to explain what is necessary and what is not necessary in the process of event occurrence and development. When it is combined with detailed narrative, the whole narrative is detailed, sparse and dense, forming the ups and downs of narrative. Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part generally related to the central idea; What people know.

10, direct lyric method

Direct lyric can make feelings simple, real and shocking. Direct lyric is generally suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings. Direct lyric is characterized by strong narrative feelings, fast and tense rhythm, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp.

1 1, indirect lyric method

Intermittent lyricism is characterized by implicit and indirect lyricism, rich charm and strong appeal. Indirect lyricism can generally be expressed by narration. The author adds his own subjective feelings and narrates according to the flow of feelings, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the process of narration. You can also express your feelings through discussion. In the discussion, the author expressed strong love and hate. The discussion in this narrative is generally carried out through judgment; You can also express your feelings through description, and the author permeates his feelings in the process of description. Using indirect lyric method, we should make the language beautiful and full of emotion.

12, the method of discussing first

The narrative before the discussion is the narrative before the discussion, so the discussion should play a role in summing up the above and concentrating courage. When discussing, we should discuss the main content of the event, or the main people or things of the event. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of narration and discussion. The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party.

13, discuss the law first, then discuss it.

The method of discussion before narration is adopted, and the main points and centers of narration are put forward first. In this way, the full text is unified, so that the significance of the events recorded in the full text becomes clear after discussion. When narrating, you should write around the center of the discussion and grasp the key points.

14, methods of description and discussion

Narrative and argumentative essays are characterized by narrative and discussion interspersed, flexible writing, and the author can freely express his feelings. When using narrative discussion method, we should pay attention to the coherence of narrative and the discussion should be inserted naturally.

15, taking things as clues

In the process of narration, let an object appear repeatedly in all stages of the event, and strengthen its image through various means. Such objects often play a transitional role or symbolize and point out the central idea.

16, taking people as clues

When narrating with human clues, we should pay attention to the unity of characters in different times and environments, as well as the unity of characters' age characteristics, appearance, movements, local and ethnic characteristics and living habits. Otherwise, it is easy to cause confusion.

17, with ideological changes as the clue.

In this way, the main line of ideological development should be clear. All stages of ideological change should be natural and clear.

18, with the central event as the clue.

The narrative of major events is prominent, the minor events are clearly explained, the primary and secondary collocation is reasonable, and the narrative is orderly. In this way, no matter how complicated the event is, it can be complicated without chaos.

19, sketch

To learn painting, we should learn from sketching and sketching; To learn calligraphy, we should start with the practice of tracing red paste; Learning objects also need to practice from sketching. When we write a composition, if we can describe what we see in words, readers will have a solid foundation when they see the article. When sketching objects, we should pay attention to the order of drawing, from top to bottom, from bottom to top, from left to right, from right to left, from middle to both sides, from both sides to middle, from whole to part, or from part to whole. Secondly, we should pay attention to the description of details, so that readers will be impressed.

20. Rotation method

There must be a certain order in describing objects by rotation method, and you can't just toss and turn. Secondly, we should use the directional words such as front, back, down, up, left and right accurately. When changing the direction of the article, use direction words to express it. In addition, it should be detailed, and the side that can reflect the characteristics of the article should be described in detail, and the others should be briefly explained. It is forbidden to cover everything and apply force evenly.

2 1, bamboo shoot stripping method

Some articles are complex in structure, so it is impossible to describe them clearly and grasp their characteristics by rotation alone, so we have to describe the structure of articles from outside to inside or from inside to outside. Transition words should be used to explain clearly which level to enter. In addition, it is necessary to focus on the structure of the article.

22, personification method

When comparing animals with adults, we should find out the similarities between animals and people and describe them in detail. To compare an animal with an adult, we should first compare it with an adult as a whole, and then find out the local similarities. This way, you can have a sense of integrity after reading it. If we only focus on partial comparison, it is easy to appear neither fish nor fowl, and it is not easy for readers to imagine. Comparing animals with humans is also used to describe animal movements. This is mainly based on the psychological activities of the characters to imagine the purpose of animal movements.

23, dynamic method

The imagination of dynamic objects should be combined with static description, so that they can set each other off and become interesting. The article changes from describing static to imagining dynamic or from dynamic to imagining static, and the description should be clear, otherwise it is not clear which part to look at and think of. The fictional object dynamics of the article should conform to the characteristics of the object, so that people can read it credibly.

24.explanation

To describe an article by explanation, we must first explain its characteristics truly, and then grasp the key points to explain it. For example, when explaining various parts of an article, some parts can explain its texture; Some parts can explain its characteristics; Some parts can explain its function. In addition, when explaining the history, characteristics or uses of the article, we should focus on the center of the full text and avoid going too far from the topic.

25, the use of "five senses" method

Eyes can see the color and shape of objects; Ears can hear all kinds of sounds; Nose can smell fragrance, stink, fishy smell and shame; Tongue can know the bitterness, spicy, sour, sweet, salty, light and astringent of goods; Skin can sense the softness, hardness and coldness of objects. When describing an object, we can write the characteristics of the object through the feelings of various sensory organs. When describing an object with the "five senses" method, we should pay attention to writing around the most important features of the object to avoid fragmentation. In addition, we should pay attention to the description in a certain order.

26, by lyric method

Expressing emotion by borrowing things requires us to put our feelings in love and hate when describing things, and to express our feelings implicitly by borrowing the images of things. Using the method of expressing emotion by borrowing things, the key is to find out the characteristics of things and the places where their feelings evoke * * *, so as to achieve the unity of things and feelings and to rely on them.

27, the method of expressing ambition

An article written by the method of expressing meaning by things is characterized by metaphor or symbol of a certain spirit, character, thought, emotion and so on. To write such an article well, we must master the internal relations between "things" and "aspirations" and "things" and "feelings". First of all, the main features of an article should have some similarities and similarities with one's own aspirations and wishes. Secondly, when describing, your ambition should be centered on the characteristics of the object. Articles should be able to express their wishes. The most commonly used writing methods are metaphor, personification and symbol.

28, the article readme method

The self-narrative method of the article is to describe the article in the first person, so we should make the article have human characteristics. In the specific description, we should pay attention to accurately grasp the characteristics of the object, so that the personalized object not only embodies the characteristics of people, but also does not lose its true colors. It has the characteristics of humanization, vivid objects, attracts readers' interest and clearly shows the author's thoughts and feelings. Keep the essential characteristics of the object, and describe the object truly and naturally.

29. Vision.

You can see the building from a distance or a distance. Overlooking the building, you can get the overall impression and outline of the building. However, we can't see the specific situation of each part from a distance. On the contrary, we lack a holistic sense of the position of the building in space, and often have a vague sense. When we describe a building, we can combine the results of the distant view and the close view, so that readers can have a detailed understanding of the whole and various parts of the building and get a complete impression.

30, internal and external combination method

Looking at the building from the outside is mainly to understand the outline of the building and let readers have a complete impression of the building. Looking at the building from the inside is mainly to understand the structure of the building, so it is necessary to make a detailed introduction. Observing the building from the outside, we should focus on the overall description and avoid writing it in pieces. Observing the building from the inside should be meticulous, so it should be introduced in the order of orientation, so that it can be organized clearly and understood by readers. When describing architecture by combining internal and external methods, we should pay attention to rhetorical methods such as metaphor and personification.

3 1, stepwise transformation method

Describing architecture by changing steps and shapes can constantly change our foothold and observation point, and observe and describe architecture in many ways. Looking at the same building from different angles, we will get different impressions. Therefore, when describing architecture by gradual transformation, it is necessary to make the observation point and foothold clear, so that readers can understand from which angle the architectural image you described is seen. Otherwise, it is easy to confuse readers. Secondly, when describing architecture with the method of gradual transformation, we must grasp the most important features of architecture to write. If described in a comprehensive way, the article can easily become a running account.

Explanation and introduction

To describe a building in a descriptive way, we should first pay attention to the center determined by the article and make necessary descriptions to avoid rambling. In the process of explanation and introduction, we should be concise and to the point, and avoid dragging our feet. When describing a building by description and introduction, we should also pay attention to the overall coherence, that is, after description and introduction, the article should return to describing the building and connect with the previous article. The article should have transitional words or sentences from describing architecture to introducing architecture, or from introducing architecture back to describing architecture.

33, environmental foil method

Everything is green, and a little red in the middle is particularly bright and eye-catching, so there is a saying of "a little red in all green". The proper description of the scenery around the building makes the building stand out. The purpose of describing the scenery around the building is to highlight the building, so when describing the scenery, it is necessary to contrast the characteristics of the building, and it is forbidden to write close-up scenery without leaving the building. Cause a noise. When describing the scenery around the building, the observation points and footholds should be clearly explained so that readers can understand the location of the building.

34, crayon description method

Plants are always composed of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. When drawing with colored pencils, write down the most important features of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, and write down their shapes and colors. When describing plants in this way, you should observe them carefully. It is necessary to distinguish the colors of various parts of plants, which are also red, and to distinguish whether they are fiery red or pink; It is also yellow, whether it is orange or gold; It is also green, whether it is green or light green ... It is necessary to carefully distinguish the morphological characteristics of each part, which is also a flower, and the flower bones are different from the blooming flowers. After careful observation and detailed description, the reader seems to see a color photo of a plant. To describe plants in this way, we should also use appropriate metaphors to write our own feelings.

35, the combination of far and near method

The same plant looks different at close range. This is the same as taking pictures. If you put it in front of the camera and away from it, the size of the photos taken will be different. Using the method of combining distance and distance to describe plants can reflect the characteristics of plant morphology and color from different angles and give readers a perfect impression. When describing plants in this way, the observation point should be clearly explained, that is, far or near. Secondly, we should pay attention to the order of narration, from far to near, or from near to far, so that the article can be coherent.

36, time series transformation method

The shapes and colors of various parts of plants change with the seasons. If we write down the characteristics of plants in different seasons and explain the relevant situation clearly, it is equivalent to taking color photos of plants in different periods. After reading this set of color photos, readers will have a more comprehensive understanding of it. When describing plants with time series transformation method, we should first pay attention to the data accumulated at ordinary times. We should carefully observe the same plant in different seasons in a planned way, and write down the observation diary, so that we can choose the accumulated materials when writing and write good articles. Secondly, we should pay attention to the continuity of observation.

37. Ways to grow and change

Plants always have to grow, generally through germination, branching, long leaves, flowering, fruit and other stages. If we compare the shape, color characteristics and growth of plants at different stages, it is like making a small movie for this plant. Readers can understand the whole process of plant growth through reading in a very short time. To describe plants with the method of growth change, we should first pay attention to writing down the most prominent changes in the process of plant growth; Secondly, it is necessary to explain the reasons, situations and processes of plant changes; In addition, we should pay attention to writing it down in an orderly manner in chronological order.

38, expand the association method

When we see a plant, we often think of other things, and these things often have something in common with this plant. For example, when we see cotton peaches, we think of white snowflakes, because snowflakes and cotton are the same color; When we see a big watermelon, we think of basketball, because watermelon and basketball are similar in shape; We see pine trees with lush ice in the snow and think of heroes who are not afraid of torture and never bend their knees before the enemy. That is the similarity in quality between pine trees and heroes. When describing plants by association, we should pay attention to the main characteristics of plants and expand our imagination. To improve one's associative ability, one must first study hard, understand life and store rich knowledge in one's mind. Secondly, I think hard and train frequently to enrich my imagination.

39, highlighting the key methods

Plants are always composed of roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. When we describe a plant, we can describe its roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, or we can only describe a certain part of the plant. When we focus on describing a plant, we must first find out what makes this plant different. Secondly, it is necessary to describe the part that best reflects the characteristics of this plant from many aspects such as color, shape and smell. In addition, personification, metaphor and other methods can be used appropriately.

40. Comparative law

As the saying goes, "You don't know the flat land unless you look at the mountains." The characteristics of things are often revealed in comparison. When we describe plants, we often highlight their characteristics by comparison. There are two methods of comparison. One is to compare this plant with another plant; One is to compare two obvious characteristics of plants themselves. Using comparison method, we should pay attention to the most remarkable characteristics of the described plants and compare them with other plants. Only in this way can readers be deeply impressed and enlightened. Using comparative methods, we should also pay attention to expressing the author's own thoughts, feelings and tendencies. Only in this way can the article be touching. When comparing different parts of the same plant, we should pay attention to finding out the contradictions in order to attract readers' attention.

4 1, praise method

All kinds of plants have their own characteristics, pine and cypress are not afraid of cold, willow trees are everywhere, lotus flowers are stained with mud, osmanthus flowers are floating for ten miles, and weeds are tenacious ... These characteristics of plants often remind us of the truth of being a man. If we see the lotus coming out of the mud but not stained, we can think of fighting against unhealthy trends; Seeing the tenacious vitality of weeds, we can think that we should not be afraid of difficulties and setbacks ... praise and praise are to praise these characteristics of plants. To adopt the method of praise and praise, we should first describe the characteristics of plants that can be related to how to be a man, and run through the whole text, so as to highlight the center of the article. Secondly, we should express our praise in the article and write our own feelings in the description of plants, so as to be touching. In addition, we should pay attention to the echo from beginning to end and highlight the praise.

42, static sketch method

The appearance of animals includes body, coat color, head, limbs, eyes, ears, tail and so on. Different animals have different body parts. For example, a bird has only two feet, but a pair of wings. Fish have no feet, but no scales and fins. Static sketch is to write out the shape and color characteristics of each part of an animal when it is at rest. To describe animals in this way, we must first observe carefully and distinguish the colors of different parts of animals. Secondly, we should find out the shape characteristics of each part. Besides, we should use appropriate metaphors. In this way, it can make readers seem to see a sketch of an animal.

43, total score combination method

When describing animals by combining total score and total score, we should pay attention to the relationship between total description and sub-description. The sub-narrative part should be described closely around the features mentioned in the general narrative. If the general statement is about the beauty of animals, the sub-statement should be written around beauty; If the general description is about the "flexibility" of animals, then the sub-description part should be written around its flexibility. In addition, all the parts should be in a certain order, or from top to bottom, or form before color, or middle before two sides, and must be organized.

44, characteristic example method

When describing animals with characteristic examples, it is generally to point out some characteristics of animals first, and then to prove them with specific examples. When describing animals in this way, we should pay attention to the characteristics that can best reflect the animals, and try our best to be specific and make readers feel credible.

45, feature description method

When describing an animal by feature description, it is generally to introduce a certain feature of the animal first, then explain its function, or explain why it has this feature. Then introduce other characteristics of animals one by one in the same way. To describe animals in this way, we should pay attention to science, have evidence and not take it for granted. In order to improve our writing ability, we should pay attention to reading more popular science books and understand the habits of animals.

46, focusing method

To emphasize the description of animals, we must first observe an animal carefully and find out its distinctive place to describe it. When describing the most important characteristics of animals, we should pay attention to the methods of metaphor, personification and contrast, so that the key parts will leave a deep impression on readers. Describe animals in prominent ways, some describe the main features in detail, while the secondary features are left aside; Some write the main features, not the secondary features.

47, growth and change method

When describing animals with the method of growth and change, we should pay attention to writing down several main stages of the whole process of animals from small to large, and we can't use the method of writing a running account. When describing several main stages in the process of animal growth, we should pay attention to the cause and effect clearly, so as to avoid inconsistency and confuse readers. The growth process of animals is a long process, so when describing animals in this way, we should pay attention to systematic observation, or unconsciously write a series of observation diaries and write down the observation results. Finally, as long as the observation diary is cut out, it can become an article reflecting the growth process of animals.

48, experimental proof method

Using the method of experimental proof, we should first find out some little-known characteristics and habits of animals, and then prove that animals do have these characteristics and habits through experiments. When describing the process of the experiment, we should write down the method, process and result of the experiment in an orderly way to convince the readers. This kind of composition is generally written in the order of asking questions-doing experiments-knowing the truth.

49, group description method

When describing a group of animals, the most important thing is to be detailed and appropriate. We should choose animals with characteristics, pay attention to observation and description, and write others in general or brief terms, so as to select typical materials and highlight key points. For the key description of animals, we should grasp its shape, color, movement and make a specific description. For sketching animals, we can grasp one aspect and mention it briefly. Describe a group of animals, don't cover everything.

50, on-site witness method

When describing animals with on-the-spot witness method, the observation place should be explained clearly, so that it can be read realistically. As the spot witness takes the author's observation angle as the starting point of writing, the description should not be comprehensive and complete, but the content of the description should be carefully selected and focused. When describing animals by witnessing on the spot, we should pay attention to explaining what we have seen and guessed clearly. This article has scientific writing skills.

Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are common: suspense, reference, association, imagination, combination of cadence and cadence, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, bedding, description, bedding suspense, combination of positive and negative, metaphor and symbol.

Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).