The function of perception is to make the feeling meaningful. Perceptual processing extracts information from constantly changing and often disordered sensory input and organizes it into stable and orderly perception. Perceptual object refers to what is perceived-the phenomenon or experience result of perceptual processing. It is not a physical object or its image in the receptor, but a psychological product of perceptual activities.
In a broad sense, perception refers to the whole process of understanding objects and events in the environment-feeling them, understanding them, identifying and marking them, and preparing to respond to them. The best way to understand perception is to divide it into three stages-perception, perceptual organization, recognition and recognition of objects.
In daily life, perception seems completely effortless. In fact, we have done a lot of complicated processing and mental work to get the "easy illusion".
Physical objects in the environment are called distal stimulation, and their optical imaging on the retina is called proximal stimulation.
What you want to perceive is the distant stimulus-the "real" object in the environment-but you must get information from the near stimulus-the image on the retina. The main calculation task of perception can be regarded as determining the far stimulus according to the information in the near stimulus, which is beyond doubt in the field of perception.
The main purpose of perception is to obtain an accurate "judgment" of the world. The loss of key information, the unexpected relationship between elements and the obscurity of conventional graphics make the graphics blurred. Fuzziness is an important concept in understanding perception, because it shows that a single image may have multiple interpretations at the level of perception and recognition.
One of the most basic attributes of human normal perception is that it tends to turn fuzziness and uncertainty in the environment into clear explanations, so that you can take action with confidence. In a changing world, your perception system must be able to find constancy and stability.
Ambiguous stimuli will challenge your perception system and make you identify unique patterns among several possibilities. Whether this or that explanation of stimulus is correct depends on the specific environment. When your perceptual system deceives you to experience a stimulus pattern in a way that has been proved wrong, you are experiencing hallucinations. (Illusion is the perceptual distortion that an individual can't enjoy because of his abnormal physical or mental state. )
Helmholtz agrees that experience-or acquired-is important in perception. His theory emphasizes the role of intelligence processing in explaining the common fuzzy stimuli that can excite the nervous system. Perception is an inductive process, which infers the general objects and event categories expressed by special images. Because this process is outside your conscious mind, Helmholtz calls it unconscious reasoning. Usually, these reasoning processes are very useful. However, when special circumstances allow multiple explanations of the same stimulus, or when a new explanation is needed and the observer still likes the old and familiar explanation, the illusion will occur.
Helmholtz's theory holds that you learn how to explain feelings based on your experience of the world. Your explanation is actually an educated guess about perception.
Gestalt psychology in Germany, which was formed in the 1920s, emphasized the role of internal structure-innate-in perceptual experience. Some people think that psychological phenomena can only be understood if they are regarded as an organized and structured whole, rather than being decomposed into primitive perceptual units. Gestalt psychology puts forward that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, which challenges the view of psychological atomism.
Gibson believes that perception can be better understood through the analysis of the real surrounding environment (or ecology), rather than being understood as the structure of an organism. Gibson's eco-optical theory focuses on the essence of external stimuli, not the mechanism of your perception of stimuli. Gibson's thought emphasizes that perception is an active exploration of the environment.
Generally speaking, the more you pay attention to an object or event in the environment, the more you can perceive or understand it. This is why attention is a very important topic in perceptual research: your focus of attention determines which information can be used best in perceptual process.
Targeted choice reflects your choice of the object to be noticed, which is the function of your own goals.
When the characteristics of stimuli-objects in the environment-automatically attract your attention, stimulus-driven capture occurs, which does not depend on the purpose of the perceiver at that time.
Studies have shown that, at least in some cases, stimulus-driven capture will outperform goal-oriented selection. In fact, in most cases, new objects will automatically attract the attention of the subjects-although this object has nothing to do with the goals set by the experimenter for the subjects.
Broadbent believes that psychology is a communication channel-just like telephone lines or computer connections-which actively processes and disseminates information. According to broadbent's theory, as a communication channel, psychology has only limited resources to carry out all the processing. Attention forms the bottleneck of information flow in the cognitive system, filtering out some information and letting other information continue to enter.
Unconscious channel information has been processed to a certain extent-but not enough to reach conscious consciousness. Only when the attribute of non-attentive information is very special-for example, in the form of the listener's name-will information become the center of conscious attention.
One of the main functions of attention is to help you find special objects in a messy visual environment.
Although conscious memory and object recognition need attention, many complex information processing are carried out without attention and consciousness. This early processing stage is called pre-attention processing, because when sensory inputs first enter the brain from the receptor, they are processed before you pay attention.
The process of organizing sensory information to make you have continuous perception is always called perceptual organization process.
As a result of this perceptual organization, what individuals experience is called the perceived object.
In perception, the organizational process divides it into characters and backgrounds. The figure is an object-like area in front, and the ground is used as a curtain to highlight the figure.
The illusory outline actually does not exist in distant stimuli, but only in your subjective experience.
Closure allows you to treat an incomplete number as complete. The process of closure shows that you tend to perceive stimuli as complete, balanced and symmetrical, even if there are gaps, imbalances and asymmetries.
Proximity Law: When other conditions are the same, the nearest (closest) elements will be grouped together. Gestalt psychologists interpret this result as that the whole stimulation mode determines the organization of its own parts in some way; In other words, the whole perception is different from just a collection of parts.
Law of Similarity: Other things being equal, the most similar elements are organized together.
* * * Kumon's Law of Destiny: Other things being equal, elements moving in the same direction at the same speed will be organized together.
What you can perceive in a given time is usually only a limited part of the whole visual world, so many parts that extend in all directions are invisible. In order to get the complete information of the surrounding environment, you must integrate the information obtained in different spatial locations (that is, spatial integration) and at different times (that is, time integration).
The visual memory of every gaze on the environment does not retain fine details. In fact, when the whole object changes from one position to another, the observer is sometimes imperceptible.
A perception that really needs you to compare different eyes in the outside world is motion perception.
There is a strong tendency in the visual system to regard a larger closed figure as a frame of reference for a smaller closed figure.
Depth perception needs to explain sensory input, which may be wrong. Your interpretation of depth depends on many different sources of distance information (usually called depth cues)-including binocular cues, motion cues and graphic cues.
The two sources of binocular cue information are parallax and convergence of visual axis.
The horizontal displacement of an object in two eyes corresponding to an image is called parallax. The size of this difference or difference depends on the relative distance between the object and you, so it provides depth clues. The vision system uses two different retinal images to compare the displacement (binocular parallax) of their corresponding parts in the horizontal direction, and then produces the overall perception of a single object with depth.
Convergence of visual axes: When two eyes look at an object, they will turn inward to some extent. When an object approaches you, your eyes will converge more on the optical axis. Your brain uses information about the convergence of your eye muscles as depth clues.
Relative motion parallax: Motion parallax provides information about depth, because when you move, the relative distance of objects in the environment determines the size and direction of their relative motion in the retinal imaging scene.
Occlusion, relative size, line perspective, and texture gradient.
Generally speaking, although the stimuli received by your receptors are changing, the world you see is unchanging, unchanging and stable. Psychologists call this phenomenon perceptual constancy.
Size constancy refers to the ability to perceive the real size of an object when the size of retinal imaging changes.
Shape constancy is very close to size constancy. You can correctly perceive the shape of the object, even when the object is in an inclined position, which makes the shape of retinal imaging substantially different from the shape of the object itself.
Directional constancy refers to your ability to identify the direction of real graphics in the environment when the imaging on the retina changes. Directional constancy depends on the vestibular system of your inner ear.
Brightness constancy refers to the tendency that people perceive the whiteness, gray scale and blackness of objects as constants under different lighting conditions.
When recognizing an object, you should match what you see with the stored knowledge. Obtaining sensory information from the surrounding environment, and then sending this information to the brain for extracting and processing related information, this is the bottom-up processing process. Bottom-up processing is closely related to empirical facts. It processes a certain amount of information and transforms the specific physical characteristics of external stimuli into abstract representations. This type of processing is also called data-driven processing because it starts from external sensory information-data.
Top-down processing includes past experience, knowledge, motivation and cultural background of perceptual environment. Because of the existence of top-down process, advanced psychological process will affect the understanding of things and events. Top-down machining is also called concept-driven (or hypothesis-driven) machining.
Biedermann believes that all objects are composed of a series of geometric ions or geometric quanta.
People can identify objects based on incomplete information (for example, you can recover the lost phonemes), but once some key components are destroyed, it is difficult to identify the whole object for such a long time.
Expectations will affect your assumptions about objects in the environment.
Perceptual recognition depends on expectations and physical characteristics of objects. Object recognition is a process of construction and interpretation.
Settling refers to being ready to perceive or respond to stimuli in some way. Stereotypes also prove the influence of situations and expectations on perception and response. There are three kinds of stereotypes: action stereotype, psychological stereotype and perceptual stereotype.
The influence of situation on perception requires your memory to be organized in some form, so that you can use the information related to a specific situation at an appropriate time. In other words, to generate appropriate or inappropriate expectations, you must make use of your existing knowledge.
If perception is a bottom-up process, then you will be bound by some common concrete facts here and now. You can register your experience, but it's useless in the future. The world you see will not be different in different environments. However, if perceptual processing is only a top-down process, then you will get lost in the world you imagine and expect. A proper balance between the two processes can achieve the basic perceptual goal: to experience the external world in the way that biological people and social people need.