Feeding management of suckling pigs-feeding management of suckling sows
Lactation is the key period for sow breeding, and the task of nursing sows is very heavy. In addition to maintaining their own nutritional needs, they also need to provide piglets with 5 ~ 8 kilograms of pig milk every day. Therefore, it is particularly important to do a good job in feeding and managing lactating sows. To do a good job of sow breeding during lactation, we should start with energy nutrition, pig farm management and disease prevention.
Sows; Keywords; Lactation; Feeding and management
1 energy and nutrition
Energy and nutrition are the most important factors in feeding management of lactating sows. Lactating sows not only maintain basic metabolism and physical activity, but also need to consume normal energy and extra energy to synthesize and secrete milk. Therefore, lactating sows need to absorb more energy and nutrition at this stage. Protein, minerals and vitamins are the main nutrients needed by sows during lactation.
1. 1 energy
Studies show that lactating sows need to maintain 5% ~ 10% more energy than during empty pregnancy. The digestible energy of sow's milk per kilogram is 5.225MJ, and the utilization rate of pig's converting digestible energy into net milk yield is about 60%, so the digestible energy of pig's milk per kilogram is 8.708 MJ. According to the experiment, every kilogram of feed containing 12.9 1mJ can feed sows with 4kg of 5 piglets, and when there are more than 5 piglets in a litter, every additional/kloc is required.
A single energy level cannot meet the needs of sows under all conditions. The daily energy requirement of sows should be determined according to their weight, litter size and growth rate of piglets. If a sow weighing 142.5kg carries 12 piglets, and each piglet gains 240g daily, it needs a diet containing 18.3MJ/kg.
1.2 protein
The nutritional requirements of sows to maintain lactation are very high, and the intake of protein is very important for lactation performance. From the lactation performance of sows, when the protein level of diet is increased from 1 1.5% to 20.2%, correspondingly, lysine is also increased from 0.6 1% to 1. 12%, and the lactation yield of sows rises linearly, which is The results showed that the body protein loss of sows fed with low protein diet increased during lactation. However, the loss of body protein of sows fed with high protein diet decreased during lactation, and the protein level in milk increased with the increase of dietary protein level.
1.3 vitamins and minerals
Studies have shown that with the increase of vitamin A, vitamin E and folic acid in diet, the contents of vitamin A, vitamin E and folic acid in colostrum and regular milk of sows will also increase accordingly.
Sows will lose a lot of iron during pregnancy and lactation, especially high-yield sows, which often have critical iron deficiency anemia, which not only affects their health, but also reduces the utilization rate of feed. The absorption of organic iron is fast and efficient, and will not cause antagonism between minerals. Therefore, adding extra organic iron to the feed can not only effectively alleviate the iron deficiency of high-yield sows, but also improve the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin, thus improving the metabolic rate in the body and improving the feed utilization rate. In addition, improper proportion of calcium and phosphorus in feed will also affect lactation of lactating sows.
2 Feeding management
During lactation, the correct feeding management method plays a great role in the growth and development of lactating sows, which can make lactating sows healthier, greatly improve their production efficiency and create better comprehensive economic benefits.
2. 1 Create a comfortable environment
Keep the pigsty quiet, clean and dry during lactation. In addition to cleaning the pigsty and flushing the sewer every day, it is necessary to spray and disinfect the pigsty and walkway with disinfectant that has no side effects on pigs every 2 ~ 3 days.
2.2 master the feed rate
It is not advisable to feed too much after delivery. After 3 ~ 5 days, the feeding amount should be gradually increased. One week after delivery, when the feeding and digestion return to normal, the sow can feed freely. Under the condition of weaning at the age of 35 days, the feeding amount should reach 4.5 ~ 5kg at postpartum10 ~ 20 days, 5.5 ~ 6 kg at the peak of lactation at the age of 20 ~ 30 days, and should be gradually reduced to about 5kg after 30 ~ 35 days, and the feeding amount should be reduced according to the situation after weaning.
2.3 Feeding frequency
It is better to feed it four times at 6: 00, 10, 14 and 22: 00 every day. Feed should be diversified to meet the nutritional needs of sows, and the feeding amount should not be too large at a time. In addition, the remaining feed from the previous feeding should also be cleaned up to avoid the accumulation and deterioration of feed.
2.4 Sports
In feeding management, it is necessary to make sows develop the habit of regular exercise, enhance their physique and improve their lactation ability.
2.5 drinking water
There is a linear correlation between water consumption and feed intake of lactating sows. If the water consumption increases, its intake will also increase significantly. If the sow doesn't drink enough water, it will lead to constipation and increase the probability of sow suffering from metritis, mastitis and agalactia syndrome. In addition, when the ambient temperature is too high, the temperature of drinking water should be reduced appropriately.
3 disease prevention
It is extremely important to prevent diseases of lactating sows. The common diseases of lactating sows are mastitis, puerperal fever, postpartum hypogalactia's or lack of milk, postpartum paralysis and other diseases.
3. 1 mastitis
One is characterized by breast swelling, body temperature rising and milk secretion stopping, which mostly occurs after delivery, mainly due to constipation, dystocia, high fever and other diseases caused by excessive concentrate and lack of green feed; The other is partial breast swelling, which is mainly due to the death of piglets in the middle lactation period, some breasts are not sucked by piglets, or pigs are weaned too fast, resulting in partial breast swelling and nipple damage, leading to bacterial invasion and mastitis.
It is an effective way to prevent mastitis by greatly reducing feed before sow delivery. At the same time, drugs are added to the diet of sows before and after delivery to increase their immunity; In addition, the ground of pigsty should be kept flat, clean and dry, pigsty should be disinfected regularly, and sows should be scrubbed with 0. 1% bromogeramine solution every day before and after delivery and during lactation. After the pig is born, the canine teeth are cut flat to prevent it from biting the sow's breast.
3.2 Puerperal fever
Sows are generally infected after delivery. When infected, the body temperature rose to 465,438 0℃, convulsions occurred, and lactation stopped. This disease mostly occurs in hot season. The symptoms of the disease are: conjunctival flushing, dry nose, unwillingness to move or walk unsteadily, convulsions and heavy breathing, slightly dry stool, little or no milk, and some infected animals discharge foul red liquid from vulva. In order to prevent the occurrence of this disease, sows should reduce the amount of feed before delivery and only feed some laxatives a few days before delivery to reduce the burden on the digestive tract of sows.
3.3 No milk or less milk after delivery
Etiology: poor feed management during pregnancy, especially low feed level in the late pregnancy, emaciation of sows and mammary gland dysplasia; Sows are old and weak, with poor appetite, indigestion and malnutrition; Sows are fed a lot of sugar water feed during pregnancy, but the supply of protein, vitamins and minerals is insufficient; Sows are overweight and endocrine disorders; Sows are in poor health, and the delivery ring is not disinfected, so it is easy to produce birth canal and uterine infection during delivery.
Prevention and control: sows during pregnancy should be fed with green and juicy feed to ensure adequate supply of trace elements and vitamins; Feed should not be too fine, so that sows can reach 80% to 90%. One week before entering the delivery room, the feed amount was reduced to1/3 ~1/4 of the lactation period diet by gradual subtraction; The feed intake of lactating sows should be gradually increased and recovered within 3 ~ 5 days after delivery, and not less than 1kg bean cake every day; Treating related diseases; After the pig is born, it is necessary to cut teeth, fix nipples and strengthen breast massage.
3.4 Postpartum paralysis
Postpartum paralysis of sows, also known as postpartum paralysis or wind paralysis, is an acute hypoglycemia characterized by loss of consciousness and quadriplegia, which can occur in different breeds, ages, parity and fat pigs.
Prevention: improve feeding management, reasonably match nutrients and supplement mineral feed, strengthen prenatal and postnatal care of sows, pad more clean hay, turn over manually 2 ~ 3 times a day, strengthen prenatal exercise and give sufficient light.
4 abstract
Lactating sows may encounter many problems in the feeding process. Only by making full preparations can we take correct countermeasures when the problem comes or is about to come. In terms of energy and nutrition, adjust feed ingredients to meet the needs of lactating sows for energy and nutrition; In feeding management, do all the details of management and minimize the loopholes in management; In disease prevention, common diseases of lactating sows should be avoided as far as possible, and diseases should be controlled before they occur. As long as the foreseeable problems are fully handled, the production performance of lactating sows can be maximized and the maximum economic benefits can be achieved.
Feeding and management of protected pigs Scientific breeding of binary and ternary hybrid pigs
Abstract: With the basic solution of the total amount of livestock products in China and the transformation of people's living standards from food and clothing to well-off, people's demand for livestock products presents a diversified, high-quality and healthy trend. Three-way hybrid pig has the characteristics of fast production speed, high carcass lean meat rate, good meat quality and high feed return rate. Vigorously promoting the production of pollution-free three-way hybrid lean pigs is an inevitable requirement for the development of market economy and an objective need to improve people's living standards. In this paper, the scientific breeding of ternary hybrid pigs was discussed and analyzed.
[Keywords:] ternary hybrid pig feed
【 China Library Classification Number 】 S828 【 Document Identification Number 】 A 【 Document Contribution Number 】1003-1650 (2014) 07-0052-01
Main advantages of 1-3 hybrid pigs
Three-way hybrid pigs can give full play to the characteristics of high reproductive performance, high lean meat rate and fast growth rate of the previous generation of breeding pigs. First, the lean meat rate is high. The lean meat rate of three-way hybrid pigs and breeding pigs is generally 60%-67%, and that of ordinary pigs is generally around 50%. Second, the feed is highly paid. According to the actual feeding effect in our city, the feed consumption of each ternary hybrid pig and its supporting pigs from birth to slaughter is about 250 kg when the weight is 100 kg, and the feed-meat ratio is 2. 5: 1, while the feed-meat ratio of 100 kg weight ordinary pigs from birth to slaughter is about 320 kg, and the feed-meat ratio is 3. 2: 6500.
Second, scientific feeding measures for ternary hybrid pigs
1. The consanguineous combination of varieties needs science.
The consanguineous combination of three-way hybrid pigs has great influence on their slaughter rate, lean meat rate, daily gain and feed-to-weight ratio, so the breeding of three-way hybrid pigs must be standardized and strictly managed. The blood relationship between parents should be clear and definite, and there should be specific marks and materials to provide relevant information for future investigation and research. What is the ideal variety for farmers to raise at present? Two oceans and one soil? Combined. Because the combination contains 25% local pig blood, the average daily gain can reach 648.67 grams, and the lean meat rate is above 6 1%, which also has good adaptability to the local environment and climate.
2. Choose piglets with good early growth and development.
The birth weight and weaning weight of piglets have great correlation with the later weight gain. When the weight of piglets at the age of 45 days can reach more than 15- 17.5 kg, it shows that piglets grow well. Therefore, as long as piglets grow well in fetal period and lactation period, their daily gain, feed-to-weight ratio and other production performance will reach the ideal standard in fattening period. If the age of piglets is unknown, it can be judged by observing the development degree of their sex organs. When the piglet is about 20-25 kg and the sow vulva or boar testis has not germinated, it means that the piglet has a short growth age and good growth and development; On the contrary, growth is blocked; Because the development degree of sex organs of piglets is greatly influenced by feeding age, but less influenced by other factors.
3. Adhere to feeding management? Four changes?
One change is that the feeding of a single material is changed to a batch (that is, mixing).
The second change is to turn clinker into raw meal. Except potatoes, raw bean cakes and so on. Everything else should be eaten raw.
Third, change dilute feeding into wet mixed feeding or dry feeding.
Four changes, Will? Clothes hanger? Change to linear fattening (that is? A dragon? )。 And the so-called? Clothes hanger? That is, in the middle stage of pig growth and fattening, the method of dragging the rack with green coarse fodder and feeding it in the later stage is extremely unfavorable to the growth and development of the rack pig. The reason is that the muscles of shelf pigs grow fastest at this stage. Clothes hanger? It leads to insufficient nutrition and insufficient muscle growth. When fat deposits are too much after late feeding, the lean meat rate of pigs will be greatly reduced. Therefore, the breeding of hybrid pigs should adopt linear fattening method, that is, from weaning of piglets to slaughter of fat pigs, different feeding methods and standards should be adopted according to different stages, and the mixture should be fed throughout the whole period. Through this feeding method, fat pigs gain weight quickly, the fattening period is short, the turnover is fast, the slaughter rate is high, and the feed utilization rate and slaughter rate will be relatively improved, but more concentrate is needed.
4. Reasonable selection of feed
During the growth of pigs, the demand for various nutrients is different, so it is necessary to feed them scientifically. Lean pigs weigh 40-60 kg, mainly long muscles and bones, and can be fed dry full-price granular materials or wet mixed materials. If the complete feed is prepared by ourselves, the formula can be: corn 5 1.4%, bean cake (meal) 15%, rice bran 15%, barley 15%, calcium powder 0.8%, yeast powder 2% and salt 0.4. After the pig weighs 60 Jin, it mainly deposits fat. At this stage, it is necessary to limit the feed intake, eat 80% full at a time, or mix some low-energy feed appropriately to reduce the energy contained in the feed, which not only saves feed, but also reduces fat deposition and improves lean meat rate.
5. Do a good job in raising ecological environment and reduce stress reaction.
Because of the large proportion of external blood, strong growth intensity and strong stress on the surrounding environment, Sanyuan pig's normal growth is affected, and its resistance is also reduced, which may even lead to death. For example, in a high temperature environment, the appetite of pigs will decrease relatively and the weight gain will be slow; When the pig is in low temperature environment, it will increase the nutritional consumption of the pig; When the air is seriously polluted or the surrounding noise is serious, it is easy for pigs to calm down. In severe cases, there will be aggressive behaviors such as biting tail, biting ears and fighting. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the pigsty warm in winter and cool in summer, minimize noise, keep ventilation and have proper density during the feeding period, so as to make pigs healthy.
6. Choose the best hybrid combination and do a good job in seed production.
When different varieties are crossed, the offspring will generally show certain heterosis. But different combinations have different heterosis. It is necessary to find out the best combination suitable for local popularization through cross combination test. At the same time, different stages of hybridization have different requirements. There should be some seed production procedures. Generally speaking, the first round of hybridization should choose varieties with good reproductive performance; The second male parent must have a high growth rate and lean meat rate. In our city, Landrace is generally the first male parent; The second father generally chose Duroc, which led to Du? Long (big)? Bensanyuan lean-meat commercial pig.
Step 7 slaughter at the right time
Sanyuan pigs are usually slaughtered at 80-90 kg, because the comprehensive economic indicators such as lean meat rate, slaughter weight, growth rate and feed reward of pigs have reached the ideal level at this time, which is the best time for slaughter and listing. It is a loss to kill pigs early. If they are slaughtered too late, they will consume more feed. Secondly, fat meat will increase greatly, and fat pigs can't sell at a good price. Therefore, farmers must master the timely slaughter and listing.
Concluding remarks
In a word, ternary hybrid pigs require higher management, and farmers can achieve ideal results as long as they are serious and responsible, carefully managed, carefully observed and scientifically raised in the feeding process.
refer to
[1] Sun Jingquan. Determination of Performance and Carcass Traits of Duroc Pig
[2] Hu, Yu Cunyang, Jiang, Hu Xinping. Precautions for farmers to raise ternary hybrid lean pigs [J]. Modern Animal Husbandry and Veterinary .2007 (01)
[3] Yanxiang Xu. Production technology of lean three-way hybrid pig [J]. Gansu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary .2000 (03)