1, read Sanzi Jing, Ganzi Wen, Melody Enlightenment, Duiweng Duiyun and The Book of Songs, and be able to recite fluently (three-character and four-character short sentences are melodious and catchy, which can be combined with historical stories).
2, "100 pieces of primary school students' ancient prose" (a very classic essay, first translate it yourself, then read it carefully and imitate it).
3. Sanyan Erpai, Historical Records, Warring States Policy and Zi Tongzhi Jian have better written versions. The above are mainly historical books and literary novels, which are easy to understand and interesting, but also have high literariness and readability.
4. The above nine books, Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Yan Family Instructions, In a Small Window, Six Chapters of a Floating Life, You, Caigen Tan, Dongpo Laughing Forest, Laughing Forest, and Zeng Guofan's Letters, mainly involve the self-cultivation of the ancients, which can make you feel the simplicity of ancient literature.
5. Introduction to China's Ancient Literature, Miscellanies of Classics and History, Ancient Literary Words, Collected Works of Tongcheng School, Collected Works of Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Water Mirror, Galand Luoyang, Xunzi, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi. In my opinion, the three more important stages in China's history of civilization and literature are the pre-Qin, Tang and Song Dynasties and the turn of Ming and Qing Dynasties. The above eleven books occupy a very important position in these three stages, which can be said to have their own advantages. Guan Zhi of Ancient Chinese Literature, Miscellaneous Notes on Classics and History, and Biography of Ancient Chinese Kindness are all masterpieces of ancient and modern masters, but each has its own merits. The concept of ancient prose is relatively basic, while the latter two are more difficult. The other eight books have their own merits. Mencius has incisive reasoning, fluent writing and vivid language. "Zhuangzi" uses fables to describe Wang Yang's arbitrariness and vividness; Xunzi is good at reasoning, full of arguments, profound thoughts and meticulous logic; "Han Feizi" uses fables and historical materials to demonstrate in a simple way, and sees the same philosophy; Tongcheng school anthology and the anthology of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties belong to the category of anthology. The records of Luoyang and Zhu are quite miscellaneous, and both geographical customs and mountain customs are involved, which is very literary. Only by learning from many aspects and confirming each other can the overall view be formed.
As far as learning methods are concerned, learning a language is four magic weapons: listening, speaking, reading and writing. For ancient Chinese, the most important thing is reading and reciting. I suggest you recite more classic articles of ancient Chinese, and then read the theme. Gradually, you can find that feeling, that is, you can touch the laws and feelings of ancient people using language, or a sense of language. If you find a sense of language and deal with daily problems, the problem should not be big.
In addition, when learning ancient Chinese, you need to prepare a reference book, just one. This is the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese edited by Wang Li.
8. It should be noted that China's View of Ancient Literature is only one of Selected Works of Ancient Literature in China, which is representative to some extent. However, China's traditional culture is extensive and profound, so we need to dabble in it more, so as to broaden our horizons and reach the state of "being in the highest state and not afraid of floating clouds to cover our eyes".
9. Finally, if you are not interested in classical Chinese and just focus on doing exercises, then my suggestion is to clarify the meaning and usage of some common words in the textbook, such as nominal words and some special sentence patterns, such as prepositions of true predicates. Some classic paragraphs should be memorized skillfully. If you want to get a higher score in the ancient Chinese part of the exam, I suggest reading Historical Records and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, two ancient Chinese books. In the daily examination, the topic is often to choose someone's deeds, and then contact the knowledge of ancient Chinese to investigate. The so-called ever-changing cannot be separated from it. Two books, one biographical and the other chronological, are very representative. Most of the essays in the exam also choose similar articles for investigation.
2. What difficulties will Chinese learning in primary schools encounter? First, mainly read more reference books and words and sentences. Second, the way to improve reading ability is to listen to the teacher and take notes in class, understand the author's intentions and understand what he wrote and expressed. Writing a composition should not only read more books, but also have the basis of writing, that is, writing an argumentative essay and discussing one thing, such as the pros and cons of this matter. I think it's useless to go to cram school. I have to go to cram school for a week, and I can't hold back physically and psychologically, and I am in a bad mood. If I really want to go to cram school, I am the top student in my class, and ordinary people like us can't stand the torture of the bench. Third, I suggest that you pay more attention to the summary of notional words and function words in classical Chinese, which are basically available in reference books.
3. The biggest difficulty in learning classical Chinese is that students begin to contact classical Chinese, which is the difficulty in Chinese learning. How can we learn classical Chinese well? Specifically, we should pay attention to the following points:
First, read more books. First, read more books. The seniors studied classical Chinese, emphasizing reading more and getting familiar with it. The so-called "reading a hundred times, its meaning is self-evident." After reading more and getting familiar with it, you will gradually master a certain number of classical Chinese words and understand some rules of sentence-making in classical Chinese. When reading aloud, the use of eyes, mouth, ears and heart can strengthen memory and enhance the sense of language.
Second, carry more. On the basis of reading aloud, recite as many texts as possible. It would be better if you can also reflect the charm and emotion of the original text in a cadence when reciting. Generally speaking, when a paragraph or sentence is put forward, we can immediately know which text it comes from and its meaning. This is the basic skill. As long as we persist in mastering some ancient language materials in a down-to-earth manner, we can get some rules for learning classical Chinese from them.
Third, remember more. The main research contents of classical Chinese include words, characters, grammar, phonology, rhetorical expression and stylistic features, among which words should be emphasized first. Remember more common words in classical Chinese, which is the key to learn classical Chinese well. This requires students to remember the meanings of words they don't know or can't say when reading and studying the text.
Fourth, practice more. Is to apply what you have learned at any time and integrate theory with practice. The main method of practice is translation. Translating the text is helpful to master the knowledge of classical Chinese and deepen the understanding of the meaning of words. We can translate this text into modern Chinese or spoken English. How to do translation exercises? There is a formula for translating classical Chinese, which may be helpful to students. The formula is as follows:
One is aimed at the front line, neither increasing nor decreasing. Literal translation is a principle, and free translation is not casual.
Classical Chinese has many monosyllables, so it can be changed with disyllables. Proper names should still be written, and idioms need not be changed.
Understand both sentence patterns and punctuation. There are redundant words in the original text, so the translation can be omitted.
The original text is omitted, and brackets should run through the whole text. Do you believe in Ada? Read three sides after translation.
Fifth, check more. That is, he is good at solving problems in classical Chinese learning with the help of reference books. Being able to use reference books is an important basic skill, an ability and a very important ability. Beginners of classical Chinese often encounter some difficult words, phrases, idioms, allusions, syntax and so on. In the process of reading, they must consult reference books in time to solve these problems.
In addition to the above five methods, we should pay attention to two points in learning classical Chinese.
First, we should pay attention to and grasp the differences between ancient and modern Chinese. The difference between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese is mainly manifested in the meaning and grammar. As far as the difference in meaning is concerned, there are two situations: one is the word that existed in ancient times but not in modern times, that is, the so-called "old saying"; The other is a word with different usages in ancient and modern times. As far as grammatical differences are concerned, there are three main situations: first, the flexible use of notional words, such as causative use, intentional use, noun flexible use as verb, adjective flexible use as verb and noun flexible use as adverbial; Second, special sentence patterns, such as judgment sentences, inversion sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences, etc. The third is the usage of function words.
Second, we should actively accumulate some common sense about ancient culture, such as ancient timing methods, ancient laws and regulations, etiquette appliances and so on. In addition, a correct understanding of the rhetorical features of ancient Chinese, ancient common styles and their characteristics are all useful basic knowledge for learning Chinese.
Classical Chinese is easier to read than modern Chinese, but its memory capacity is slightly larger;
The first step: it is required to memorize the classical Chinese in class thoroughly in order to accumulate a preliminary internal language.
Step 2: Repeatedly train the common function words and content words in classical Chinese to form the ability to draw inferences from others.
The third step: the training of solving problems in modern Chinese reading must be in place. Because the comprehension questions of classical Chinese are exactly the same as those of modern Chinese, and they are simpler. It's just that the words used are difficult to understand.
Students who have just entered the first grade of junior high school are faced with learning classical Chinese, which is rarely touched by primary schools, and they feel bad and not fluent in reading. When you study classical Chinese, you will feel afraid of difficulties. How do freshmen learn classical Chinese well?
Learning classical Chinese not only requires students to translate word for word, but also requires students to understand classical Chinese sentence patterns and other ancient Chinese knowledge, read and recite, and try to understand the general meaning of each sentence by themselves.
4. Difficulties in learning classical Chinese Summary There are five main sentence patterns in classical Chinese: judgment sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence, and each sentence pattern has several different forms. Remember the form that is easy to remember and understand.
For example, the most striking feature of the judgment sentence in classical Chinese is that it is basically not expressed by the judgment sentence' yes', but often uses a noun or noun phrase as a predicate to judge the subject. Its sentence pattern is as follows: 1).
,.
Yes "This is the most common form of judgment in classical Chinese.
Using "zhe" after the subject indicates Teton, which has the function of easing the tone. Using "ye" after the predicate ends the sentence and makes a positive judgment or explanation on the subject. Such as: "Chen She people, Yangcheng people also."
(Historical Records Chen She Family, Volume II), ".
Yes Sometimes "zhe" and "ye" do not necessarily appear at the same time in a judgment sentence. Generally, "zhe" is omitted and only "ye" is used to judge.
For example, "Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, but he is actually a Han thief." ("Zi Lu Jian" Volume III), ".
,.
"
Some judgment sentences only use the "zhe" after the subject to express Teton, which is not common. Such as: four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father, your father, An Shangchun's father.
(Wang Anshi's trip to Baochan Mountain, Volume IV), ".
And ... At the end of the sentence, the modal particle "Zheye" is used to strengthen the positive tone. At this time, the "zhe" does not mean Teton, but only acts as an agent.
This kind of judgment sentence is also very common in classical Chinese. Such as: "Xu Gong is in the north of the city, and the beauty of Qi is also."
("The Warring States Policy Qi Ce") (5), unmarked judgment sentence. Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly.
For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) In addition, in classical Chinese, adverbs such as "Nai, Bi, Yi, that is, sincerity, completeness, then" are often added before verb predicates in order to strengthen the judgment mood.
It should be noted that the word "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment sentence, but a demonstrative pronoun and the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese before Qin Dynasty, but was more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty. Also, the adverb added before the positive judgment predicate and the negative adverb "Fei" added before the negative judgment predicate are not judgment words.