Stealing opinions: by using other people's intellectual property rights and then claiming that this is your own opinion. It is often the case that you understand other people's ideas when reviewing manuscripts, and then copy an article published in your own name.
Plagiarism: using other people's articles, research processes or research results, but not using appropriate quotations to show other people's contributions.
Self-plagiarism: similar to plagiarism, but the plagiarism object here is oneself, that is, repeatedly publishing one's own research results.
Improper use of the right of signature? ): This situation includes that non-contributors ask for improper signature of articles, exclude contributing researchers from the signature list, or list non-contributors as authors, and the authors of papers submit articles without the consent of other collaborators.
Failure to fully meet the requirements of laws and regulations: this situation includes intentional violation of the provisions on the safe use of chemicals, the provisions on the protection of human and animal experiments, improper use of experimental new drugs or instruments, and even improper use of research funds.
Violation of recognized research practices (violation of recognized research practices? ): This situation includes irregular research plans, manipulating research data to produce expected results, using deceptive data and analysis to produce expected results, or using unfair methods to explain research results.
Data fraud? ): this kind of behavior is more serious than manipulating research data, which means fabricating data directly without experiments.
Deliberately not supporting others to verify their own research results (failing to support the verification of your research): refusing to provide relevant materials that can help others to repeat their research results, resulting in the failure of others to verify their experiments.
No response to known cases: The original author should have made an appropriate response to the verification experiment to further clarify the credibility of the study. Otherwise, if the published research is found to have major errors, it should be rejected by the journal.
Misconduct related to suspected misconduct: This includes failure to respond to allegations of misconduct; No known or suspected misconduct was reported; Destroy evidence related to alleged misconduct; Take revenge on those who report misconduct, and falsely accuse and frame those who report misconduct.
Compared with all kinds of misconduct, the misconduct that damages the integrity of the research process, especially the steps of scientific research methods, is worse and more serious than the misconduct in the publication stage. And data fraud is obviously worse than excluding an author when signing an article. Because the influence of academic misconduct is very bad, the consequences may also be very severe punishment, such as expulsion or even imprisonment. Therefore, we should also be very cautious in the review and make every effort to distinguish between human negligence and intentional deception.