There are many factors that affect the salary setting, which can be divided into internal factors and external factors.

internal factor

There are many internal factors that affect the salary setting, mainly involving the following aspects:

1. Business nature and content of the enterprise. In labor-intensive enterprises, employees mainly engage in simple manual labor, and labor costs account for a large proportion of the total cost; In high-tech enterprises, high-tech employees are dominant, and these employees are engaged in high-tech mental work, so labor costs account for a small proportion of the total cost. The compensation strategies of these two types of enterprises are necessarily different.

2. Corporate organizational culture. Organizational culture has an important influence on salary setting. Enterprises usually formulate some formal or informal salary policies to show their competitive position in the labor market.

3. The enterprise's ability to pay. Successful enterprises tend to pay more than the labor market level. This ability to pay can generally only determine the maximum amount of wages. How to set the salary reasonably needs to consider many other factors.

4. employees. Usually, if an enterprise wants employees to engage in certain behaviors, it must reward them as soon as such behaviors appear. Therefore, the personal performance level of employees is an important factor in salary setting. In addition, the qualifications, experience, potential and skills of employees will also affect the setting of salary.

(2) External factors

External factors also involve many aspects, they are:

1. Regional and industry characteristics. These characteristics also include ethics and values. For example, in an egalitarian society, the level of salary setting will not be very different.

2. Local living standards. With the improvement of local living standards, employees' expectations of personal life will increase, which will cause higher salary pressure for enterprises.

3. National policies and regulations. Many countries and regions have corresponding regulations on the lower limit of salary and gender discrimination.

What is the reason for the wage difference?

Hello! Since the reform and opening up, the income gap among social members has widened. From the perspective of * *, it is its duty to intervene in income distribution and redistribution by necessary means of regulation and standardization, and to curb the income gap, but it is necessary to correctly analyze the income gap and implement targeted adjustment policies. In short, the encouraged income difference needs to be encouraged; Legal income differences should be tolerated as much as possible; The abnormal income gap should be adjusted and suppressed, and the improper income gap should be eliminated vigorously.

First, the reasons for the widening income gap. The reasons for the widening income gap can be analyzed from the following seven aspects:

The first is the income difference caused by the different degree of effort and hardship in honest labor. In the cauldron environment of traditional institutional egalitarianism, "do good and do bad." After the reform and opening up, the overall level of "diligence" has improved, but the relative difference between "diligence" and "laziness" still exists. The new system and mechanism have obviously widened the income gap between "diligence" and "laziness".

The second is the income difference caused by different endowments and abilities. Once some special and scarce abilities and talents, such as the entrepreneurial ability and innovative ability of scientific and technological personnel, are concretized into competitiveness in the market, the expansion of related income differences is often many times higher than the differences brought about by efforts.

The third is the income difference caused by the different state and level of factor possession. Due to various objective reasons, each member of society must be different in terms of capital and real estate, and the resulting income level also exists objectively.

The fourth is the income difference caused by different opportunities. Different people may do the same thing simply because of different time points, and the results are quite different. The opportunity factor is undeniable, and its role is very obvious in some occasions of market economy.

The fifth is the income difference caused by the current system and the system "clear rules". For example, the income of employees in general monopoly industries is significantly higher than that in non-monopoly industries, and the income level of public officials is closely related to their * * * *.

Sixth, the income difference caused by the actual "hidden rules" in the current system and system. This is roughly equivalent to what people generally call "gray income".

The seventh is the income difference caused by illegal activities and corruption. This is equivalent to what people generally call "black income".

Second, the reasons for these differences in income distribution, how much role each factor has played in specific cases of real life, should be analyzed in detail, not generalized, but from the perspective of policy principles and policy rationality, first of all, make clear the policy orientation and optional measures corresponding to each factor.

For getting rich through hard work, policies should be strongly encouraged or mainly encouraged, and only some fine-tuning of redistribution is needed.

For the income difference caused by different factors and opportunities, the policy should be adjusted appropriately, but it should not be "smoothed out". Otherwise, the outflow of factors under the open conditions will be very serious, and the initiative and adventurous spirit needed in the market economy will also be suppressed.

For the income difference caused by the incompleteness and irrationality of the "clear rules" and "hidden rules" of the system, while clearly needing to be adjusted and suppressed, the key is to promote the deepening reform and mechanism transformation (including "paying for the mechanism") with the construction of policies and systems, and to pursue the rationalization and standardization of the system, and then to match it with the necessary redistribution adjustment.

We must resolutely ban and punish the "black income" that violates the law and discipline, pay attention to strengthening the rule of law and system construction from the source, and curb the soil and conditions for the breeding of law and discipline and corruption.

Three. Interpretation of the Decision of the Sixth Plenary Session: How to Standardize the Order of Income Distribution

According to this decision, one of the goals of building a harmonious socialist society by 2020 is to form a reasonable and orderly income distribution pattern. Reasonable refers to the income distribution structure, and orderly refers to the income distribution order. According to this goal, it is decided to put forward the task of standardizing the distribution order while improving the income distribution system. How to take effective measures to regulate the order of income distribution is a common concern of all walks of life, and it is also an important link to maintain social equity.

The breakthrough of distribution system reform lies in breaking the monopoly of industries, departments, enterprises and institutions, and levying high-rate income adjustment tax on high-income groups, with the pursuit of fair primary distribution as the main and secondary distribution as the supplement.

The significance of the reform of the distribution system lies in that it not only solves the unfair phenomenon in the current distribution field, narrows the gap between the rich and the poor, strengthens the motive force of China's economic development, but also activates China & gt.

What is the reason for the difference in direct labor wage rate?

market influence

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What are the factors that cause the differences in wage levels among countries? 50 points

Mainly the exchange rate factor. It's not too much to change dollars into RMB before 6 o'clock, is it? I used to multiply it by eight. But if the renminbi appreciates, exports will not work. China mainly relied on the low exchange rate to boost its economy through exports, just like Japan in those days, which made Japan's economy develop rapidly in 1980s. The low exchange rate makes China's goods competitive in price, while other countries' goods can't compete with China's products at all, so the whole world is made in China. Before China joined the WTO, it had been deliberately keeping the RMB exchange rate down. It is for the sake of China's rapid occupation of the global market and earning the world's money after its entry into WTO that China has so many foreign exchange reserves. In recent years, the United States has been condemning China, and it wants to list China as a currency manipulator. It is because China's cheap labor and cheap goods have squeezed American enterprises, and the rest of the big enterprises have moved to China, leaving American workers unemployed. The United States has no taxes and is heavily in debt.

Apart from discrimination, what other reasons can cause wage differences?

Work ability, education, working hours?

What are the factors that cause the wage difference between industries?

The main factors that cause wage differences among industries are:

(1) Proportion of labor force in industrial sector. (2 points) (2) Geographical location of the industry. (2 points) (3) Technical and economic characteristics of the industry. (2 points) (4) Degree of industrial unionization. (2 points) (5) Population growth rate. (2 points)

Reasons for the Difference of Per Capita Wage among Provinces in China

Regional economic development; Regional development gap; Regional policy; Scientific Development Since the founding of New China, in various historical periods of socialist modernization, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to regional development and successively formulated a series of policies and measures to promote regional development. Especially in recent years, the central government has conscientiously summed up the practice and experience of regional development in China since the reform and opening up, and made major decisions and arrangements for coordinated regional development with the times. After encouraging the eastern region to take the lead in development and implementing the strategy of developing the western region, it has made major decisions such as revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China and promoting the rise of the central region, initially forming a new pattern of coordinated regional development. Under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development and the strategy of promoting regional coordinated development, all regions have a high enthusiasm for accelerating development, and their development vitality and autonomy have been significantly enhanced. On the whole, the regional economic development in China has shown a good trend of rapid growth, improved layout, optimized structure and enhanced coordination, but at the same time, there have also been some major problems that deserve high attention and need to be solved by taking measures. First, correctly handle the relationship between "good" and "fast" and strive to achieve scientific development. In recent years, the "four major sectors" in China's east, west, middle and northeast have shown a strong development momentum. The eastern region persisted in emancipating the mind, speeding up reform and opening up, paying attention to independent innovation, and the economy continued to maintain rapid growth. The infrastructure, investment and financing environment, system and policy environment in the vast central and western regions have improved significantly, and the development ideas have become increasingly clear. Their development vitality is competing with generate, and their self-development ability is significantly enhanced. The growth rate of major economic indicators is close to or faster than that of the eastern region. From the perspective of GDP growth rate, in 2003, the growth gap between the fastest growing eastern region and the slowest northeastern and central regions was 2.57 percentage points; In 2007, the growth rate of Northeast China surpassed that of East China, ranking first among the "four major sectors". The development speed of the central region, which has the slowest growth rate, has also obviously accelerated. The growth gap between the eastern region and the western region is only 0. 1 percentage point, and the gap between the western region and the eastern region has also narrowed to 0.06 percentage point. In recent years, the fastest growth rate is often in some central and western provinces. Judging from the growth of investment, consumption and foreign trade, the growth rate of most indicators in the central and western regions is close to or faster than that in the eastern region. In 2007, the investment in urban fixed assets in the western, northeastern and central regions increased by 28.2%, 33.7% and 33.6% respectively, which were faster than the 19.7% in the eastern region. The total retail sales of social consumer goods and the growth rate of import and export trade in the west, northeast and central regions are also much faster than those in the east. The above-mentioned new changes reflect the enhanced coordination of current regional development, which is of positive significance for gradually narrowing the regional development gap. At present, all regions are thoroughly implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and striving to achieve sound and rapid economic and social development. In economic development, all localities pay more attention to people-oriented, improve people's livelihood, pay more attention to ecological construction and environmental protection, and promote harmony between man and nature. "GDP is pollution-free" and "green mountains and green waters are more important to economic growth" have gradually become the knowledge of the whole society. However, we should also see that at present, a considerable number of regions still focus on GDP, with the word "fast" as the main word, and overemphasize GDP growth and fiscal revenue growth. The reason is not unrelated to the current performance appraisal system and fiscal and taxation system. Some underdeveloped areas believe that only speed is "fast" to narrow the regional development gap and achieve catch-up development, and there is no "good" without "fast". Seek "fast" first, then consider "good" There are also some economically developed areas that believe that to maintain their development advantages, they must have a relatively fast growth rate. Therefore, under the current system, there are still many areas that put the pursuit of rapid economic growth at the top of their economic work and still insist on GDP first. The desire of all localities to accelerate development is good, and we should always pay attention to mobilizing and protecting the enthusiasm of local development. But this development must be scientific. According to the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development, we should always put the word "good" in the first place, strive to realize the transformation of economic development from "fast and good" to "good and fast", and truly embark on the track of scientific development and sustainable development. At present, according to the requirements of controlling aggregate, stabilizing prices, adjusting structure and promoting balance, the primary task of macro-control should be to prevent rapid economic growth from becoming overheated and structural price increase from becoming obvious inflation. Focusing on changing the mode of economic development, actively promoting reform, opening up and independent innovation, focusing on optimizing the economic structure and improving the quality of economic growth, earnestly strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction and ecological environment protection, paying more attention to people-oriented, improving people's livelihood, promoting social harmony and promoting sound and rapid development of the national economy. At the same time, we should start with the system and mechanism ... >>

Reasons for the formation of income gap

The widening income gap and different understanding of its causes have led people to reflect on the "marketization" reform, or even deny it in the name of reflection. The causes of the income gap and its relationship with marketization may need further study, and the simplified judgment may be biased. This involves two aspects: First, what are the main reasons for the widening income gap of China residents? Second, is there any particularity of marketization in China, and how do these characteristics affect the widening income gap?

In the process of China's economic reform, the income gap between residents is widening, which is determined by the original intention of the reform to some extent. Because the starting point of China's economic reform is the highly egalitarian distribution system, which leads to the low efficiency of economic operation, which is different from the economic development model of some small countries. In the process of reform, the driving force of China's economic growth is not how to mobilize various resources to participate in the economic growth process, but to try to improve the utilization efficiency of resources through the change of incentive mechanism. The most typical performance is to improve labor productivity by establishing differential wage system or labor distribution system. To some extent, this reform has corrected the unfair phenomena existing in the income distribution system before the reform, such as the intergenerational inequality of income distribution caused by long-term wage freeze, the gap between urban and rural areas caused by the unequal exchange of workers and peasants' products, and the income in kind and welfare subsidies distributed according to status grades. Compared with the traditional system, the widening income gap in the process of market-oriented reform is, to a certain extent, a revision of the irrationality in the original system and a manifestation of the concealed de facto inequality in the original system. In the process of reform, market mechanism plays an increasingly important role in income distribution.

In income determination, the characteristic factors of personal productivity, such as human capital such as education, play an increasingly important role. This is not only reflected in the rising rate of return on education, but also in the fact that the difference between education level and rate of return on education explains the overall income gap more and more.

People's dissatisfaction with the widening income gap caused by marketization generally comes from the following aspects: in the process of marketization, unemployment and layoffs have appeared, so some people have been excluded from economic growth, unable to share the fruits of economic growth, and even the income level has dropped absolutely, becoming new poor groups; In the process of marketization, especially in recent years, the rising prices of medical care, education and housing, which are closely related to people's lives, constitute a major pressure on residents' living expenses, and this change is also considered to be caused by market-oriented reform; More serious corruption has appeared in the process of marketization; In the process of marketization, there is a lack of due protection for the poor and vulnerable people; The result of income distribution shows the trend of widening income gap in the process of marketization; Wait a minute.

It is true that these phenomena are related to the market-oriented reform, but at the same time, we should also see that some of these problems are not the inevitable result of marketization, but are caused by imperfect market system or special market-oriented methods. Although the market-oriented reform in China has been going on for nearly 30 years, there is still no accurate understanding of what marketization is. From a practical point of view, the understanding of marketization may usually emphasize the monetary relationship of goods and the monetary price adjustment of economic relations. From the economic point of view, there are many structural forms of the market, and the price determination mechanism formed by different structural markets has different effects on social welfare. In a perfectly competitive market structure, both individual buyers and sellers are price recipients, and neither party can make a profit by manipulating prices; Factors of production are fully mobile, and there are no barriers to entry or exit between different industries and different markets; There is no information barrier between the two parties to the transaction.

Therefore, both parties, including individual buyers and sellers, are in an equal position in the transaction process. This feature is inconsistent with many aspects of China's economic reform. In some aspects, due to the interference of interest groups, the market structure is deliberately distorted, and the welfare and interests of the weak party in the transaction are seized by the strong party in the name of "fair trade". Some monopoly industries not only seize high monopoly profits through their monopoly position, but even let the state or the whole people pay for their improper operation and business risks. Therefore, the market-oriented reform can not simply emphasize the role of market mechanism in resource allocation, nor can it simply be attributed to price adjustment, but should refer to the "perfect competition" market structure, and only this kind of competition mechanism can form fairness. & gt

What is the main reason for the big pay gap in the industry?

Reprint the following information for reference:

The explanation of industry wage difference in foreign literatures can be summarized into two factors: the competitive factors in the labor market (including human capital compensable factor, negative labor effect factors, etc.). ) and non-competitive factors (including efficiency wage system, trade union factors, institutional factors, etc. Domestic literature mostly explains this as a non-competitive factor, focusing on the analysis of the impact of institutional factors on the wage gap in the industry. It is believed that monopoly (ownership monopoly) is the main reason for the wage difference in the industry.

It is found that the influencing factors of industrial wage gap are economic growth rate (GDP) and industrial monopoly (the proportion of state-owned economic components). Jin Yuguo (2004) verified his monopoly hypothesis with Granger causality test, and concluded that the wage level of an industry depends on the relative monopoly degree of the industry (the proportion of state-owned economic components). Chen Yi's (2005) research also confirmed that different proportions of state-owned economic components in enterprises will lead to great differences in wage levels. He deeply analyzed the influence of enterprise ownership on the wage difference, and came to the conclusion that there is a big wage difference between state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises in China, which comes from the difference of ownership and working hours, rather than the difference of personal characteristics. The wage difference between central and local state-owned enterprises and urban collective enterprises is the result of the joint action of ownership effect and the characteristics of different workers, and the wage difference between central and local state-owned enterprises is entirely due to ownership effect. The wage difference between local state-owned enterprises, urban collective enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises is mainly caused by pure ownership effect.

As for the influence of other institutional factors, such as trade unions and wage distribution system, few domestic scholars have studied it, while more foreign scholars have studied it. Australian scholar Waddoups, C. Jeffrey(2005) studied the influence of domestic trade unions. Based on the fact that the number of trade unions in Australia has gradually decreased since 1990s, the author finds that the influence of trade unions on wages is weakening by analyzing the data since 1993, and the wage difference between trade unions and non-trade union enterprises is very small, which is no longer related to the degree of trade unions. Garino, Gaiaa and Martin(2000) studied the influence of efficiency wage system on wage difference. They combined the efficiency wage system with the trade union negotiation theory and established a wage determination model. It is found that when the efficiency wage effect exists, the increase of monopoly power in commodity market will have a stronger impact on wages and widen the wage gap.

Regarding the influence of competitive factors on the wage gap in industries, Chinese scholars' research generally shows that human capital is not the main reason for the wage gap in industries. For example, Xu Linqing (2004) analyzed the influence of education on industry wages, and found that industry wage differences could not be explained by the characteristics of human capital, and gender employment tendency could not reveal industry wage differences. Wang's research shows that the influence of education on industry wages is different in different provinces. However, Zhong Chunping's (2004) research shows that the degree of technological innovation in the industry is one of the main reasons for the wage gap in the industry. Using Schumpeter's innovation theory, he analyzed the causes of the industry wage gap from the perspective of technological innovation, and concluded that the number of patent applications by residents has the same changing relationship with the industry wage gap.