1, Liu:

Farewell, nostalgia, wishes.

In ancient poetry, parting is often associated with willow trees to express farewell. The reason is that there is an isomorphic relationship between them, and the swaying form of weak willow branches can convey the departure of relatives and friends.

The feeling of "reluctant to part" when leaving; Because of the homophonic sound of "willow" and "willow", the ancients often used folding willows to express their deep feelings of farewell. What's more, because Liu Zhiyi lives a good life, he pinned his good wishes on sending others away.

Example 1: Li Bai's "Smelling the flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night": "The sound of the jade emperor flying secretly, scattered into the spring breeze. Who can't afford to be homesick when they hear the willow break in this nocturne? " This poem is based on Yuefu's "Cross Blowing Song and Folding Willow Song", "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will fold Yang Liuzhi. Playing the flute on the bench and worrying about killing travelers is very poetic. ""who can't afford to miss home? "I heard the tune of" Folding Willow "tonight. Who doesn't miss my hometown?"

Example 2: Li Bai's Memories of Qin E: "The flute sounds like swallowing, and Qin E dreams of breaking Qin Louyue. Qin Louyue, Liuse every year, Fuling is injured. " The custom of breaking willows to bid farewell flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Baling Bridge in Xi 'an was the only place for people to leave Chang 'an when they went to all parts of the country, surrounded by willows on both sides of Baling Bridge, which became a famous place for the ancients to fold willows to bid farewell. Later generations took "Baqiao Folding Willow" as the source of farewell allusions. Therefore, there are poems in the text, "Qingyang is more separated from strangers." In "Lin Yuling", Liu Yong expresses the sadness of parting with "Where to wake up after drinking tonight, Yang Liuan, where the wind is resting". Since the story of breaking willow at Baqiao Bridge, willow and parting seem to have some inevitable connection.

Example 3: Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er Shi An Xi": "Weicheng is rainy and dusty, and the guest house is green and willow."

Example 4: Zhou Bangyan's "Warrior Lanling Willow": "The willow shade is straight, and the smoke is bright. On the Sui Dyke, I have seen it several times, and the water fluttered and the cotton was sent away. Looking at the old country, who knows, Jinghua is tired. Changting Road, which came last year, should be flexible across thousands of feet.

Example 5: The poem "Farewell" reads: "The willows are green and the flowers are flying all over the sky. The wicker is broken and the flowers are flying. Will pedestrians come back? " The formation of this special image of willow is the product of historical and cultural accumulation, which is regulated and restricted by national culture and national psychology and has certain conventions.

★ There are many images like "Liu" in China's classical poems. These things have been endowed with certain connotations by China culture in the long historical process. For example, among the three friends, Song was endowed with resolute and upright character by Chinese culture, bamboo was endowed with upright and upright integrity, plum blossom was endowed with the spirit of fighting snow proudly, narcissus was the symbol of ice and jade, and Du Fu represented the tragic atmosphere. Appreciating ancient poetry requires understanding the unique cultural connotation of these things. As we all know, the creation of poetry is very subtle and concise. Poets' lyricism is often not the direct expression of feelings, nor the direct indoctrination of ideas, but the expression of one thing at a time. When writing about scenery, they express their feelings with scenery, and when singing about things, they express their feelings. The "scenery" and "things" written here are objective "images"; The "emotion" expressed by borrowing scenery and the "ambition" expressed by chanting things are subjective "intentions"; The perfect combination of "image" and "meaning" is "image" It is not only a portrayal of real life, but also the crystallization of the poet's aesthetic creation and the carrier of his emotional thoughts. The cleverness of a poet often lies in his ability to create an image or a group of novels to express his feelings implicitly. On the other hand, only in the process of understanding the meaning of images can readers grasp the content of poetry, understand the theme of poetry, enter the artistic conception of poetry and perceive the poet's emotions. Therefore, the reading appreciation of poetry must be based on the interpretation of poetic images and the familiarity of poetic images.

Attachment: Willow: Sad feelings

Willows pile up smoke: it can trigger the past, and is often used to express the feeling of ups and downs. The setting sun is deserted, leaving a weeping willow bent over. )

2. plum blossom

Plum blossoms bloom cold first, and then blossom fragrant. Therefore, plum blossoms, like chrysanthemums, are admired and praised by poets. By the Tang and Song Dynasties, plum blossom had become a symbol of noble personality. Throughout the previous generation of poetry, the meanings expressed by the image of "plum blossom" mainly include:

(1) The courage to be the first in the world.

Example 1: Plum Blossom by Chen Liang in Song Dynasty: "A flower changes suddenly first, and ten thousand flowers are fragrant later." The poet grasped the characteristic that plum blossoms are the first to bloom, and wrote the quality of being the first in the world and not afraid of setbacks. This is not only Yongmei, but also praising himself.

Example 2: Mao Zedong's "Yongmei" "Wind and rain send spring home, flying snow welcomes spring ..."

(2) cold ling's unyielding toughness

Example 1: Lu Meipo's Xue Mei: "The snow in Mei Xu Xun is white, but the snow has lost a piece of plum fragrance." It can be seen that plum blossom is proud, and it also acts as the messenger of spring.

Example 2: Zhang said that the poem "Early Plum" said: "A tree with cold plum and white jade is near the bridge. I don't know if the water came first, but it is suspected that it was not sold after the winter snow. " Xu Hun's "Early Plum" also said: "Suli Snow Tree." Cold plum blossom hair, jade as snow, "I know from a distance that it is not snow, because it has fragrance."

Example 3: Li Shangyin's "Plum Blossoms in Mid-November": "The winding path is secluded and not fragrant. Chang 'e is accompanied by moonlight, looking indifferent; Blue jade girl is colder than frost. Empty hands full of plum blossoms, but I don't know where to send them; And plum blossom's sad parting happened to meet me, heartbroken. Don't save it as a miss for who becomes a morning show. "Even if the girl wants to destroy the plum blossom with frost, the plum blossom that opens prematurely is still graceful and beautiful, which shows its pride.

Example 4: Yang Yi's "Youth Tour" is the first film "There are things in the south of the Yangtze River, the water is light and the clouds are light, and the snow is full of thousands of villages. Chihiro Cuiling, the fragrant branches are handed back to people. " In the snow in Xun Mei, I got the message of spring from plum blossoms. With the vast south of the Yangtze River as the background, the poet vividly showed the spirit of Mei Aoxue. Plum blossoms in the snow are not only white as snow, clear and elegant, but also messengers of spring and warm messengers!

(3) noble and refined, don't go along with others.

Mr. Lu Xun once brilliantly compared plum blossoms: "China is really like a plum tree. It looks like it is aging and decaying, and suddenly one or two new buds appear, and it has returned to the scene of flowers and lush green leaves. " He also had him stamped with a stone seal of "only plum blossom is a bosom friend" to express his noble sentiments. It can be seen that plum blossom is different from other flowers in the eyes of China literati, and its nobility is even more unusual.

Example 1: Plum Blossom Falls by Bao Zhao in the Southern Dynasties: "There are many trees in the court, and they are partial to children's flattery. Why are you alone? Frost can blossom and dew can solidify. Shake off the spring breeze, charm the spring day and miss the cold wind, but there is frost without frost. "The plum described by the poet here is a noble and broad-minded saint. By comparing the cold-resistant plum blossom with the weak and crumbling miscellaneous wood, it expresses contempt for the literati with low moral integrity and praise for the broad-minded sages.

Example 2: In Yuan Dynasty, Guan Yunshi's "Double Tunes: Qingjiang River Connecting with Yongmei (I)": "The southern branch breaks its core at night, releasing the news of spring. It's better to have sex with Xueyue, and don't mess with the bees and butterflies. There is a season of fragrance in the dream. " The plum blossoms in his works are lonely and pure without attracting bees and butterflies.

Example 3: Madam Hou, a maid-in-waiting in the Sui Dynasty, "Looking at Plum Blossoms in Spring (Part II)": "The fragrance is cool and cold, who cares about innocence? Yu Mei thanked Sun and came, and scattered in the spring with the group. " The word "naive" is not only the poet's high evaluation of plum blossom, but also the poet's self-evaluation. The author is a narcissistic beauty, and both of them are naive, so both the poet and Yu Mei have become noble images.

Example 4: The conclusion of Fang Ting Man by Li Qingzhao, a poetess in the Song Dynasty: "It's a long story, the moon is bright at night, and the shadows are still romantic." Praise a noble spiritual character who is still aloof after suffering and tribulation and full of confidence in life at the age of 20.

Example 5: Lu You's famous sentence "Yongmei" says: "Everything is mashed into mud and ground into dust, but only fragrance remains." Plum blossom is used to describe a person's unfortunate experience of being destroyed and his noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow.

Example 6: Mo Mei by Wang Mian in Yuan Dynasty: "Don't praise lewdness, just leave the air full of dry Kun." It is also the plum blossom that shows that it is unwilling to go with the flow, shallow and profound.

As can be seen from the above examples, the literati of past dynasties affirmed the nobility and narcissism of plum blossom, and it also had its value as a pursuit of life.

(4) The symbol of hermit's comfort.

When the poet is frustrated, he feels unhappy in the world and influenced by the carefree philosophy of Taoism. Therefore, he yearns for a clean and uncontested life, and plum blossom also has the image of a hermit.

Example 1: Zhang Kejiu's "Yue Diao Jing Tian Sha Lu Qing An Zhong": "Moss and ancient trees are rustling, and clouds are far away. Momijiyama Zhai Xiaoxiao, who has been there? Tan Meiren crossed the bridge. " The poet led us into seclusion, but it was crisp in autumn, so there was no such thing as "visiting Mei". In fact, this "Mei" is Lu Qing, a hermit as noble as Mei. Mei is not as good as a hermit, and a hermit is also Mei.

Example 2: Xiao Dezao's "Ancient Beauty" (the second part): "The moss withers for a hundred years, and the old branches are provided in March and February. I can't hear the flute on the cliff, but I'm afraid the bees will know it in the cold. " There are few Gu Mei tree flowers in the author's works, but he is still afraid of being known by bees at dusk in winter, and his indifferent and quiet life will be destroyed, so he can sing alone with plum blossoms to cover up his last ambition.

Example 3: Fang Yue's Dream of Xun Mei: "The wild classics are hidden in the hermit's house, and the sand branches on the shore follow the stream slope. Horseshoe snow is six thousand miles, and mountain pass flowers are three or four. The yellow leaves hold the fence and bury the grass, and the green light stews the mulberry and taro. A lifetime of misty rain, not dreaming of golden martens. " The beginning of the poem introduces an elegant and quiet background, and the winding path leads to Yin's home, which is the poet's ideal life. The so-called Xun Mei means seeking seclusion.

Example 4: Read the words in Shu Meiying Ying carefully: "Remember dreams, the paper account is incomplete, and it depends on a few branches." Song people made plum blossom paper accounts for hermits to use. The lamp has burned out, according to the thin shadow of several plum blossoms on the paper account. Such a quiet life can only be enjoyed by hermits.

(5) The beauty of Leng Yan

Plum blossoms have the image of "the beauty of frost and snow" since ancient times. Liu Zongyuan's "Dragon City" recorded the legend of plum blossom. Cho Se Ung, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, saw a beauty with plain makeup in Luofu Mountain in the cold winter, and this woman was plum blossom. Therefore, later generations often compare plum blossom to beauty, not only because it has a beautiful figure, but also because it has a cold and elegant beauty.

Example 1: Zhang Yu's "Zhonglu Xi Chun Lai": "It's three years, Bing Yin's birthday, except for the night, Yu Shan Zhou Fu: Jiang Mei Caotang, stone wrasse splashing jade sand, Waou Peng bottom to send the years away. Ask the Twilight Crow where Arjun's home is. " The word "de" in the poem describes that plum blossoms still look bright and dazzling in the twilight, and also reflects the gray-yellow huts with an air. In ancient times, "virtue" also refers to the red spots decorated on women's faces. "Ming Zhen Shi" says: "Note the face with Dan." Fu Cheng's "Poem on Flowers in a Mirror" also said: "Point and double as a gesture." It can be seen that plum blossom is like a bright red dot on a beauty's cheek, which adds icing on the cake to the beauty of plum blossom.

Example 2: The Yellow Bell by Zhang Kejiu. Man, Moon, Circle, Snow and Tiger Hill says: "Plum blossoms are as muddy as a real face, leaving me to lean on." In the poem, "truth" refers to the beauty's appearance, which was found in the beauty painted by a god in "Tai Ping Guang Ji". Painter ".

Example 3: Wu's "The Giver": "Hemp clothes are like plums in the snow, with smiles and dreams. If you go to Yuexi to meet Yue Nv, the red lotus pond will open white lotus. " In the poem, "Ma Ru Xue" uses the sentences in the Book of Songs. Cao Feng. Mayflies are borrowed here to describe white dresses worn by women. After describing women's clothing, the poet compares the posture and charm of women with the elegant and simple Bai Mei, which is vivid.

Example 4: Su Shi's Ding Feng Hong Mei: "It's not appropriate to feel sorry for yourself when sleeping. I occasionally make a small red peach apricot, elegant and elegant, and I am still lonely and thin. " This is the first film in the world. From the beginning, it was anthropomorphic, with flowers as beautiful as flowers and beautiful as flowers, full of affection. Because it opened "late", it was placed with peaches and apricots. Plum blossoms are born pure and pure. How can they blend into the colorful crowd? So "disguised as a disguise" is full of beauty and spirit.

Example 5: Jiang Kui's Thin Shadow: "I want to wear a ring and come back on a moonlit night, becoming a lonely flower." Writing that Wang Zhaojun returns to his soul on a moonlit night adds flesh and blood to the plum blossom image. "When the guests meet, the hedge corner is dusk, and there is nothing to say by leaning on the bamboo." Du Fu's poem "Beauty": "Who is cuter than her? However, she lives alone in an empty valley. ..... She forgot the thin silk sleeves and the cold, and leaned on a tall bamboo, bathing in the sunset. " This beautiful woman is the poet's ideal artistic image. (In fact, this word has five allusions and five women. Here are just two examples. )

(6) the media to convey emotions and blessings

Plum blossom has become the messenger of spring and a tool to convey friendship.

Example 1: Lu Kai of the Southern Dynasties gave Ye Fan: "Fold flowers and mail them to the leading family. There is nothing in Jiangnan, and I will chat for a spring. " Fold the plum blossom and give it to a friend just to express appreciation for its plum blossom-like character. At the same time, it also contains feelings of comforting friends, which indicates that spring will also come to the north in the near future. My feelings for my friends are also like plum blossoms, although they are cold and never fade. Quite a sense of loyalty. Folding plums for books is also a manifestation of the poet's elegant sentiment.

Example 2: the folk song "Xizhou Qu" in the Southern Dynasties: "Recall the trip to Messi Island and send her to Jiangbei."

Since then, "Plum Blossom Messenger" has become the reputation of postal service, and "Yimei" has become the nickname of post office. "Plum blossom date" refers to a date with a good friend.

Example 3: Wang Anshi's Plum Blossom: "When the post is posted, you can post one yourself." "He Shicheng thanked Zhang for sending three kinds of plums to Meitai": "Give them away with your diligent hands, and don't want to be alone before flowers." Inheriting this image, plum blossom became a symbol of friendship. After seeing friends off, plum blossom gradually represents an emotion. When the poet saw plum blossoms, he couldn't help thinking of his friends far away.

Example 4: Su Shi's "Two Rhymes Yang Gongji Presents Plum Blossoms": "The frost branches in the north of the mountain are the most tolerant, and the cold keeps the king." Zhang Shunmin: "Traveling far for the visitors from the north of the mountain, stealing information from Dong Jun. The aroma is lighter than that of the new brew, and the mood is as heavy as an old friend. Mo Wen has nothing on the boat. He is anxious to find a cup. "

There are also expressions of love for friends and lovers.

Example 5: Zhu Song's "Drinking Plums for Guests": "And before getting drunk with this flower, it is better to send similar worries."

Example 6: Zhu's "Seeing Mei on Qingjiang Road": "He dreams for a thousand years, who will miss you?"

Example 7: Su Shi's "Xijiang Moon": "jade bone's melancholy fog, ice muscle has its own fairy wind. The sea fairy hangs her green hair upside down when she sends out a fragrant cluster. The plain face is too powder, and the red lips do not fade when washing makeup. High emotions have driven Xiaoyun empty, not a dream companion pear flower. " All reveal the feeling of long-lost love.

Of course, plum blossom is also a medium to convey blessings between people.

Example 8: The Book of Songs. Call the south. "Plum-holding": "Plum-holding is actually seven Xi. Please don't delay my young people's good day. Plums fell to the ground with only three branches. I have a heart to ask my young man not to wait any longer today. Plums fall to the ground, dustpan will dustpan. Please call me a scholar. " The following is the story of "throwing plum to propose marriage". In ancient times, plums were often regarded as "the fruit of matchmakers". Biography: "Mei media are simultaneous, so the poet is excited to see Mei." Ex. 9: It is said that after her husband died, Li Qingzhao had a couplet: "The widow of Dumei in winter", and then a widowed scholar said: "The first spring in Xinglin." The two hit it off and became lifelong partners.

The maturity of plum also symbolizes a girl's desire for love.

Example 10: For example, "Looking back at the door, I smell my childhood" (Li Qingzhao's "Dianjiang Lip")

The five-petal plum blossom shape represents "Mei Kai Five Blessingg", that is, "happiness, luck, longevity, smoothness and peace." There is also a saying that "Mei has four virtues": "Life is yuan, flowers are constant, fruits are profitable, and maturity is festival." The patterns of magpies chirping merrily on the branches of plum blossoms are often labeled as "Happy Early Spring", "Happy Spring", "Happy Eyebrow" and "Happy Eyebrow". "Harmony and beauty" and "perfection" are also homophones. "Double happiness of bamboo and plum" is often used to greet new people.

★ Geographical habit and cultural connotation of plum blossom

(1) There are many legends of plum blossoms on Dayu Mountain in Jiangxi Province, so it is called Meiling. The ancients thought that this ridge was the dividing line between the north and the south, because it was said that the northern wild goose south returned here in October and never crossed the ridge again. On the wall of an inn in the north of Dayu Mountain, the inscription of Song Wenzhi is engraved: It is said that the geese fly south and return this month.

(2) Yang Yi's Youth Tour: "Chihiro Cuiling, a stick of incense, people all the way." The "Cuiling" here also refers to Meiling, which is located at the junction of Guangdong and Jiangxi. According to legend, Zhang Jiuling is the phase, which makes people dig new roads and plant plums along the way, hence the name.

(3) Therefore, people in Meiling are far away in a foreign land. If they see plum blossoms, they will evoke infinite homesickness and homesickness. This is the case with Zhu Song's "Answering the Views of the Forest" and "Plum Blossom Poetry".

(4) Due to the wide origin of plum blossom, there are wild plum blossoms in Xizang Autonomous Region, Southwest China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and even Taiwan Province Province. So there is a symbol of "national integration". During the Revolution of 1911, Five Blessingg in Plum Blossoms also symbolized the great unity of the five major nationalities: Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan.

(5) Plum blossoms are drought-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging, loving the sun and forgetting the shade. Therefore, plum blossoms always stand on high places, facing the sun and the light. "Red plum praise" came from this.

(6) Plum blossoms are barren-tolerant, adaptable to all kinds of soils, especially resistant to shaping, pruning and root cancer, free from the harm of root-knot nematodes, rarely causing other destructive pests and diseases, and flower buds are easy to differentiate. Therefore, plums have become a long-lived tree species, which makes people feel like a crane with a young face and a dead tree in spring.

3. Chrysanthemum

Noble, pure, noble, loyal, strong and tenacious.

Although Chrysanthemum can't be compared with peony, nor can it be compared with orchid, which is worth a hundred times, as the flower of Ao Shuang, it has always been favored by literati. Some people praise its strong character, others appreciate its lofty temperament, and all use chrysanthemums to express the poet's spiritual quality. The chrysanthemum here has undoubtedly become a portrayal of the poet's personality.

Exodus 1: Qu Yuan's Lisao: "Drink Mulan dew in the morning, and autumn chrysanthemum will stay in England at night." The poet symbolizes his noble character by drinking dew and eating flowers.

Example 2: Chrysanthemum by Yuan Zhen in Tang Dynasty: "Autumn bushes are like potters, and the fence is gradually inclined. It's not that chrysanthemums are preferred in flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless. " Expressed the poet's pursuit of firmness and noble character.

Example 3: Zheng Song Xiao Si's Cold Chrysanthemum "It is better to hold the incense on the branch and die than to blow it into the flowers."

Example 4: Song Fan Chengda's "Two Chrysanthemums after Double Ninth Festival" "The dew is wet in the lonely east, and the front gold ytterbium shines on the sediment."

Example 5: There is a phrase in Mao Zedong's "Picking Mulberry on Chongyang", which puts chrysanthemums in a war environment, and the word "exceptionally fragrant" highlights Mao Zedong's revolutionary optimism.

4 pine and cypress

Lonely, straight, tenacious and noble.

"The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" said: "When the cold comes and the summer goes, you will know that the pine and cypress will decline." Later poems often use pine and cypress to symbolize loneliness, straightness and coldness.

Example 1: Liu Yuxi: "Later, wealth faded, and cold pines and cypresses still existed."

Exodus 2: Li Shanpu: "A solitary trace appears in the snow, and it is heard in the whistling wind. It's really embarrassing for Tao Li to denigrate her. The vines are not a group. "

Exodus 3: Li Bai's "Giving Books to Serve Huang Shang": "Look at the pine, be careful not to be peaches and plums." Wei always flatters powerful people, and Li Bai writes poems to persuade him to be an upright person.

Exodus 4: Serina Liu in the Three Kingdoms gave his brother: "Don't suffer from cold, pine and cypress are sexual." The poet used this sentence to encourage his cousin to be as loyal as sending pines and cypresses, and to maintain noble quality under any circumstances.

Example 5: Chen Yi: The heavy snow is heavy and the pine stands upright. You should know that pine trees are noble and noble before melting.

5 Lotus

love

Because "lotus" and "pity" are homonyms, there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love.

Example 1: Western Zhou Song by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties: "Lotus is picked in autumn in Nantang, and the lotus is over the head; Bow your head to get lotus seeds, which are as green as water. " Lotus seed means Reiko Kobayakawa, and green means affection. There are both real and imaginary here, which means pun. The rhetorical device of homophonic pun is used to express a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love.

Example 2: Thirty-five songs in Jin's "Forty-two Midnight Songs": "Fog dew hibiscus, lotus is not clear." The dew in the fog hides the true face of the lotus, but the lotus leaf is not very clear. This is also a way of homophonic pun, writing about a woman who vaguely feels that the man loves her.

6 Wu Tong

depressed

The Indus River is a symbol of desolation and sadness. Ancient China literati had a feeling of "sorrowful autumn". Among the four seasons, everything withers in autumn, which is the most likely to cause people's sadness. Sycamore tree is a typical deciduous tree, "look forward to autumn first", the so-called "one leaf falls to know the autumn on earth". Therefore, writing sad autumn with phoenix tree has become a common technique used by the ancients.

Example 1: For example, Wang Changling's "Chang Xin Qiu Ci" says: "Jin Jing Wu Tong Huang Ye Qiu, the bead curtain does not roll frost at night. The smoked jade pillow has no color, and you can listen to the Nangong for a long time. " It is about a girl who is deprived of youth, freedom and happiness. In a desolate and lonely palace, she lay alone, listening to the palace leak. The first sentence of the poem begins with a phoenix tree with yellow leaves by the well, which sets off a bleak and cold atmosphere.

Example 2: Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow: "Peach and plum blossom, spring breeze blows, autumn rain falls." The cold rain in autumn hits the plane blades, which makes people miserable.

Example 3: Li Yu's "Welcome to Huan": "Solitary phoenix tree, deep courtyard locks clear autumn."

Example 4: The text "More Leaky" says: "The plane tree, which rains in the middle of the night, never leaves its feelings, and leaves a sound, and the empty steps fall to light."

Example 5: Ren Yuan Xu is thinking about "Double Narcissus Night Rain": "A sound of Ye Qiu, a little banana and a little sorrow, dreamed for three nights." Use buttonwood leaves to fall, rain to hit banana, and write down all your worries.

Example 6: Li Qingzhao's "The Sound is Slow" "The phoenix tree is raining and dripping at dusk."

7 grass:

Exuberant vitality, endless hope, desolation and remoteness, and hatred of humble status and status.

(1) Cao Fang

In Chinese classical poetry, metaphor is separated from hate.

Example 1: "Songs of the South Enlighten the Hidden Land": "Wang Sun swims without returning, and spring grass grows." "Lush" means lush spring grass. Spring grass is lush, spring scenery is sultry, and Iraqis have not returned, which inevitably makes homesick women stay upstairs.

Example 2: Yuefu's "Hege Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave" and "Grass by the Qinghe River in Philip Burkart Road" stand up with "grass by the Qingqing River" to express your thoughts about the Iraqis in the distance.

Example 3: Bai Juyi's Farewell to Ancient Grass: Wildfire will not devour them, but they will grow taller again in the spring breeze. Sweet they are on the old highway, and Cui Jing meets the desert city. "

Exodus 4: Li Yu's Qing Ping Le: "Being away from hate is like spring grass, you can go further and live better." With endless spring grass, far away from the horizon, it is a metaphor for the sadness of parting.

(2) lush vegetation

Use the prosperity of vegetation to contrast the desolation to express the ups and downs of feelings.

Example 1: "After the spring breeze is ten miles, the wheat will be green." (Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow") The spring breeze is ten miles, and Yangzhou Road, which was once very prosperous, is now full of green wheat and desolate.

Example 2: "The old garden is barren, the willow is dark and the flowers are bright, and the ling singing does not win the spring." The willows in the wasteland of the old garden of Wu State have sprouted new branches (desolation). Looking back, it is more beautiful than when the song and dance were crowing in spring. Here, lush willows set off desolation.

Example 3: "In spring, the grass is green and the birds are singing and the flowers are fragrant." A generation of sages and their achievements have disappeared. Now, only the grass reflected by the green stone steps gives birth to spring scenery every year (spring scenery is beautiful), and the oriole makes this beautiful cry in vain. The poet lamented that the past was empty and deeply regretted.

Example 4: "There are flowers beside the Suzaku Bridge, and the sunset is oblique at the entrance of Wuyi Lane." (Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane) The former prosperity of Zhuque Bridge has disappeared, and the bridge has been covered with weeds and wild flowers. Wuyi Lane has lost its former grandeur, and the sunset reflects the ruin and desolation.

8.bananas

Loneliness, sadness, separation and desolation

Often associated with loneliness and sadness, especially parting. In the south, there is the joy of bamboo and silk "rain hits banana" and the sad sound.

Example 1: Li Qingzhao: "whose window is planted with banana trees, it is full of shade." Yin is full of hearts, leaves are warm, and books are full of feelings. " Pour out sadness and melancholy and complain about bananas.

Example 2: Wu Wenying's Tang Duoling: "Where do you synthesize sadness? Leave people's hearts to autumn. Plant a banana and it will be chilly if it doesn't rain. "

Example 3: Ge Shengchong's "Red Lips": "How many idle worries, dreaming of banana rain." It's sad enough that the rain hits the banana. This is a corner, a farewell place. The dream soul chasing rain on banana leaves is even more sad.

9. adzuki bean

Love, lovesickness

Red beans are acacia beans, which refer to the keepsake of love between men and women. Zhou Nan's story is called Sea Red Bean, which is recorded in history as "from the garden of Nanhai people". Herbal medicine calls it "acacia".

Example 1: Wang Wei's "Acacia" poem: "When those red berries come in spring, they blush on your southern branches; For me, take a hug home as a symbol of our love. " The poet expressed his affection for his friends through red beans born in the south.

Example 2: Zhu Yizun's Wang Huaijin and Shi Yu: "Sitting on the bed of red beans, I miss you every day." That is, I sleep under the acacia tree every day and miss Wang Jinshi.

10, cardamom

This girl is beautiful, pure and elegant.

Cardamom is a perennial herb.

For example, Du Mu's "Farewell": "The flowers are more than thirteen, and the cardamom is in early February." Later known as the age of thirteen or fourteen.

1 1, bamboo

Honesty, firmness, tenacity, indomitable, fearless of adversity, noble and modest.

Slim and graceful, tall and straight, Bai Juyi won the love and praise of ancient and modern poets for his character of "frost and snow but not withering, evergreen all the year round" in Bamboo Cultivation. He used bamboo to describe life and virtue to cultivate himself: "Bamboo is like a saint, so why not?" Bamboo is solid, solid with tree virtue, and when a gentleman sees it, he thinks good and makes it. Bamboo is straight, standing straight; A gentleman sees his nature and thinks of it. Bamboo heart is empty, empty as a shell; A gentleman sees the heart and thinks empty. Bamboo knot, chastity, perseverance; When a gentleman sees his festival, he struggles for fame and fortune, which is consistent with danger. If the husband is like this, there are many real gentlemen. "

Example 1: Zhang Jiuling's poem "Yellow Crane Road, Shi Yu and Zhu Yong" succinctly praises: "People with lofty ideals care about each other, and they are known to the world."

Example 2: There is a famous chant for bamboo in Su Shi's "The Land of the Imperial Monk": "Eating without meat is better than living without bamboo. No meat makes people thin, no bamboo makes people vulgar. People are thin and fat, but ordinary people are incurable. " Regard bamboo as the highest symbol of celebrity style.

Example 3: Zheng Banqiao sang and painted bamboo all his life, leaving many beautiful sentences about bamboo, such as: "Insist that the green hills are not relaxed, and the roots are broken rocks. A thousand blows are still strong, and the wind is east, west, north and south. " Praise the indomitable character and indomitable nature of bamboo standing in the rocks.

12, Xiaomi Li.

Feel sorry and sad for the rise and fall of the country in the past.

Canon out of the book of songs, Feng Wang, millet from. According to legend, after Zhou Pingwang moved eastward, Dr. Zhou passed by the ancient capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty and lamented that the ancestral temple was destroyed and millet was everywhere, so he wrote the poem "Millet Parting" to express his grief. Later generations took the thought of "Su Li" as the worry of national subjugation, like the ups and downs of the past.

For example, there is a sentence in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow": "I feel sad and sorry for the past and present, because I am enjoying this song. The old man in Yan Qian thinks there is a kind of "separation" sadness. "

13, clove:

Worry or complexity

For example, "Since Nanpu Bie, I have been worried about seeing lilac knots" (Thanksgiving by Tang Niuqiao),

14 yellow leaves: the metabolism of dying mature beauty

15 green leaves: vitality, hope and vitality

16 red leaves: it is called the thing that conveys feelings, and later refers to poetry.

17 Flowers bloom: I hope the youth life will be brilliant.

18 Flowers fall: withered, frustrated, frustrated in life and career, with nostalgia and yearning for the beautiful things in spring.

19 peach blossom: a symbol of beauty, such as Cui Hu's "capital south village" "Last year today, in this door, peach blossoms set each other off. People don't know where to go, and peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. "

Lan: 20

2 1 peony: rich and beautiful