Later, Yao Shun became the leader of the tribe. Seeing that Gun's water control didn't improve and delayed the great event, he ordered Gun to be put to death and ordered Gun's son Yu to control the water. I know that water control is very important. If it is not cured, I will die. However, seeing the flood raging and people suffering, Yu bravely accepted this important task.
Yu conscientiously summed up the lessons of his father's failure and felt that blocking was not feasible, so he boldly conceived a water control plan that ran counter to his father-dredging the river, letting the water flow down and lead it away.
After making a good plan, Yu decided to travel all over the world, find out the terrain, find out the river course and divert water to the downstream. He led a large number of assistants to travel around nine flood-stricken States, surveying the terrain and erecting stakes as markers. At that time, most of the places were deserted, and the rest lived in the wind, often braving strong winds and heavy rains and running in harsh environments.
Then, according to the data obtained from the investigation, water control began in the most flooded areas. I dug rivers and repaired dikes with simple tools such as stone axes and knives. His hands are covered with calluses, his feet are covered with mats, and his face is always unkempt. He was moved to tears because his toenails fell off after years of soaking in water.
In order to control water, he was not married at the age of 30, and later married a man named. Just four days after his marriage, he bid farewell to his new wife and was busy managing water.
Dayu was managing water in 13 and didn't look at his door for three times. When he passed that door for the first time, he heard his newborn son crying and his wife moaning because of the pain of childbirth. His assistant suggested that he go in and have a look. I also wanted to go in and have a look, but he was in a hurry and didn't go in for fear of delaying his work. When he passed the house for the second time, Yu's son could already call him dad. The little guy called his father in his mother's arms, so he just waved to his wife and children kindly. The third time, when I passed home, my son was already in his teens. He ran to pull his father home. I stroked my son's head and told him to tell his mother not to reunite until the water was cured, and then left in a hurry.
Thirteen years later, Yu went through all the difficulties, dug ditches and repaired canals, finally defeated the flood disaster, promoted the development of agriculture, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. Yu, known as Dayu in history, was enthroned by Shun and became the first monarch in Xia Dynasty.
After Yu became the leader of the tribal alliance, he still did not crave pleasure. He took pains to travel around the country and did many useful things for the people.
What's the secret behind the story of Yu Zhishui?
The mob is not the name of one or two people, but the name of a clan, which can be called the mob. One person can't do such a big career. For example, strictly speaking, it is impossible for a person or even a generation to decide Kyushu and manage rivers.
The relationship between Yu and Yu is a case of father-son relationship, but it is an in-laws relationship as a whole, a relationship between two clans. The whole family will be punished if the gun is killed. Therefore, there are signs of marriage between Yu clan and other clans. For example, "Jade is born in stone" is a branch of the Jade clan that has established a marriage relationship with the Shanshi clan.
The selfless story of water control and the personal story of spreading "home on earth" are wonderfully intertwined, making Water Margin a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation.
There is an unavoidable topic in the study of ancient history and mythology, and that is the question of Yu Yu. Are they father and son? Is it a man or a god? I haven't been in the house three times. Like someone said, there's something behind it? These problems are worth discussing.
Are you just a nobody?
At the beginning of the last century, Gu Jiegang wrote several letters about it, generally denying that Yu was a human being and thinking that he was a bug and a god. This opened the prelude to discrimination in ancient history, and later it was even more unacceptable. It not only denied the authenticity of Yao Shunyu, but also began a mythical interpretation of the history of Xia and Shang Dynasties, and profoundly criticized the fraud in the Han Dynasty. On this basis, Gu Jiegang put forward the viewpoint of "hierarchical composition" of ancient history, that is, the later the time, the longer the history of ancient history. In other words, ancient history was built by later generations. These discussions are very meaningful. On the one hand, people can see the partial validity of the viewpoint; On the other hand, we can see that the conclusions are too arbitrary, and not all the conclusions are correct.
Yu Yu is an ant, not an invention of Gu Jiegang. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said: "Yu: Worms also. From the elephant, pictographic. " In ancient times, it was a common thing to give yourself the name of an animal, just as many people still gave it the name of a dragon, a phoenix and a tiger. This is a cultural pursuit. In Qing Dynasty, Duan Yucai also bluntly thought it was a name, but scholars didn't know its original meaning. Xia Wang named himself after Yu. It turned out to be an ant, not that Yu was an ant.
So, what is the insect that Yu refers to? As we know, worms are the floorboard of ancient animals and reptiles. For example, tigers can also be called bugs. According to Duan Yucai's ancient prose, this insect is identified as quadruped, which is consistent with quadruped dragon. Wen Yiduo pointed out in Fuxi Kao Nian that dragons are dominant in the Chinese nation, and Xia people are dragons. To this end, he also listed seven pieces of evidence for discussion. Yu Xia is a dragon, which is basically the academic consensus. Therefore, we can say that ancient Yu was a worm, which means that Yu is a dragon when translated into modern Chinese.
Just as the original meaning of "fish" refers to insects, the original meaning of "gun" is fish. Explanation: So are guns and fish. So, why did Yu Yu name this animal? We generally interpret it as totem worship in ancient society.
After Yan introduced the totem concept of western anthropology into China, the totem concept also entered China's academic discourse. Totem, in general, refers to an ancient clan whose origin is related to some natural and sacred objects such as animals and plants. The object that brings clan life will generally become the object of clan worship, which is called totem in western academic discourse. What did we call it in ancient times? It can correspond to "first name" or "last name". It's just that our names have richer connotations. As you can see, there are such names:, Jiang, Shun. Up to now, there is a dragon horse in our name.
China people's surnames are closely related to totems. Studies have pointed out that Yu Yun is not the name of one or two people, but the name of a clan, which can be called Yu Yun. One person can't do such a big career. For example, strictly speaking, it is impossible for one person or even a generation to complete the task of setting Kyushu and governing the river.
Taking Jizhou as an example, it can be completed in thirteen years from the mouth of the lake to the sea. This is just Jizhou. What are the other eight states? Therefore, the determination of Jiuzhou is a great achievement of generations of Yu people in managing mountains and rivers.
What is the relationship between Yu and Yu?
What is the relationship between Yu and Yu? It seems that later generations know that they are father and son. Cloud: real name. Yu's father is Gun, Gun's father is Emperor Zhuan Xu, Zhuan Xu's father is Changyi, and Changyi's father is Huangdi. Yu, the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, is the grandson of Zhuan Xu. "This is a humble thing, there should be nothing to argue about. But as I said before, a gun is a fish and a jade is a dragon. What's going on here? Aren't they family?
In fact, Yu Yu's story explains the ancient form of marriage: exogamy. According to the taboo principle of totem marriage, the dragon can't marry the dragon, otherwise it will lead to the degeneration or even decline of the clan. From this perspective, the views of human society are basically common, although some exceptions are not excluded.
When we look at the marriage between Gun and Yu, we know that it is the marriage of two tribes. The son of the gun clan, whose father is Yu clan. In this way, Yu Can can also be said to be the father of guns. Generally speaking, couples live next to each other, which is the so-called two ethnic groups. For marriage, there must be such a marriage alliance. Of course, because Gun and Yu are both big families, there will be marriages with other clans. But on the whole, Yu's marriage with Gun is a long-term marriage alliance.
What fish is a gun? According to the related literature, it can be known that this turtle belongs to Tortoise, that is, Tortoise, which is a three-legged turtle. The tortoise is a sacred thing, but it has been ruined by people. This is another story, so we won't discuss it here. Who has a gun? It is said that Yu's father Kun got married. This material is very interesting. Hugh is a long snake, isn't he a dragon? So Yu inherited his mother's dragon totem, not his father's turtle totem.
The so-called four spirits in the history of China are Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu. Among them, basalt is intertwined with tortoise and snake. Some scholars have pointed out that this is a totem of worrying about marriage, and I support this view. The Dragon Born Bear actually depicts the totem of Yu's marriage with Yu. It is said that the gun was killed and turned into a yellow bear because of poor water control. According to the ancients' explanation, this bear should have three points, or "energy", and it is a three-legged turtle. The word can itself is one foot on the top of the head and two feet on the right. Is the turtle with three legs a hieroglyph? Therefore, the negative bear of the dragon is the negative energy of the dragon, that is, the snake wrapped around the turtle, that is, the Xuanwu statue.
Therefore, the relationship between Yu and Yu is a father-son relationship, but overall it is an in-laws relationship and a relationship between two clans. Shot and killed, the whole clan was punished and gradually weakened. Therefore, there are signs of marriage between Yu clan and other clans. For example, "Jade is born in stone", that is, a branch of the Jade clan has established a marriage relationship with the Shanshi clan. The marriage between Dayu and Tu Shanshi is the continuation of this new marriage alliance.
Myth contains rich historical information. The relationship between Yu and Yu has always been puzzled by many people. But from the perspective of modern folklore, this mess can still be solved.
Did Tu Shanshi marry the wrong person?
The love story between Tu Shanshi and Yu moved several generations. According to historical records, Dayu worked hard to control water, but he never entered the house again after three times. At first, Historical Records told this story, and later it was further elaborated in Historical Records. Therefore, Dayu did not enter the house to control water for three times, which became a selfless classic story.
It is generally believed that Dayu is virtuous and has made great contributions to river dredging and flood control, so this narrative is available. But a few years ago, a teacher explained that Dayu had another woman outside, so he didn't go home. Related arguments have caused controversy and even strong dissatisfaction. However, this story of "not entering the house" may not be entirely for water control. Dayu was in the transition period from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society, and the most important change of marriage form was "from female residence to husband residence". Dayu is an advocate of paternal view, while Tu Shanshi insists on matrilineal tradition, and there are contradictions between husband and wife. So the story of "three in and three out" is, to some extent, a sad tragedy in this transitional period.
Continue to look at their relationship, that is the famous food delivery story. In the end, perhaps Tu Shanshi compromised and left with Dayu, from "living by his wife" to "living by his husband". There is also a description in the book: Yu married a woman who killed rocks, and her private life did not harm the public. Four days from Xin to Jia, back to water conservancy. Cure the flood. Turn it into a bear. Tu Shanshi said: "If you want to pay, you can hear the drums." Jade jumped off the stone and accidentally hit the drum.
First, Tu Shanshi went to cook for Dayu, which reflected Tu Shanshi's compromise on the marriage life mode.
The second is that Yu Hua turned into a bear, which is actually "energy", a three-legged turtle. Why did Yu become a turtle with three legs? Does he miss the gun clan and not blindly follow the mother clan's snake totem? The word "Hua" here means change. Feeling that Dayu in Tushan Stone didn't respect their new marriage alliance, it was unacceptable and he finally left.
Thirdly, Tu Shan turned into a stone, which marked her maternal totem of stone. Dayu's phrase "belongs to my son" highlights the changes of the times when children belong to the paternal line.
Based on this, we will understand that Yu actually passed the throne to Qi, which means that the form of China's early state system has been changed, which is the inevitable result of the development of patriarchal society.
Clan changes reflecting family affairs
Yu's family affairs were the epitome of the great changes in the world at that time.
On the one hand, in the process of transition from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society, social contradictions have intensified, and even the love between men and women has to be involved in the torrent.
On the other hand, the selfless story of Dayu's water control and the private story of Dayu's "One Family in the World" are wonderfully intertwined, which makes the "One Family in the World" in later generations have the ideal of ruling the world. This is a traditional society that has lasted for thousands of years. It regards the world as its own and regards governing the world as the tradition of ruling legitimacy.
In a word, we can regard the story of Gun Jade as a heroic legend of two generations of Gun Jade Alliance in fighting floods. Many people feel very sorry and wronged, and they were shot because of problems in the governance process. This simple feeling is the inner treasure of Chinese civilization. The story of water management is linked with family misfortune, making the sacred narrative itself a historical legend. Today, Dayu has become one of the sages recognized by Chinese people. Many places in China have scenery to tell and commemorate this great man, which just shows the powerful vitality of myth.
Whether myth becomes history or history becomes myth, Yu Yu's story is one of the most influential sacred narratives in China's history and real life, and it is also one of the most important cultural heritages in the history of the Chinese nation and even mankind.