France: The contents of household registration management are very detailed, including not only the date of birth, gender, singleton twins, but also parents' occupation, economic income, nationality, religious beliefs and other related contents. French household registration information is closely related to daily life, such as medical treatment and deposit. Once changed, it means that the whole life will change greatly, which can be said that it will affect the whole body. The French government has no compulsory administrative measures for cross-regional population mobility, whether urban people go to rural areas or rural people go to cities. No one will stop me from taking root as long as I want to. If you move, you only need to inform the original social insurance institution and transfer your personal data to the corresponding institution where your new address is located.
Japan: The household registration system is implemented, and each person's identity, husband-wife relationship, father-son relationship and so on are indicated by the family. Children have no right to establish their own household registration independently before they are 20 years old. Once they come of age, they are completely free. However, the most commonly used household registration text in Japan is called "resident ticket", which is established on the basis of everyone's place of residence, marked with person's name, date of birth, gender, relationship with the head of household and so on. The resident ticket in Japan moves completely with the address.
Household registration management is one of the most basic social management systems in the world, not only in China, but also abroad. Foreign household registration management is often called "civil registration" or "life registration" and "personnel registration". Although the name is different, it is basically similar to the household registration management in China. The difference is that some countries rely on market and legal means, and some countries rely on strengthening the level of urban management to adjust the migration and migration direction of citizens.
The contents of "civil registration" in foreign countries include birth registration, death registration and marriage registration, which are almost the same as those in China.
Professor Jasmine Zhang V of the Population Research Institute of the People's Public Security University of China said that after years of research, it was found that the birth registration in countries like France, the Netherlands, Romania, the former Soviet Union, Japan, India, Peru and Argentina was very detailed, including not only the date of birth, gender and twins, but also parents' occupation, income, nationality and religious belief, which was much more detailed than our household registration. Because "civil registration", as the most basic social management system, is the foundation and basis of its social system, which is of great significance and is highly valued by all countries. Unlike China, its administrative organs are mostly internal affairs departments, judicial departments or statistical departments. Moreover, foreign countries often adopt the management means of market and rule of law to the migration and migration of citizens, because this can maintain the stability of the whole society.
Take Thailand in Asia as an example. The state has specially promulgated the Regulations on Household Registration, which is divided into two parts: foreigners and domestic citizens. Its "household registration" (equivalent to China's household registration) is very strict, and the regulations stipulate that citizens must "register" in three parts, namely, income status, tax payment status and resume (including criminal record). Resumes involve citizens' personal privacy, and the state has a strict legal secrecy system, and relevant departments are not allowed to publish them to the public at will. Moreover, the household registration must also let the registered person press the fingerprint, which is very strict. These are all stipulated by law. Unlike China's household registration management, Thailand has detailed regulations on residents' migration and migration. Thailand implements the policy of ex post facto relocation, which stipulates that the relevant departments of residence can register the household registration of residents who meet the living conditions and have lived for more than six months, and recognize the household registration of their residence. However, in China, the policy of relocation in advance is implemented, and residents can only move with the permit issued by the relevant departments in the relocation area. The principle of market economy and legal effect adopted by household registration management in Thailand are aimed at enabling citizens who cannot live in a city (especially a big city) (including economic income, housing, etc.). Choose a city that suits your economic level according to market rules. This method is often more effective than administrative means.
South America takes Argentina as an example. Argentina implements the "three major registration" system, namely birth, marriage and death registration, which is almost similar to the household registration in China. The state has a "population registration bureau" and implements an identity card system. The country also implements the ex post facto relocation system.
Population management in Europe is particularly famous in Denmark and Sweden. Denmark's population registration system is very advanced and strict, and it is the first country to implement "personal number" management. The registration contents include citizen's name, date of birth, gender, marital status, tax payment, guardian, etc. Due to the historical tradition, Sweden is managed by the church, and the population registration has a history of more than 300 years. They also implement the system of resettlement afterwards.
Many countries in Europe have effective criminal record management. The household registration management in these countries is very loose on the surface, but very strict in fact, which is directly related to the management of population registration, especially the management of "personal number".
Africa, such as the Kingdom of Morocco, also implements the "household registration law", and citizens declare their birth and cancel their death registration according to law.
In the United States, driver's license, credit card and social security number play the role of ID card.
Americans can't live without a driver's license, because the United States is a "country on wheels", with vast territory and abundant resources and few people. No car means no legs. Americans put their driver's license in their wallets, which can not only show their legal driving identity when they are checked by the police, but also prove their identity on some occasions. For example, if you use a credit card to shop, the store will generally ask you to show a photo to prove that the credit card was not stolen by others. That's when the driver's license comes in handy. If you happen not to get a driver's license, you can apply to the driver's license issuing department for a certificate that you can't drive, with photos printed on it, which can also be used to prove your identity on some occasions.
In addition to driver's license, credit cards can often play the role of identity cards. Like American business people who often fly around, they usually book air tickets online and pick up the plane at the airport. As long as they insert their driver's license or credit card into the airline's automatic ticket machine, the machine will automatically print out the tickets they bought online. Because the basic personal information is stored in the magnetic stripe of the driver's license or credit card, the ticket vending machine can judge whether this is consistent with the personal information of the online ticket purchaser. Nowadays, more and more American financial institutions will print the cardholder's photo on the credit card when issuing it, which will not only prevent the credit card from being stolen after it is lost, but also make it better used as an ID card.
Although driver's license and credit card have the function of identification, they must apply for a social security number from the Social Security Bureau before applying. The social security number is a magic weapon for the US government to manage the permanent population. Any American citizen or foreigner who stays in the United States for a long time must have a social security number, which is unique and unchangeable for life, similar to China's identity card number. But everyone doesn't have an ID card, just remember this 9-digit number in his mind.
Social security number has also played a certain role in preventing commercial fraud and maintaining market order. Few people in American business circles dare to manufacture and sell fake and shoddy goods or engage in fraudulent activities. This does not mean that American businessmen are highly conscious and morally noble. The social security number system makes anyone who leaves a stain will not be trusted by others or find a business partner in the future.
Japanese household registration is used for national identity registration and notarization. According to the household registration, we can clearly know that the "private identity" of nationals related to blood relationship is the "public identity" of nationals. Its household registration system is a relatively reasonable system based on the above objectives. It has the following characteristics:
First, Japan's household registration is a "change registration" type, that is, the nationals themselves submit relevant registration applications to the person in charge of registration affairs (the village head of the city street), and the person in charge transfers the application contents to the registration card to record the changes of the registrant in all aspects in the future. In contrast to this method, it is the "fixed registration" method, that is, the national application reports are collected and stored together, so it is also called the subscription method. The United States, Canada and other countries adopt this method. Japan belongs to variable registration, and in the process of this change, the premise is always to examine whether the contents of the application are true, so this requires the relevant staff to have a certain degree of work ability and diligence. It is precisely because of this audit that variant forms are more correct and reliable than subscription forms.
Second, Japan's household registration system is "compiled by person", that is, every citizen sets up a registration card immediately after birth, and every important event and event related to identity from birth to death is recorded in sequence. Using the formula of "one by one", we can know the change and present situation of each person's identity through the card. If there is no record of divorce on the registration card, it means that the marriage relationship of that person still exists. Contrary to this "people-oriented" style, it is "matter-oriented", that is, birth registration, marriage registration, death registration and other matters and events related to someone's identity are compiled in different categories. The United States and Canada adopt a case-by-case approach.
Third, Japan's household registration is a "family card" type, that is, everyone's family members are recorded on the card. Through such a card, the relationship between husband and wife, parents and children of any national can be seen at a glance. Japan has adopted the style of "family card" since the early Meiji period. The central problem of adopting this form is how to determine the basic meaning and scope of family. Japan's household registration system has been stipulated by pyramid-shaped family groups headed by the head of household since ancient times. Now, in principle, it is registered as a couple (including children born before marriage). According to the above principles, once children get married, they must establish a new household registration, that is, there is no phenomenon that three generations have the same household registration. According to Japan's household registration system, when the household registration changes due to the marriage of a new household, this change should be recorded in the old and new household registration.
Japan is a country with free immigration, and its citizens choose where to live and work. Wherever they choose, they will naturally become permanent residents and enjoy all the local benefits. However, there is one thing that the floating population must do, and that is to log in to the local administrative department within one month. When logging in, fill in the residential address very carefully. After the staff asked the location clearly, they even took out the floor plan of the building to check it. After logging in, the original household registration information will naturally change. At the same time, the applicant must apply to the relevant departments within one week, and then update the national health insurance certificate and driver's license. Of course, you don't need to apply, but once you need to see a doctor for reimbursement or have a traffic accident, you will be in big trouble, and the relevant departments will handle it impartially according to relevant laws and regulations.
Japan's household registration, due to the combination of "personal establishment" and "family card", has played a very good role in registering identity and notarization, but there are also some shortcomings. For example, because the household registration is for notarization and publicity, citizens are allowed to check and verify. If you want to know your fiance's resume, you can consult his household registration. Although this method is effective and worthy of emulation, it violates the privacy right of the consulted.
Attaching importance to identity management is one of the main reasons for the good social order in Japan, because Japanese identity is backed by strict household registration system, which can reflect people's real living conditions. Once a case happens, it is easy to find clues; Pay attention to identity management to make the population flow in Japan orderly and not out of control. People's migration is not a blind stream without a fixed place. After settling down, they often choose a career that suits them and quickly integrate into the new city, and finally live and work in peace and contentment. Paying attention to identity management can strengthen the coordination between Japanese administrative organs and residents. The administrative authorities can easily find themselves according to their addresses. By strengthening ties, residents can enhance their sense of belonging. While enjoying various local benefits, we should pay attention to observing local administrative measures and decrees.