Qiu Jin (1877- 1907), female, formerly known as Qiu boudoir Jin, whose name is Qing Ming Jing; No, Wu Dan, neither. The woman who built the lake. Originally from Yin Shan, Zhejiang (now Shaoxing), he was born in Xiamen, Fujian. He despised feudal ethics and advocated equality between men and women, and often used Hua Mulan and Qin Liangyu as metaphors. A sex hero, practicing martial arts, likes men's clothing. In the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1894), when his father Qiu Jin was the general manager of Xiangxiang County, he betrothed Qiu Jin to Wang Tingjun, Ye He Township, Shuangfeng County. In the twenty-second year of Guangxu, Qiu married the king. Wang Tingjun opened a "Yiyuan Pawnshop" in Xiangtan, while Qiu Jin lived in Xiangtan most of the time and often went back to her husband's house. In the autumn of this year, Qiu Jin returned to Shen Chong for the first time, and recited his "Worried People" in front of many relatives and friends who congratulated him: "When will the bonfire of Youyan stop? I heard that the war between China and foreign countries has not stopped; If you are worried about your country and hate your country, who will be easy to take care of "to show concern for the people and the country and be respected by the local people." "
In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Wang Tingjun took over as director of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and Qiu Jin followed him to Beijing. Soon, because of the war when Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, he returned to his hometown of Lotus Leaf. The following year, the second child, Canzhi Wang (female), was born here. In the 29th year of Guangxu, Wang Tingjun went to Beijing to be reinstated, and Qiu Jin went with her daughter. The following year, he resolutely broke through the shackles of feudal families and went to Japan to study at his own expense, first in a Japanese workshop and then in Qingshan Practical Girls' School.
During his stay in Japan, Qiu Jin took an active part in the revolutionary activities of students studying in Japan, initiated a love meeting with Chen Xiefen, organized a ten-member meeting with Liu Daoyi and others, founded a vernacular newspaper, and participated in the Hong Men Heaven and Earth Society. He was named as a "white paper fan" (strategist). Guangxu returned to China in thirty-one years. In spring and summer, Xu Xilin introduced him to the Guangfu Association. In July, he went to Japan, joined the League, and was promoted to be a member of the Council and a member of the Zhejiang delegation. The following year, he returned to China and founded China College in Shanghai. Soon, she taught at Xunxi Girls' School. In autumn and winter of the same year, in order to raise funds for China Women's Daily, I went back to Lotus Leaf's husband's house, took a sum of money from his husband's house, bid farewell to my family, and broke off family relations. In fact, Qiu Jin "decided to kill his family after the revolution, so he left home to hide his eyes and ears." In that year1February (190765438+1October), China Women's Daily was founded. Qiu Jin wrote articles advocating women's liberation, advocating women's rights and propagating revolution. He went to Zhuji, Yiwu, Jinhua, Lanxi and other places to contact the party, intending to respond to the Pingyi Uprising, but failed.
In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1February 907), Qiu Jin took over as the supervisor of Datong Academy. Soon, Xu Xilin and I will split up and prepare to hold activities in both Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. Contact the Zhejiang-Shanghai Army and the Party, organize the Guangfu Army, and take Xu Xilin as the leader and take the lead. Plans to rebel in Zhejiang and Anhui at the same time on July 6. July 13 was arrested for leaking secrets in Datong School. July 15 died in Xuantingkou, Shaoxing, Zhejiang. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, his friends moved his body to Xiqiao Bridge in West Lake, Hangzhou. Due to the forced relocation of the Qing court, his son Wang Yuande moved his tomb to Zhaoshan, Xiangtan in the autumn of the first year of Xuantong (1909). 19 12 years, Hunan people built the Qiu Jin Martyrs' Temple in Changsha, and Hunan and Zhejiang provinces agreed to send their bodies to Zhejiang and rebury the original cemetery of West Lake. Later generations compiled Qiu Jin Collection.
Both Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching Ling spoke highly of Qiu Jin. 191212 On February 9, Sun Yat-sen paid homage to Qiu Jin's tomb and wrote an elegy: "Edo Yadan Chen, valued the monarch and minister, praised the League; Shed blood on the pavilion, ashamed to recruit a chivalrous female soul. " 1965438+August 65438+June 20th, 2006, Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching Ling visited Hangzhou and paid a visit to Qiu Jin's tomb. Sun said: "Before the recovery, Ms. Qiu, the first person in Zhejiang, also joined the League. This autumn, Ms. Wang will not be reborn, but the phrase' autumn wind and autumn rain are sad' will never be forgotten. " 1In July, 942, Soong Ching Ling praised the martyr Qiu Jin as "one of the most noble revolutionary martyrs" in the article "Women Fight for Freedom in China". 1958 On September 2nd, the Song Dynasty inscribed Historical Records of the Martyrs' Revolution in Qiu Jin. 1In August, 979, the Song people wrote an inscription for the Qiu Jin Memorial Hall in Shaoxing: "Qiu Jin's works and poems, with the famous sentence' Autumn Rain Worries for the People', were able to cross the horse and carry a gun, and once crossed Japan eastward, aiming at revolution, making him famous forever."
Luyou (1125165438+1October1210 65438+1October 26) Han nationality. Word service concept,no. released. Yinshan was born in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). /kloc-he can write poetry at the age of 0/2. He has written many works in his life. There are dozens and more than 9,000 poems, such as Draft of Poems by Jiannan and Selected Poems by Weinan, which are the most existing poets in China. Lu You has many literary talents, especially his achievements in poetry. I said "10,000 songs in 60 years", and there are more than 9,300 songs today. Many of these poems express the lofty sentiments of resisting gold and killing the enemy and the hatred towards the enemy and traitors. Their style is bold and unrestrained, gloomy and tragic, full of strong patriotic passion, and their ideological and artistic achievements are outstanding. They were known as "Little Li Bai" before their death, and not only became the leaders of the Southern Song Dynasty, but also enjoyed a lofty position in the history of China literature. They are great patriotic poets in China. He is one of the four great poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. The amount of words is not as large as that of poems, but it runs through the patriotic spirit of swallowing the remnants like poems. Lu You's works include one volume of Song of Weng and two volumes of Weinan Ci. His famous sentences, such as "There is no way to answer doubts when mountains are heavy, and there is another village when flowers are dark" and "A small building listens to the spring rain all night, and a deep alley sells apricot flowers", are widely read by the people.
He has always insisted on resisting gold, and has been rejected and hit by the establishment in his official career. In middle age, he went to Shu to resist gold, and his long-term military life enriched his literary content, revealing great brilliance in his works and becoming an outstanding poet. The amount of words is not as large as that of poems, but it runs through the spirit of patriotism like poems. When the Northern Song Dynasty perished, he was deeply influenced by his patriotic thoughts at home when he was a teenager. Shaoxing Zhongying didn't try and was rejected by Qin Gui. Filial piety ascended the throne, giving birth to a scholar.
In the twenty-eighth year of Shaoxing (1 158), it entered Fujian as the master book of Ningde County. According to Volume III of the Official History of Ningde County, "Lu You, the concept of word service, that is to say, Shaoxing was also a big official for 28 years, good at government and loved by the people." There is a statue of Lu You on Nanguang Mountain in Ningde. He used to be a judge of Longxing in Zhenjiang. He entered Shu for six years (1 170) and served as the judge of Kuizhou. After eight years on the main road, he entered the shogunate of Fu Xuan Ambassador Wang Yan in Sichuan and devoted himself to military life. Officially arrived at the Baozhang Pavilion before being handed over. Politically, Lu You advocated a resolute war of resistance, enriched armaments, and demanded that "taxes should be paid in advance, and taxes should be covered by big businesses", which has always been suppressed by capitulationists. In his later years, he retired from his hometown, but his belief in recovering the Central Plains remained unchanged. He wrote many poems in his life, and now there are more than 9 thousand poems, which are extremely rich in content. Expressing political ambitions, reflecting people's sufferings, criticizing the humiliation and surrender of the ruling group at that time, and showing a strong patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity. Guan Shanyue, Book Wrath, Peasant Sigh, Xiuer, etc. It's all spoken by later generations. Describing daily life is also a new work. Also known as Gong Ci, Yang Shen called it as beautiful as Qin Guan and as beautiful as stone. But some poems reveal negative emotions. His first marriage, Tang's, Chai Feng and so on, was sincere and touching. There are Poems of Jiannan, Collected Works of Weinan, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes of Old Xue 'an, etc. Divorced under the oppression of my mother, my painful feelings are poured out in some poems, such as Shen Yuan.
His artistic creation of poetry inherits the fine traditions of Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Du Fu and Su Shi, and he is an outstanding poet with far-reaching influence in the history of Chinese culture. His main works include Collected Works of Weinan, Poems of Jiannan, Poems of Weng Fang, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes of Old Xuean, etc.
Lu You's title is covered by the title of the poem. Lu You is also a skilled calligrapher, proficient in cursive and regular script. He called himself "Zhang Dian in cursive script (Zhang Xu) and Yang Feng in running script (simplified Chinese characters)." His calligraphy is simple, smart, elegant, elegant and straight, and his brushwork is vigorous and unrestrained in his later years. Zhu called his writing exquisite, elegant and elegant, with lofty intentions. There are not many books left, including On Two Kings. Masterpieces handed down from generation to generation include Bitter Cold Post and Chengdu Poetry Post.
His works mainly have two aspects: on the one hand, he enthusiastically revenges the country, regains lost land and liberates the occupied people; On the one hand, it is leisurely and delicate, chewing out the deep and eternal taste of daily life and ironing out the twists and turns of the current scenery. His students praised him and said: "On poetry, it is more than crossing the south, and the grass took a fancy to the Northern Expedition"; An old man in the Song Dynasty praised him and said, "The predecessors commented on the poems of Song Dynasty after crossing the south, imitating Du Fu with Lu Wu's views, in order not to forget the Central Plains, which is the same as the fact of worshipping Juan." These two people close to his time pay attention to the first aspect of his works. But except in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Lu You impressed readers in the following hundreds of years by that second aspect, such as Yang Dahe's collected works in the early Qing Dynasty, the imitation of Wang Wan, Wang Ping, Xu Wei, Feng Tingyi and Wang Lin, the excerpts of Xiangling in the forty-eight chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions, and countless guest rooms in the old society. This has created the impression that Lu You is an "old diner". Of course, some critics object to this biased view, thinking that "loyalty and anger" poems are the backbone and brain of Lu You's collected works, and those poems that linger are only secondary. However, this deviation was not corrected until the late Qing Dynasty. The speaker was saddened by the weakness of the national situation and indignant at the oppression of imperialism. He had a very cordial experience of Lu You's first-hand works and gave a very warm praise. For example, "Poetry has been decadent for thousands of years, and the soul of China is exhausted; Concentrate on military music and ancient men will let go! " "Not a hundred soldiers in the chest, tired of poetry; Who loves the country's tears and speaks of Chen Hu's injustice! " These words seem to be the voice of the opinions of the two poets quoted earlier, just like the echo wrapped in the valley, which is much more shocking than the original voice.
Poems such as Sweeping Chen Hu and Guo Jingnan appeared in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, like Lu Zhen's Cutting the Spine. After the change of Jingkang, the patriotic works of Song people increased, and some of them were selected in the front. However, Chen, Wang Zao, Yang Wanli and others are obviously different from Lu You in this respect. They just expressed their worries or hopes about national affairs, but did not devote themselves to disasters, leaving their lives and strength at the disposal of the state. I only sighed helplessly or asked for help, but I didn't say I wanted to do it myself, I didn't say I wanted to join the army, I didn't say I wanted to mount a horse to attack thieves, I didn't say I could be generous and selfless or dare to love my body, and I didn't say I was willing to raise a horse to fight. "Hand owls rebel against thieves and clear up old Beijing." This is the characteristic of land travel. He not only wrote about patriotism and worries about the country, but also declared his courage and determination to save the country and protect his family. For example, in Liu Ziyi's poem, he said, "Zhongxing soldiers are unparalleled ... Hu Erhu does not peep at the river!" "Bow your head, pull out Hu Jian, but shoot at Hu Jun ... The man takes the title and greedily goes to the enemy", which is dignified, but it is about others, those "soldiers" and "men"-just like Li Bai, Wang Wei and other "Joining the Army" are about others, although Liu Ziyi's sense of reality is more real, holding his poems. Let's look at an example of Lu You: "Duck, green mulberry has withered, and the fire has crossed Qilian;" I don't care about fame, but I hate that no one is quick to whip! " Although he put himself aside, his tone is very subtle and gentle, but he is obviously ready to have his share in this heroic cause. This is the artistic conception of "no clothes" in The Book of Songs and Qin Feng, the artistic conception of Li Mu's Zhao in Zhou Wenqing was shot dead by an arrow, and the artistic conception of Yue Fei connected with Lu You's generation in Man Jiang Hong. In the poems of Guo in the Northern Song Dynasty and Han Ju at the turn of the North-South Song Dynasty, the spirit and artistic conception of "cultivating my spear and sharing resentment with my son" and "who knows I am also a man who committed suicide" are occasionally revealed, but no one has ever played it as well as Lu You. This is also the realm that Du Fu lacks, so it is not very accurate to say that Lu You is "the same as Chongjuan" and has not yet known him. Patriotism permeates Lu You's life and runs through all his works. He saw a picture of a horse and met some flowers. Hearing a wild goose singing, drinking a few glasses of wine and writing a few lines of cursive script will arouse the feelings of patriotism and national humiliation, and the blood will boil, and this craze will rush out of the boundary of his sober life during the day and flood into his dreams. This is also absent in people's poems.
Wang Xizhi (303-36 1), a Han nationality with few words, was originally from Linyi (now Shandong) and later moved to Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). He was a general of the Right Army and a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was honored as a "book saint" by later generations. His son Wang Xianzhi's handwriting is also very good. People call them "Two Kings", and another son, Wang Ningzhi, is a general of the right army, and is called "Wang Youjun" and "Wang Huiji". Representative works include: Le Yi Lun in regular script, Huang Ting Jing, Seventeen Guas in cursive script, Gua for Aunt in Running Script, Gua for Quick Snow Clear, Gua for Mourning, Preface to Lanting in Running Script, etc. Intensive study of body posture, imitation of heart and pursuit of hand, learning from others' strengths, and casting in one furnace created a running script of "natural, rich in gods and the world", which was praised as "the sage of books" by later generations. Among them, Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion is highly praised by calligraphers and is called "the best running script in the world". Wang Xizhi has profound attainments in original works, cursive script and calligraphy.
Xu Wei (152 1~ 1593) was an outstanding painter and writer in Ming dynasty. The first word is Wen Qing, and the word is changed to dragon. The names are Tianchi, Qingteng Taoist, Tian Shuiyue and so on. Yin Shan, Zhejiang (now Shaoxing) people. Smart since childhood, quick thinking. And ambitious. Yan Song, who took part in the anti-Japanese struggle and opposed the rape of the southeast coast during Jiajing period, had a very rough life, which can be described as "down and out in the world". He ended up in prison for seven or eight years. After he was released from prison, he was down and out, sick, selling poems, articles and paintings for a living, and living in poverty all his life. He studied painting in middle age and inherited Liang Kai's brush and ink and Lin Liang's and Shen Zhou's freehand flower-and-bird paintings. Therefore, he is good at drawing ink painting, indulged in using a pen, and drew a broken chrysanthemum, dripping with ink, flowing in Gu Zhuo, with a unique style. He also painted landscapes, regardless of rope and ink, and the characters he painted were lifelike. His brushwork is more bold and concise, dry pen, wet pen and broken pen can be used. His style is fresh and unrestrained in Wang Yang, forming an "Ivy League School". He himself is particularly proud of calligraphy. Claiming that "my book is the first, poetry is the second, writing is the third, and painting is the fourth". Yuan Hongdao and others praised his calligraphy as "bold and unrestrained", "vigorous and charming" and "above Wang Yayi and Wen". His Huangjiatu is vigorous and powerful, vividly showing the late autumn atmosphere of crab crawling and Hà Thu dying. The works have been handed down to this day. His works include: Four Faces of Man, Narration of Nanci, Lost Text of Xu Wenchang, Complete Works of Xu Wenchang, etc. Famous works handed down from generation to generation include Long Volume of Ink Grape, Flowers and Birds Volume of Landscape Figures (all collected in the Palace Museum), Long Volume of Peony and Banana Stone, and Nine Volume of Ink Flowers (now collected in the Palace Museum).