Zhang Renyuan (? -7 14.7.25), born in Xiaao, Huazhou (now the northeast of Weinan, Shaanxi), whose real name is Ren Xu, minister and general of the Tang Dynasty.
Zhang Renyuan's real name is Ren Xu, but because it sounds similar to Tang Ruizong's name, he changed his name to Ren Yuan. Weinan, the hometown of Zhang Renyuan, is known as the hometown of three sages. Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, and Kou Zhun, a famous figure in the Northern Song Dynasty, were also from Weinan. Zhang Renyuan was brilliant when he was a teenager, and he was good at writing and martial arts. When Wu Zetian was in power, he moved to the palace to remonstrate the history. At that time, Guo Hongba was trying to curry favor with Wu Zetian. The above table said that Wu Zetian was the reincarnation of Maitreya. Zhang Jiafu and Wang Qingzhi, counselors of Fengge, also demanded that Wu be the Crown Prince. Zhang Renyuan was also invited to join the list, but was rebuffed by Zhang Renyuan, who was valued by people of insight.
In March (696), the first year of Tian Tong's long live, Wang Xiaojie, the chief marching officer of Subian Road, led an army to fight with the Tubo army in Suluohan Mountain (now Lintao, Gansu), and Tang Jun was defeated. Zhang Renyuan was at odds with Wang Xiaojie. This time, as a supervisor, he blamed Wang Xiaojie for his failure, so Wang Xiaojie was dismissed from office for the people and Zhang Renyuan was promoted as a counselor.
Long live Tian Tong for two years (697). Sun was appointed as the supervisor of the Qing border army. After the war, Sun lied about his exploits, saying that he would be invincible, and he personally visited Yashi. After hearing the news, Wu Zetian praised Sun: "I suggest so!" (Biography of Zhang Renyuan in the Old Tang Dynasty) was promoted to Taichung Cheng in Yousufu, and Zhang Renyuan was asked to write meritorious deeds for Sun's subordinates. Zhang Renyuan first asked Sun about the battle. Sun was falsely reported for his exploits, so he faltered and couldn't answer. Zhang Renyuan knew that there must be something hidden, so he wrote to impeach Sun for deceiving you and falsely reporting the meritorious military service. Therefore, Wu Zetian demoted Sun to Zunren Order, and was replaced by Zhang, then the governor of Youzhou (Jixian County, now southwest of Beijing).
After Wu Zetian took charge of the National Government, he sent troops to the Western Regions one after another and recovered four towns in Anxi from Tubo, which restored the rule of the Tang Dynasty in the Western Regions and consolidated the security of the northwest frontier. At the same time, troops were sent to quell the rebellion of ethnic groups such as Qidan in Northeast China. At this time, the post-Turkic khanate headed by Ashina Gudulu invaded on a large scale. In order to realize the political goal of changing Tang Jianzhou into Tang Jianzhou, Wu Zetian devoted herself to promoting China's harsh politics and adopted a passive defense strategy against the post-Turks, killing the famous frontier generals Cheng Wuting and Hei Chi Chang who made great achievements in resisting the Turks. This aggravated the Turkish invasion and eventually led to serious border problems in the north. After the change of Tang Jianzhou, Ashina, the successor of Turkic Khan, invaded the south by force, at the same time playing with pro-French, paralyzing Wu Zetian and strengthening his own strength. Wu Zetian still adopts passive defense strategy against the invasion of silent sip. At this time, Youzhou, located in the north and adjacent to the post-Turkic, became the frontier of the imperial court to resist the post-Turkic invasion.
On the sixth day of June in the first year of the Holy Calendar (698), Wu Zetian ordered Wu Wang Yanxiu of Huaiyang and others to enter Turkic, and Namtso's daughter was a princess. However, Moxip detained him and sent 654.38+ 10,000 cavalry to attack the troops in Jingnan (now Jixian County, Tianjin), Pingdi (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province) and Qingyi (now East Huailai County, Hebei Province) on the grounds that his daughter was going to marry Li and others. Then he quietly sipped Wuhou's crimes and tried to capture Hebei under the pretext of "attacking Tang Zhou".
On hearing this, Wu Zetian divided his troops into three ways: Wu Qingchonggui, commander of Tianbing Middle Road, Sha Yi, former commander of Tianbing West Road, and Zhang Renyuan, the host of Tianbing, led 300,000 troops to crusade against Turks. General Zuo Yan was appointed as the general manager of West Road Rear Army, and led the army10.5 million as backup. Silently sip that Tang Dajun went out, and on September 26th, he killed more than 10,000 men and women (890,000) captured by Zhao, Ding and other states, and returned to the north five times. There are countless killings and robberies. Sha Yi loyalty and other generals all dare not lead the troops to pursue, but Zhang Renyuan led his men to intercept. In the battle, Zhang Renyuan's hand was shot by the enemy, bleeding profusely. After hearing the news, Wu Zetian sent people to mourn and gave medicine to heal. Soon, Zhang Renyuan was moved to be the magistrate of Bingzhou (governing Jinyang, now southwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi), and then moved to Youzhou as the secretariat.
In March of the second year of Chang 'an (702), the Turkish army broke through Shilingguan (now Yangqu North, Shanxi Province) and continued to attack Bingzhou. Wu Zetian took Dr. Xue Jichang, the prefect of Yongzhou, as the defense ambassador of Shandong (east foot of Taihang Mountain), and saved Cang (treating Qingchi, now southeast of Cangzhou, Hebei Province), Ying (treating Hejian, now Hejian, Hebei Province), You, Yi (treating Yixian, now Hebei Province), Heng (treating Zhending, now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) and Ding (public security). In April, Zhang Renyuan was responsible for defending Youping, (now Lulong, Hebei Province), Guangxi (now southeast of Huailai, Hebei Province), Tan (now Beijing and Miyun) and other States, unifying the States, France and the soldiers of the French army, and Xue Jichang relied on each other and refused the Turks. Silent xia see, prepared, led the troops back to defense.
In the first year of Shenlong (705), it was restored and the country was named Tang.
On the ninth day of October in the second year of Shenlong (706), Zhang Renyuan was transferred back to Beijing as General Zuo Tunwei, and he also checked the long history of Luozhou (ruling Luoyang, now northeast of Luoyang, Henan). At that time, food prices in Beijing soared and thieves were rampant. After Zhang Renyuan took office, he took severe measures to slay all the thieves he caught. Many people have killed people, and even "accumulated corpses" (The Biography of Zhang Renyuan in the New Tang Dynasty). After a short period of effective governance, the situation in Beijing has obviously improved. Once "shocked far and near, no one dared to commit it." (Biography of Zhang Renyuan in the New Tang Dynasty) Jia Dunyi, the secretariat of Luozhou, Tang Gaozong, also had outstanding political achievements, so people at that time said: "There are Jia in front of Luozhou and Zhang in the back, which can be an enemy of the three kings of Jingzhao." It serves to show Zhang Renyuan's position in people's minds.
In the first month of the first year of Jinglong (707), Tang Jun was defeated in the battle of Mingsha (now the ancient city of Feng 'an on the east bank of the Yellow River southwest of Qingtongxia, Ningxia), and ordered domestic and foreign officials to enter Pingtu. Lu Fu, the right-hand man, said: "Border countries should carefully choose their own people, so as to make use of them and accumulate resources and food. Advise when you come, and prepare when you go. " "When they are reasonable, they will be close to each other and will be far away from each other. Once they have sufficient reserves, their soldiers will practice and then they will make demands on a large scale. " (History as a Mirror, Volume 208) Tang Zhongzong agreed. On the first day of May, Tang Zhongzong appointed Zhang Renyuan as the general manager and ancient consultant of Shuofang Road, ready to meet the Turks.
1October 13, Zhang Renyuan was ordered to lead an army to attack the Turks. After Tang Jun arrived at the military academy, the Turks had retreated. Zhang Renyuan took advantage of the situation to pursue the Turkic rebels who plundered the horses in Longyou, hiding the camp at night, breaking the Turks and retaking the horses.
In March of the second year of Jinglong (708), Silent Sip led the whole army to attack the West Turkic Stone (at that time, the West Turkic tribe flourished in the northwest), and the northern troops were empty. Zhang Renyuan took advantage of this opportunity to ask Shangshu to seize the desert land and build three corresponding "three surrender cities" to the north of the Yellow River, thus cutting off the road of Turkish invasion to the south. Because the northern army (ruling Zhou Xia, now Nanbaichengzi, Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia) used to take the Yellow River as the boundary (now the bend of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia), Tang Jun defended Henan and Turks defended Hebei. There is a cloud temple on the bank of Hebei. Every time the Turks send troops, they go to the temple to pray first, and then send troops south.
After Shu entered Beijing, he called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. The prince said to Tang, "The Han Dynasty has come, and they are both guarding the Yellow River in the north. Now they are building a city in Kou Jing, fearing that people will waste time and effort, and finally they will be occupied by thieves. " ("The Biography of Zhang Renyuan in the New Tang Dynasty") and therefore opposed it. However, Zhang Renyuan thought that the opportunity came once in a blue moon, so he insisted on it, and finally Zhongzong agreed to Ren Yuan's request. Zhang Renyuan also demanded that soldiers who have reached the age of 20 in the garrison be left behind to speed up the construction progress. At that time, there were 200 soldiers from Xianyang (now Xianyang East, Shaanxi Province) who did not want to build a city and fled collectively. As a result, they were caught. For serious military discipline, Zhang Renyuan beheaded all of them, and for a time, "the whole army was wiped out" and tried his best. With the efforts of Tang Junbing, it took Tang Jun only 60 days to build all three cities. With Fuyun Temple as the middle surrender city (in the west of Baotou, Inner Mongolia), it is more than 400 miles away from the two surrender cities. They are all connected by Tianjin, extending more than 300 miles to the north. In addition, a 1800 was set up in the north of Chaona Mountain in Niutou (now Guyang East, Inner Mongolia), with General Zuo Gongren as the pioneer of the northern army, and kept the Covenant of True Water (now in the territory of Inner Mongolia Darhanmaoming 'an Lianhe Banner) for search alert. Since then, Turks dare not graze in the mountains (Yinshan), and the north is no longer attacked and plundered by them, so tens of thousands of troops can be preserved in the town.
When Zhang Renyuan first built the Three Cities, he didn't design the city gates (hanging doors) and didn't have the equipment to guard the city. Some people don't understand: "This border town is a place for thieves. Why not defend it? " Zhang Renyuan replied, "Enemy at the Gates, it is not advisable to retreat. If Kou has reached this point, he should join forces to fight. Looking back at the city, you still need to behead. Why did he retreat on the defensive? " (Biography of Zhang Renyuan in the New Tang Dynasty) Later, when Chang Yuankai was the general manager of the Northern Army, he began to build the three-city hanging door. So people value Zhang Renyuan and despise Chang Yuankai.
The completion of the three surrender cities was of great significance at that time. First of all, the surrendered city effectively curbed the post-Turkic invasion of the south, extending its territory for more than 300 miles, ending the passive beating of the Tang Dynasty in the decades-long war with the post-Turkic, which has great strategic value. Secondly, the completion of the three cities has reduced tens of thousands of imperial soldiers and saved a lot of military expenditure, which is conducive to social stability. Finally, the surrendered city not only played a role at that time, but also benefited a lot from later generations. Tang Xianzong's ministers Li Jiang and Lu Tan once said: "The surrender city built by Zhang Renyuan is a frontier fortress, a beautiful aquatic plant, which is beneficial to the frontier fortress." ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian", Volume 239) Lu Wen also wrote "Ming of the Three Surrender Cities" to praise Zhang Renyuan.
Soon, Zhang Renyuan returned to North Korea. On the third day of July, Zhang Renyuan was promoted to the third place in the book of unification, became the prime minister, and worshipped General Zuo Wei, making him the Southern Duke. In the autumn of the same year, Zhang Renyuan once again supervised the army to prepare for the border, and Li Xian, the emperor of Zhongzong, personally wrote poems for his farewell dinner, which was rewarded countless times. Later, he moved to the town army general and the right Wuwei general.
On June 2nd, the fourth year of Jinglong (7 10), Tang Zhongzong was poisoned by Wei Ruyun and Princess Anle, and Shang Tang acceded to the throne, so Wei Ruyun became king. Soon, Li Dan's third son and his aunt Princess Taiping staged a coup, which abolished the Shang emperor, killed Wei, and helped Li Dan to ascend to the throne, in order to restore Jing Yun.
On July 18, Zhang Renyuan was demoted to general, and later became an official at an advanced age. Soon, thanks to the history of the Ministry of War and Dr. Jia Guanglu, he remained an official.
In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), on the 10th day of June (July 25th, 7 14), Zhang Renyuan died of illness. The court posthumously awarded him the title of Prince of Shaofu, awarded him 200 pieces, and appointed five officials as guards. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, his son Zhang Zhifu was sent to Zhaozhou (now Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province).
Comments: Zhang Renyuan is a general with strict orders, clear rewards and punishments, and good at defending the enemy. Among the prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty, there were only four people who were both civil and military: Li Jing, Guo, Tang and Zhang Renyuan. Zhang Renyuan also knows how to do his duty well. During his tenure in Shuofang, he successively started to use, He Luan, Chang Kouba, Zhang Yicong, Wei Liu Shiping as the main book, and divided it into military affairs, Prince Wei Liu literature, and Chao Liangzhen was a barbarian and chaotic person. These people later became famous all over the world and became big officials.
Attachment: Five General Poems (Part II) Du Fu and Han Palace intend to build three cities and pull Han Jing out of the favored children. They say I'm tired of returning to the horse, but I'm still far from saving the soldiers of the North Army. Fools don't know Tongguan, but dragons still smell the clear water in Shanxi. Why do you make the supreme ruler worry about your country?