Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. The character, commonly called Qu Yuan, has a formal name from Yun, and the character is Han nationality. At the end of the Warring States Period, a native of Danyang, Chu (now Zigui, Hubei) was a descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong. The following is a brief introduction to the life of the poet Qu Yuan.
Brief introduction of poet Qu Yuan 1 Although Qu Yuan was loyal to Chu Huaiwang, he was repeatedly excluded. After the death of King Huai, Xiang Wang was exiled because he listened to slanderers, and finally died in Miluo River. Qu Yuan is one of the greatest romantic poets in China, and also the earliest known famous poet and world cultural celebrity in China. He initiated the style of "Chu Ci" and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". There are 25 pieces of his works, the titles of which are: Nine Songs, Evocation of Soul, Tian Wen, Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Buju and Fisherman. His representative works include Li Sao and Nine Songs.
Qu Yuan is one of the greatest patriotic poets in China, and also the earliest known famous poet and great politician in China. He created the style of "Chu Ci" (that is, the style of "Ci Fu") and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Nine Songs and Tian Wen are the most important representative works of Qu Yuan. Li Sao is China's longest lyric poem. The works of Qu Yuan seen in later generations are all from the Songs of Chu compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly composed of Qu Yuan's works, including one Li Sao, nine songs and eleven chapters (Taiyi, Yun, Lady Xiang, Shao Siming, Hebo, National Mourning and Ritual Soul). Qu Yuan was trusted by Chu Huaiwang in his early years and worked as Zuo Tu and a doctor in San Lv. He often discussed state affairs with Chu Huaiwang, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated clear laws and regulations, appointed talents, reformed politics, and united with Qin. While presiding over foreign affairs. Advocating the combination of Chu and Qi to jointly contend with Qin. With the efforts of Qu Yuan, the national strength of Chu State has been enhanced. However, due to Qu Yuan's honest and frank personality and the slander and rejection of others, Qu Yuan was gradually alienated by Chu Huaiwang. In the first 305 years, Qu Yuan opposed the conclusion of the Yellow Thorn Alliance between Chu Huaiwang and Qin, but Chu completely embraced Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital by Chu Huaiwang and exiled to the Northern Han Dynasty. Qu Yuan was expelled from Du Ying. During his exile, Qu Yuan felt depressed and began to create literature. His works are full of attachment to Chu and enthusiasm for the country and the people. His works, gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations have become one of the origins of China literature. In the first 278 years, the general of the State of Qin conquered the capital in vain. In desperation and indignation, Qu Yuan threw a big stone into the Miluo River and died. 1953 is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death. The World Peace Council passed a resolution that Qu Yuan was one of the four cultural celebrities in the world that year.
Qu Yuan's life information is only credible in Historical Records. There seems to be confusion in this biography, and some places are not easy to read. Now, combining the self-narration in Qu Yuan's works and the popular viewpoints among researchers, let's outline his life.
Qu Yuan (about 340 BC-about 277 BC), whose real name was Ping, was an aristocrat with the same surname as Chu. Ancestors were sealed in flexion, so they took flexion as their surname. Qu Yuan was deeply trusted by Chu Huaiwang when he was young, and he was a leftist official. "When he entered, he discussed state affairs with the king to issue orders; Going out to meet guests and dealing with princes "(the original biographies of historical records) is the core figure of Chu's internal affairs and diplomacy. According to calculations, he was only in his twenties and teens. Later, a doctor from Shangguan visited Wang Huai and said that Qu Yuan attributed all the laws he made for Wang Huai to himself, so Wang Huai was "angry and frustrated with Qu Ping" (ibid.). After being dismissed as a left disciple, Qu Yuan was transferred to be a doctor, in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of Zhao, Qu and Jing in the royal family, and was responsible for offering sacrifices to ancestral temples and educating aristocratic children.
Since then, there have been a series of problems in Chu's internal affairs and diplomacy. First of all, the Qin Dynasty sent Zhang Yi into Chu, bribing courtiers, Shanxi merchants and Wang Huai's concubine, Zheng Xiu, and sabotaging the Chu-Qi alliance by deception. When Chu Huaiwang found himself cheated, he sent troops to attack the State of Qin. However, the battles between Danyang and Lantian failed one after another and lost the land of Hanzhong. At this time, Qu Yuan was ordered by Qi to repair the old alliance, but it seemed that there was no result. Since then, due to Wang Huai's improper diplomatic measures, Chu was besieged on all sides by Qin, Qi, Han and Wei, and was in trouble. Around twenty-five years ago in Wang Huai, Qu Yuan was exiled to Hanbei, which was his first exile.
In the thirty years of Wang Huai, Qin people tricked Wang Huai into going to Wuguan. Qu Yuan tried to dissuade him, but Zilan, the youngest son of Wang Huai, urged Wang Huai to enter Qin. As a result, Wang Huai was detained and died in the State of Qin three years later. After King Huai was detained, Xiang Wang succeeded to the throne and Zilan was appointed as Lingyin (equivalent to the Prime Minister), and the diplomatic relations between Chu and Qin were once cut off. However, in the seventh year of his succession, Xiang Wang married Qin in order to live in peace for a while. Qu Yuan opposed their shameful position and accused Zilan of being responsible for Wang Huai's humiliating death. Zilan also instructed Shangguan doctor to vilify Qu Yuan in front of Xiang Wang, which led to Qu Yuan being exiled to Yuan and Xiang again about thirteen years before and after Xiang Wang.
When Qu Yuan was exiled for many years, the situation in Chu became more and more critical. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, the Qin generals broke through Chu (now Jiangling, Hubei Province) without results, which indicated the future crisis of Chu. The next year, Qin Jun went further. Qu Yuan saw that his once powerful country was hopeless, and had seriously considered leaving other countries, but in the end he could not leave his hometown and sank into the Miluo River with indignation. The date of his suicide may be on or around May 5th. May 5th used to be a traditional festival of Chu State, and later people took it as a day to commemorate Qu Yuan, but its original intention was little known.
See Wen Yiduo's Dragon Boat Festival Examination. Wei Shou's poem "Five Days" in the Northern Dynasties said: "I miss Cangwu County and worship Dong Jun today." It seems that until the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of offering sacrifices to Dong Jun during the Dragon Boat Festival was still preserved in the south.
There are many reasons for the conflict between Qu Yuan and the supreme ruling clique of Chu State. In foreign policy, Qu Yuan advocated confrontation with Qiang Qin, which was far-sighted. However, Wang Huai was deceived by greed and profit, and Wang Xiang dared not compromise. They couldn't accept Qu Yuan's correct opinion, but they punished him for sticking to his own opinion. In internal affairs, Qu Yuan advocated "revising the law", "invigorating talents and empowering the people" and implementing "American politics" to make the country rich and strong. He admired the sages in Confucian legends and held some idealistic attitudes towards politics. At the same time, he despises those greedy nobles and advocates reforming internal affairs, which will certainly turn many people against him. Besides, Qu Yuan's personality is also an important reason for his tragedy. From Qu Yuan's works, it is obvious that he is a passionate, honest and very confident person. This personality, coupled with his success as a teenager, makes him lack the ability to skillfully deal with high-level power circles, so it is difficult to stay in this circle for a long time. When Qu Yuan was reused, Shangguan easily alienated Wang Huai, which can't be said to be entirely due to Wang Huai's fatuity (otherwise, it can't explain how Wang Huai reused him). It should be said that Qu Yuan's character and his idealistic attitude in politics were originally difficult to coordinate with the actual political environment, not to mention that Chu was in a state of decline and chaos at that time. Historically, the contradiction between the poet's temperament and the environment has constantly caused tragedies in life, and at the same time, it has also created excellent literature.
Among Qu Yuan's works, Li Sao, Tian Wen, Evocation, Mourning and Huai Sha are mentioned in Historical Records. There are 25 Quyuan Fu in Hanshu, none of which are named. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi also wrote twenty-five Chapters and Sentences of Songs of the South, including Li Sao, Nine Songs (eleven in total), Tian Wen, Nine Chapters (nine in total), Yuan You, Buju and Fisherman, and Evocation was listed in Song Yu (Hanshu). It can be seen that the ownership and authenticity of some of these 25 works were controversial in the Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, modern researchers believe that Evocation should still follow the Historical Records and be regarded as Qu Yuan's work. Traveling far away, Buju and the fisherman are more likely to disguise themselves.
A brief introduction to the life of poet Qu Yuan
Early experience
In the 29th year of Zhou Xian (340 BC), on the seventh day of the first month, Qu Yuan was born in Danyang, Chu. The following year, Julepingli.
In the thirty-ninth year of Zhou Xianwang (330 BC), Qu Yuan lived in Lepingli. Qu Yuan was fond of books since he was a child and read widely. "Reading in Cave" and "Bashan Ye Lao Jiao Jing" should be in this year.
Zhou Xianwang lived in Leping for forty years (329 BC). Although Qu Yuan was born in a noble family, he was very sympathetic to the poor because he lived among the people and was influenced by his family. Since then, he has done a lot of good deeds of caring for the people at an early age and won unanimous praise.
Show talent
In the forty-eighth year of King Zhou Xian (32 BC1year), Qin Jun invaded the territory, and Qu Yuan organized the youth in Lepingli to fight hard. On the one hand, he condescended to educate young people, on the other hand, he skillfully used various tactics to deal a heavy blow to the enemy with wit and boldness, which showed his extraordinary talent.
In the first year of the Zhou Dynasty (320 BC), in mid-spring March, Qu Yuan left Beijing on the orders of Chu Huaiwang and served as county magistrate in Ezhou.
In the second year of King Liang (3 19 BC), he was promoted to a left disciple in Chu Huaiwang. In the late autumn of this year, Qu Yuan made it for the first time.
For three years (3 18 BC), Shen Zhou was busy with the internal affairs and diplomacy of Chu. The five countries joined forces to attack Qin, and Qu Yuan marched with the army.
Be in a high position
San Lv doctor Qu Yuan's Historical Records Biographies of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng: Qu Yuan's real name is Ping, which is the same as Chu's. Chu Huaiwang's left disciple. Knowledgeable (knowing, four tones), sensible and chaotic, clever words and colors. When he entered the DPRK, he negotiated with the king about state affairs and gave orders; When you go out, you have to meet guests and deal with princes. Wang is willing to do it. Shangguan doctors are in the same column, competing for favor and hurting ability. Chu Huaiwang made Qu Yuan a constitutional decree, but Qu Ping's draft was undecided.
Ancient and modern scholars have many explanations about Qu Yuan being left-handed in Chu Huaiwang. Now, choose the most important one:
1, Zhang Shoujie said: The left disciple is the official who connects the left and right. Zhang Tang's "Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records" said: "The left disciple Gai Jin and so on." However, according to the research of modern scholars such as Chu Binjie and Zhao Kuifu, it is believed that the gleanings of later generations are actually officials who can speak in books and have no real power. The rank of gleaning in the Tang Dynasty is only "from the eight grades", which is not commensurate with Qu Yuan's political activities described in Historical Records. Lu Kanru's Biography of Qu Yuan said: "The picture on the left is the official who took over the left and right, second only to Ling Yin."
2. Lin Geng said: The picture on the left is an official like a teacher. The article "Four Notes on the Left Picture" attached to Lin Geng's Biography of Qu Yuan, after quoting the Records of the Historian that Chun was a close friend of Chu and Ren Zuotu was Lingyin, said: "The left picture was a close friend of the imperial court, so the court was a prince because it was a close friend, and its situation was similar to Jia Yi's Changsha, so Qin also called Huang Xie a' servant of the prince'."
3. You Guoen said: The picture on the left is your deputy. You Guoen said in Qu Yuan that according to Chu Jiazhi, "King Kao Lie took Zuo Tu as his wife and was named Wu and Chun." Therefore, the position of the left disciple seems to be second only to Lingyin, who has the highest status, and may be Lingyin's deputy.
4. Zhao Kuifu said: The left disciple is a pedestrian. In Qu Yuan and his time, Zhao Kuifu wrote Zuo Tu, Andrew, Pedestrian and Ci Fu. In this article, from the unearthed cultural relics and related materials, he believes that "ACTS" and "sounds" are disyllabic loanwords. At the same time, Li Sao, Jiyuan, Xiangnan Zheng, Tian Wen, Fei Long, Xi Bei Zheng, Er Ya Shi, Zheng and Xing Ye were quoted. The meaning of "levying yin" is the same as that of the so-called "pedestrians" in Central Plains countries, and they all refer to officials in charge of foreign affairs.
5. Tang said: The left disciple is the left disciple. Tang believes that the official positions recorded in the bamboo slips unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi are "left to ascend the earth" and "right to ascend the earth", which is a generic word of the word "sheng" in ancient books. The ancient sound of "Sheng" is exactly the same as that of "Deng" and can be interchanged. So Zuo Deng Tu is "Left". At the same time, Tang also explained the responsibilities of the "Left Tu", and thought that although the "Left Tu" was in charge of internal affairs and diplomacy, according to the records in the Biography of Qu Yuan, especially the Biography of Chun, their main activities were in diplomacy. For example, several envoys of Qu Yuan and his struggle with Zhang Yi can be confirmed.
6. Nie Shiqiao said: The picture on the left is an official second only to the prime minister. Nie Shiqiao's "On Qu Yuan" said: "Make Yin the Prime Minister, which shows that the left picture is the official second only to the Prime Minister." In Qu Yuan, Zhan Antai thinks: "According to the fact that Shen Jun and Huang Xie later took the left picture as the Lingyin in the spring, we can see that the left picture was a' senior official' after Lingyin (the prime minister) at that time." And said, "The left disciple can be promoted to Lingyin."
7. Yao Xiaoou said: The picture on the left is like a servant. In the article Li Sao, Yao Xiaoou re-recognized Qu Yuan's early experience, and verified that Li Sao's "coming to China by taking the road first" was a trip, which coincided with the following "fear of the downfall of the imperial court". Furthermore, the position of "Zuotu" was researched, and it was considered that "Zuotu" was equivalent to the official position of "Taifu" in later generations. Yao Xiaoou's "servant" is recorded in "servant": "servant, in charge of the king's position, in and out of the king's life. In charge of the rebellion of the princes. " To this end, Yao Xiaoou said: "The position of' Taifu' in Zhou Li is the next doctor. The title is not high, but its position is very important." He also believes that "the position of the left disciple is equivalent to Zhou Li's' servant'".
8. Wang Yijun said: The left disciple is Chu Huaiwang Zuo Situ. Wang Yijun pointed out that Qu Yuan in Sima Qian's Historical Records was sketched by Zuo Situ, a left disciple of Chu Huaiwang, in modern Chinese (No.8, 20 10). According to the relevant records in Biography of Qu Ping, Qu Yuan's duty, that is, to draft a constitutional order to meet guests and deal with princes, is similar to the size of Si Tuleideng stipulated in Zhou. Truman was still right, so right Stuart was positive and left Stuart was vice, so Chu Jun replaced the names of big and small Stuart with left and right Stuart.
political reform
In the fourth year of Liang Wang (3 17 BC), Shen Zhou was busy with political reform and enacted various laws.
In the fifth year (3 16 BC), Shen Zhou continued to carry out political reforms and fought against the old aristocracy and all the diehard forces.
In the sixth year of Shen Zhou's reign (3 15 BC), the political reform was carried out in depth and people's hearts were boiling; The situation in Chu has changed greatly, and the old nobles are facing the fate of extinction.
Watch and watch.
In the first year (365,438+04 BC), Qu was demoted to Zuotu for ignorance and became a good doctor.
In the second year of Zhou Nanwang (3 13 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled to the northern part of the Han Dynasty for the first time (now Xixia, Xichuan and Neixiang in Henan). In order to break the alliance between Chu and Qi, the State of Qin sent Zhang Yi to bribe the dignitaries of Chu and deceive the king of Chu, saying, "If Chu can break with Qi, the State of Qin is willing to hand over more than 600 miles of local land." Qu Yuan tried his best to persuade, but the king of Chu wouldn't listen. Chu Huaiwang listened to Yi Cheung, so he handed the seal to a person and went to the State of Qin with Yi Cheung. After returning to the state of Qin, Zhang Yi pretended to be ill and didn't see Chu for three months. Chu Huaiwang thought that Yi Cheung blamed him for his lack of determination to sever ties with Qi, and sent someone to insult Qi. The king of Qi was furious and broke up with Chu. Instead, I joined hands with Qin. At this time, Zhang came out and said to the ambassador of Chu, "Why don't you accept this land? From somewhere to somewhere, it is six miles wide. " Six hundred Li became six Li, and Chu was very angry. When he came back to report, he was furious with Wang. He attacked the Qin Dynasty twice in Danyang, the ancient capital of Han bei chu (now Xixia and Xichuan in Henan Province), and was defeated by Qin State, losing 80,000 troops. More than 70 generals, such as Qu Gai and Bi, were captured, and Hanzhong County fell, which is called "the Battle of Danyang" in history. Subsequently, Qin sent troops to capture Hanzhong (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) for 600 miles and set it in Hanzhong County.
In the third year of Zhou Nanwang (3 12 BC), Chu sent troops to fight back and was defeated in Lantian (now Lantian, Shaanxi). Han and Wei took the opportunity to sneak attack on Chu to Deng (now Dengzhou, Henan), and the soldiers of Chu army were afraid and returned from Qin. Han Xuanwang died and reigned for twenty-one years. Xiangzi Wang Cang Li Agree that Qi will stay for three years. Monk advocated "good nature", advised Qi Xuanwang to be benevolent, and advised Teng Wengong to be a "minefield", all of which were not adopted by the two countries because of pedantry. Chu Huaiwang reactivated Qu Yuan and sent him to Qi, so that the two countries could form a new alliance.
In the fourth year of Zhou Nanwang (3 1 1 BC) and the fourteenth year of Qin, Chu Zhaoling was captured. King Huiwen is willing to cede half of Hanzhong to the State of Chu and form an alliance with the State of Chu. Chu Huaiwang wants Yi Cheung more than the land in Hanzhong. Zhang Yi came to the State of Chu, paid off the Shanxi merchants with a large sum of money, got the advice of Chu Huaiwang's minion Zheng Xiu, and was put back to the State of Qin. Qin Huiwen died and reigned for twenty-seven years. Prince Wudang Li. Qu Yuan went to Qi, and when he returned to Chu, Zhang Yi had already left. He advised Chu Huaiwang to say, "Why not kill Zhang Yi?" Chu Huaiwang regretted sending someone to chase Yi Cheung, but failed to catch him.
Zhou Nanwang five years (3 10 BC), the first year of Qin Wuwang. Zhang Yi was dissatisfied and left Qin for Wei. Qu Yuan still regards Wang as a doctor. Chu Huaiwang realized that he had been cheated by Zhang Yi, so he made Qu Yuan his special envoy on the spur of the moment. After Qu Yuan came back from Qi, he was immediately alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the sixth year of Zhou Nanwang (309 BC) and the second year of Qin Wuwang, they wanted to be leaders, and the evil Chu United with the State of Qin, so they wrote to the King of Chu and hesitated, so they tried their best to dissuade them, and they were at odds with the State of Qin, so they were good friends. Qu Yuan can't participate in state affairs, and it is very likely that he will be pregnant with the king by waiting for the minister.
Zhou Nanwang seven years (308 BC), Qin Wuwang three years, Han Yiyang, Gan Mao. Qu Yuan lived in Du Ying and built an altar to teach.
In the seventeenth year of King Hao of Zhou (298 BC), Qin Zhao Haoqi sent troops out of Wuguan, attacked Chu, beheaded 50,000 people, and analyzed (now Xichuan, Henan) and about 65,438 +05 cities.
First exile
In the 11th year of Zhou Nanwang (304 BC), Qu Yuan wandered in the north (above the Hanshui River, now Xixia and Xichuan in Nanyang, Henan). Qin Chu's reunion is contrary to Qu Yuan's plan, and treacherous court officials will be hurt by slanderous remarks, and they will return when necessary.
Exile background: During the Warring States period, the seven overlords, Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, fought for cities and land for years. At that time, Qu Yuan, the great poet of Chu, was only a young man and a left-handed official in Chu Huaiwang. He was sad to see the people suffering from the disaster of war. Qu Yuan was determined to serve the country and the people, and suggested that Wang Huai should appoint talents and care for the people, which won his trust.
Jia Yi described the social situation of Qu Yuan at that time in Mourning Qu Fu Yuan: Alas, it was unlucky to be born at the right time! Couples crouch, owls soar. I'm proud of you. I'm very successful. The sage is dragging his feet and the founder is falling backwards. The world calls it conformity, disparages it as embarrassment, and calls it plantar honesty. Mo Xie is a blunt object, and a lead knife is a shovel. I abandoned Zhou Ding, but I am a treasure. If you drive cattle, you will be embarrassed. A horse with two ears, a salt car. Zhang Fu's recommendation is not long. Mr. Bitter, sorry to be alone!
According to Jia Yi, everything in Qu Yuan's life is upside down: the owl is flying in the sky, but the husband and wife are hiding; Villains are proud of their ambitions, but saints are not allowed to use them; Clean people are vilified, and cruel people are praised; The sword is blunt, but the lead knife is sharp; Zhou Ding, the treasure of the country, was abandoned, and the empty crock was regarded as a treasure; The lame donkey drives the carriage, and the swift horse pulls the heavy salt cart; The hat should have been worn on the head, but it was placed under the feet and soaked with sweat. This is the present situation of Chu State.
At that time, Qin was the most powerful country in the west, and it often attacked six countries. Gongsun Yan, a famous scholar, put forward the idea of uniting six countries to fight against Qin. Qu Yuan took an active part in this matter. Together with Gongsun Yan, he helped the kings of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei to gather in the capital of Chu and form an alliance, with Chu Huaiwang as the leader. Therefore, he was highly valued by Chu Huaiwang, and many domestic and foreign affairs were decided by Qu Yuan.
Therefore, a group of nobles headed by Zi Lan, the son of Chu State, were very jealous of Qu Yuan and often spoke ill of Qu Yuan in front of Wang Huai. It is said that he usurped the exclusive right and didn't care about Wang Huai at all. With more and more people stirring up trouble, Chu Huaiwang gradually alienated Qu Yuan. Because of the alliance of Qi and Chu, the State of Qin did not dare to start work. Hearing the news, the King of Qin hurriedly called the Prime Minister Zhang Yi to the palace to discuss. Zhang Yi believes that among the six countries, Qi and Chu are the most powerful. As long as the two countries are estranged, the alliance will dissolve. He is willing to take advantage of the internal discord in Chu State to personally break up the six-nation alliance.
In the 13th year of Zhou Nanwang (302 BC), Qi, Wei and Han allied forces attacked Chu, sent the prince to Qin as a hostage, and asked Qin to send troops to rescue him. The king of Qin ordered Ke Qingtong to lead the troops to save Chu and repel the allied forces of the Three Kingdoms. The following year, a doctor of Qin State and Prince Heng were killed because of a private fight. The prince fled back to Chu for fear that Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin, would blame him. This incident worsened the relationship between Qin and Chu, which led to Qin attacking Chu frequently. "Qu Yuan hated that Chu Huaiwang listened to the gossip of villains, and let the untrue language blind the correct language. These rumors will harm the interests of Chu, which founder people can't tolerate, so Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao in bitter meditation. "
In the sixteenth year of Zhou Nanwang (299 BC), Qu Yuan had returned from exile in the Northern Han Dynasty, and together with Zhao Ju and others, he advised Chu Huaiwang not to attend the meeting, saying, "The country of the tiger and the wolf in Qin is not credible, so it is better not to do it." But my child Zilan was afraid of losing her love and urged her to go. As a result, as soon as Chu Huaiwang entered Wuguan, he was detained by Qin Jun, grabbed Xianyang and threatened to cede Wuxian and Qianzhong counties. After the capture of Xianyang, the State of Chu was made King Xiang by Qi Ying, and his son was made King Xiang, refusing to cede the land to the State of Qin. Qin sent troops to attack Chu, defeated the Chu army, beheaded 50 thousand and took sixteen cities.
Second exile
In the 19th year of Zhou Nanwang (296 BC), Chu Huaiwang died in the State of Qin, and the king of Qin sent his body back to Chu for burial. So the ministers thought Qin was unjust. Qin and Chu broke up. In the 19th year of Zhou Nanwang, Qu Yuan was removed from his post as a doctor in San Lv and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. He started from Du Ying, went to Ezhu first, and then entered Dongting.
In the twentieth year of Zhou Nanwang (295 BC), Qu Yuan arrived in Changsha, where he visited the mountains and rivers of Changsha and became deeply attached to Changsha.
In the twenty-second year of King Hao of Zhou (293 BC) and the sixth year of King Xiang, the State of Qin sent Bai Qi to Iraq to attack South Korea, which won a great victory and beheaded 240,000 people. The State of Qin sent a letter to the King of Chu, saying, "The State of Chu has betrayed the State of Qin, and the State of Qin is ready to lead the vassals to crusade against the State of Chu and decide the outcome. I hope you will rectify your foot soldiers and have a good fight. " The king of Chu did not forget his desire to rebel, pointing out that he ended up in a foreign country because "his so-called loyal ministers were unfaithful, while his so-called sages were heartless."
From the 21st year of Zhou Nanwang to the 36th year of Zhou Nanwang (294-279 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled to a remote area in the south for the second time. According to Ai Aizhen's analysis, the route of this exile started from Du Ying (jiangling county, Hubei Province), first went downstream to the southeast, had a summer harvest (southeast of Shashi, Hubei Province), passed through Dongting Lake to see Longmen (Du Yingdong's gate), then left Xiapu (Hankou, Hubei Province), and finally reached Lingyang (Qingyang County, Anhui Province today) for as long as 16 years, during which a lot of excellent literature was written.
Self-investment Miluo
Qin was not satisfied with the compromise and concession of the king of Chu. In the 19th year of King Xiang of Chu (the first 280 years), Sima Cuo, the general of Qin, attacked Chu, and Chu ceded Shang Yong and Hanbei. In the second year, attack Chu and take evil spirits, Deng and Xiling; In the twenty-first year of King Xiang (278 years ago), Ying Du was further captured in Tian Lei, so King Xiang had to flee with the ruling aristocracy, "protecting Chen Cheng (now Huaiyang County, Henan Province)". In a state of extreme depression and complete despair, he threw himself into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. This year was probably the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), and Qu Yuan was about 62 years old.
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