Throughout his life, he can write poems and good books.
He is also good at painting, especially the Lohan he painted, which is quaint and unique and enjoys a high reputation in the history of Chinese painting. In the seventh year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (835), Guan Xiu became a monk in He 'an Temple. He loves and hates clearly, cares about the sufferings of the people and hates corrupt officials. His cruel officials' Ci angrily condemned the atrocities of corrupt officials oppressing the people. He also has the pride of not being afraid of power. When he was in Hangzhou, he wrote a poem for King Qian H: "Return the money to his father". Qian H was overjoyed after reading it, but asked him to change the poem from "fourteen states" to "forty states". Guan Xiu flatly replied: "The realm is hard to add, and poetry is hard to change. "Refuse to cling to powerful people. The masterpiece is about the artistic style and presentation process of The Sixteen Arhats. "Yizhou Famous Painting Records" records: Lohan painted 16 frames, with heavy eyebrows, people who eat their noses, people who lean on turquoise, people who sit on mountains and rivers, people who look like fans, and people who do their best. Or ask, the cloud "Hugh (Guan Xiu claims to see you in his dream". He also painted ten disciples of Sakyamuni, and the same is true. People are different from people. Disciples cherish it very much. At that time, there were songs and poems in Qing Xiang. If you want a pen, you can only see it, but you can't get it. At the beginning of Taiping and Xingguo (976 ~ 983), Emperor Taizong searched for ancient paintings, gave Cheng Gongyu to shepherd Shu in Japan, and presented 16 frames of "Lohan Guan Xiu" as ancient paintings.
Sixteen arhats are masterpieces reflecting the past and present in Guan Xiu's paintings. Whether it is the creative style of the work or the skill of pen and ink, it has always been highly respected. The famous "Xuanhe Pu Shu" said: "Even Dan Qing's habits are self-inflicted, and I dare not compliment him. As a 16-year-old Lohan, his brushwork is slightly similar to secular pen and ink, and his eyebrows are written in it, which is not all similar in the world. "
Guan Xiu once went to Zhang Yu (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) to preach the theory of northern religion and Mahayana belief, saying that "all of them are good at meaning, diligent in training and diligent in deeds", which was highly praised by the county satrap V. After the departure of King V, the new prefect Chiang Kai-shek opened the altar of whitewashing and invited Guan Xiu to supervise the altar.
When Guan Xiu was seven years old, he became a monk in his hometown. He leads a hard life and travels around the world. After working for two years (9 12), she finally lived, and Shishou was 8 1 year old. After Guan Xiu's death, his old friend, Zen Master Miracle, wrote a poem entitled "Jingmen Zen Moon Master Cinema", which can tell the story of his life: "After Zeguo heard that the teacher was too muddy, the King of Shu was buried in the ashes. The White Lotus Pagoda is locked by the green spring, and the Zen Moon Hall is facing the brocade water. There are thousands of ancient laws in Xiyue, and a volume of Nanzong is printed on Lingtai. I can't bear to go back to the Western Heaven, and now I have no green ridge. "
Guan Xiu is a famous poet and monk with a long literary history.
Become famous. His poetry inherits the tradition of Nie School, which is quite different from the poetic style of Jia Dao and others who only praise mountains and rivers and live an empty and bitter life. In particular, his satirical poems are highly respected by the world. Hu's Preface to Re-engraving the Zen Moon Collection says: "Guan Xiu is in the outer ear, while writing fresh and elegant words with sadness and desolation. Sometimes he roars, sometimes he sings, and then he is still desolate. The gods are everywhere, just like a foot of gold, flying by ...! Guan Xiu is also amazing. If the husband proves that he is fluent, he can understand the wonderful truth in the clouds. In short, it is nothing more than a great drink. "
Guan Xiu's painting is also very good, especially Luohan, whose painting style is grotesque. His ink paintings of Lohan attach great importance to the depiction of Lohan's mental outlook, and the line drawing technique has reached a vivid height. In this respect, Guan Xiu inherited Yan's mantle. Huang Xiufu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote in Yizhou Famous Paintings: "When painting sixteen arhats, people with thick eyebrows, big teeth and rhinoplasty, people leaning on stones, people sitting on mountains and rivers, and people with beautiful faces do their best. Or ask, answer the cloud:' don't see what you see in your dreams.' "
In addition to poetry and painting, Guan Xiu is also quite accomplished in calligraphy. "Yizhou Famous Painting Record": "Good at cursive writing, people are better than Huai Su, and painters are more beautiful." Chronology of Tang poetry: "Rest after work, build official seal." Chen Si's A Brief History of Books in the Song Dynasty also said that Guan Xiu was a "worker slave, and the southern soil was better than Huai Su". It can be seen that Guan Xiu is good at calligraphy. Because Jiang's surname is common, he is called "Jiang Ti". His "Reading Huai Su's Cursive Songs" is rich in content, which not only vividly describes Huai Su's madness in writing, but also reveals the fundamental reasons for Huai Su's superb cursive scripts, and comprehensively analyzes the characteristics, structure and layout of Huai Su's cursive scripts. It is an artistic Huai Su's Cursive Theory. Shu Shu of Liu Jing once compared Guan Xiu's calligraphy with Huai Su, Bian Guang, Gao Xian and Ya Qi. "Xuan He Shu Pu" said: "Hugh's left character is particularly strange, and the cursive script is super strict. You can imagine him. I like the book Qian Zi Wen, which has been handed down for many generations. Although it can't be traced forever, it must be extraordinary. " He also said: "He is a good book and can be compared with Huai Su." According to Xuanhe Pu Shu, Song Yufu once collected seven cursive scripts and one running script. Representative works include cursive script, money and running script sleepwalking fairy poems.
Calligraphy of Monks in China in Past Dynasties
When he entered Shu, he asked Guan to repair calligraphy. Guan Xiu was insulted by his birthday poems and angered Cheng Yi and Cheng Yi, so he expelled Guan Xiu from Jiangling and sent him to Gong 'an County (Jingzhou County) for resettlement. Later, Guan Xiu's disciples advised him to go to Sichuan, and he went to Sichuan again. After arriving in Sichuan, Guan Xiu presented a poem to Wang Jian, the former king of Shu: "There are disasters everywhere in Jiangdong, Hebei Province, but it is said that there is little dust in Sichuan. A bottle and a bowl hang down, and thousands of waters come from Qian Shan. There are many secluded scenic spots in Qinyuan, and Ba Q and Chen Gong have no talent. Those who are ashamed of the dragon bell in the forest will also come to Guo Chentai. " Wang Jianwei has consolidated his rule in Sichuan and is sending talents to all directions. I'm glad to see Guan Xiu come to Shu. Guan Xiu lived in Shu, first in Daozhen Temple and then in the newly-built Longhua Dojo. Wang Jian respected Guan Xiu very much, and gave him awards frequently. He was awarded a series of honorary titles, such as "Dragon Palace Waiting for Imperial Decree", "Master of Distinguishing Merits and Virtues in Ming Dynasty", "Xianglin Hall Leader, Inner Worship", "Professor of Selecting Classics", "Master of Xuanyi in Three Religions", "Master of Protecting Sichuan and Two Monks", "Master of Zen Moon" and so on. Guan Xiu's beautiful sentence about Wang Jian's poem "A bottle and a bowl will grow old, and thousands of waters will come to Qian Shan" is apt and neat. Therefore, Guan Xiu is often called a "monk".
There are many new words in the poem Guanxiu. Master Zhihai of Shui Sheng Temple in Neijiang edited and collected more than 500 works (826 to 838 volumes) on his Buddhist website.
Around 900 A.D., Guan Xiu sent friends to Fujian three times, and when he was hanging a bill at Shanxin Temple (now the new Yongle Temple), he came across the ancient Buddha who detained ice. They hit it off and spent the whole evening making tea and discussing Zen. He recorded this time of tea and Zen with the poem "Huaiwuyishan Monk". The poem says:
In Xianshan, there is no chance to meet fate. red
Heart banana around the house, white-fronted tiger with Zen. Ancient wood moss seals bacteria, and deep cliffs are full of milk. In the end, things are still the same.
This poem eulogizes the happiness and Zen of the ancient Buddha, in which the phrase "the ancient wood is covered with moss, and the deep cliff is full of milk and miscellaneous springs" describes the extraordinary sight of planting old fir tea trees all around Shan Xin 'an. "Milk" refers to Wuyi tea "stone milk", and his "Huaiwuyi Hongshi" also wrote:
I often think of red stone and mountain pepper living alone. Orangutan language outside the window, beautiful inside the furnace.
Frankincense drops, and the ground shows many peaks. I once met a strange man who said that the clouds hate too far away.
What do you want after the cruise? You sing high and sit on the green rock. Burn and invade ginger taro pit, monk and water cloud robe.
The bamboo sheath is short, and the pine branches are steady in hunting arrows. Make it clear when you meet, and break the peach.
"Charming in the furnace" in the poem is the scene of brew tea; "frankincense drops in all holes" clearly shows that tea was widely planted in Wuyishan at that time. The maintenance is generous and informal. I used to eat fruit on the thoroughfare, and no one looked at it. At the beginning of Gan Ningchu (894-897), Guan Xiu began to travel around the world. In order to pacify Dong Changgong, Qian Yi, the secretariat of Runzhou, was promoted to the rank of military envoy in Zhenhai Town and added the title of "proofreader and secretary". Guan Xiu held a poem from Lingyin Temple to congratulate him. The congratulatory poem wrote: "You were forced to be free, and you worked hard in Linshan for several years. Three thousand guests are drunk, and fourteen States have a sword frost. Lai Zi's clothes are narrow and narrow, and Xie Guanwen's back is ashamed of SJGH. His name is Lingyange, and he envied Wan Huhou at that time. When Qian H saw Guan Xiu's congratulatory poem, he was naturally proud, but he was still not satisfied. Because at this time, Qian H's "appetite" was already great, and he was no longer satisfied with the governance of 14 state and won the title of "Wan Huhou". He wants to further expand his territory and strive to become a leader. So Qian H sent a message to Guan Xiu, asking him to change "fourteen states" into "forty states", and then we could meet after the change. Guan Xiu was extremely disgusted with Qian H's arrogant hospitality and dissatisfied with Qian H's expanding political ambitions, so he angrily declared that it was difficult to add a state and change a poem. Lonely cloud wild crane, when can't you fly? Then he left.
Painters and calligraphers read extensively. Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty praised him as "an upright man, chinese odyssey." . Yidu
High and sparse, with a lot of knowledge. The talent is agile, and the pen spits fierce and sharp gas. Yuefu ancient method is one of the fruit monks. The latter is not comparable, and the former Israeli side knows that the forest is gone. " Collected Works of Guan Xiu consists of 40 volumes, prefaced by Wu Rong, a famous poet at that time, and called Xiyue Collection. Tan Yu, a disciple of Guan Xiu, was re-edited and called "Bao Yue Collection". Guan Xiu is good at reciting poems. Although most of his poems are about objects, landscapes or singing with monks and poets, they often touch the world. For example, he once wrote "Words of Corrupt Officials" to satirize Gao Jixing of Jingzhou: "... Wu finished his song and broke the red beam casually. Han E sings a song, and the golden section shines brightly. Ning and one song and two songs make thousands of people cry! Not only did he cry, but he turned white and starved his family, so the auspicious wind didn't come and the wind remained. Hey, east, west, north and south. When Guan Xiu was in Shu, he also wrote a poem satirizing your fate: "What is the five emperors Huang San? "There are many similar poems in Guan Xiu's poems, such as his Fu Gui Qu, which also criticizes Hao Gui's" Mount Tai is exhausted and the East China Sea is exhausted ". "Lovers get drunk and knock on the Hosta. I would rather know that the water Weng in the field, Hibika's back is being split with moxibustion. " . After Guan Xiu's death, the world was in chaos, but the poet did not lose confidence in the future of the country. He hopes that a good minister will come out to revive the platform. For example, in his Yang Chunqu, "I don't learn from Ruan Sizong, and I don't say right or wrong until now. Because the hands must be like Zhu Jun's, and the British style is still there. When a man is married, he must be generous. Recite Yong Xifang and Du, Yao Gong and Song Kaifu. Sitting in the leisure place of Fairy Palace. Why not criticize Ruan Ji for not being afraid of powerful people, but praise and dare to speak out, hoping to have famous ministers like Fang, Du Ruhui, Yao Chong and Song Z to save the people from the mire? Guan Xiu's poems are really fierce and sharp, which is beyond the reach of ordinary poets and monks. Guan Xiu is good at calligraphy as well as poetry. Liu Jing once compared Guan Xiu's calligraphy with Huai Su, □ Guang, Gao Xian and Yaqi. In Song Dynasty, Chen Si's "Letters" also said: Guan Xiu "All workers and peasants are better than Huai Su". The Song Dynasty's Xuan He Shu Pu and the Yuan Dynasty's Tao Shu Shi Hui even praised Guan Xiu's "extraordinary writing style, which is superior to cursive script. It can be seen that he is also ... although not smarter than traces, he is extraordinary. "According to Xuanhe Pu Shu, Song Yufu collected 7 kinds of cursive scripts from Guan Xiu, with running script 1 species. As for the people, it is even more "handed down from generation to generation." "
Guan Xiu is also good at drawing. Huang Xiufu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, recorded in Yizhou Famous Paintings that Guan Xiu's poems are famous all over the world. Those who are good at calligraphy and painting are better than Huai Su and Yan Liben. ". Xia's Song Xuanhe Paintings and Yuan Dynasty Paintings also introduced Guan Xiu's paintings, saying that Guan Xiu was best at drawing arhats, and "his portraits were more like those of the past, not handed down from generation to generation". Guan Xiu once claimed that the arhat he painted came from a dream. Ouyang Jiong, a bachelor of Shu Hanlin, wrote a song "The Master of Zen Moon Should Dream of Ocean's Song": "The name of official cultivation of monks in Xiyue is lofty and lofty. Heavenly taught ink painting Lohan, Kui 'an Gu Rongsheng's brushwork. When you hold a big silk mud wall and close your eyes to burn incense in the meditation room. Maybe you can see a real musical instrument in your dream, take off your cassock and light a magic pen. Hold your wrist high and throw it into the air. @ @ Hao Duan is crazy. There are two or three bodies wandering around, unlike painting. The strange stones are arranged and embedded, and the true monks sit in a row. It is as thin as a crane and as thick as a dog's rhinoceros skull. ..... There is no one to escape from the public, and the fame is all over the world. There are 1,000 May 7th Poems and 30 seal scripts. There were many famous scholars in the Tang Dynasty, Xiao Ziyun and Wu Daozi. If calligraphy and painting are compared to Hugh Gong, I am afraid that waves will make waves and die at that time. Hugh's father-in-law came to Qin from the south of the Yangtze River, and now he has no relatives in Shu. Poets and painters are wonderful, and you are mortal. Vimalakīrti in the crock temple and the Buddha statue in the Acropolis. If you compare this painting, it will always be the first in the world. " Guan Xiu's paintings are also spread all over the world, and the Inner Court of Song Dynasty collected 30 Guan Xiu's paintings (Vimo, Bodhi, Monk, Tianzhu Monk, Luohan). However, Guo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, recorded in his paintings that the Luohan statue in Guan Xiu's painting is an "original" in the Yuntang Courtyard of Xishan Mountain. In this county, we will welcome and pray for rain and everything will come true. "This statement is obviously not credible, but it also reflects how deeply people are impressed by Guan Xiu's arhat statue.
Guan Xiu is gentle and good at writing poems. He often talks about poems silently with monks, or sings for couples, or sings with each other, and everyone is amazed. After Guan Xiu was ordained, his poems became more and more famous. During the reign of Tang Jingfu (892), Guan Xiu traveled to Hangzhou, and Qian Yi, the monarch of wuyue, visited him and asked about poems. Guan Xiu wrote a poem "Send Money to Father", in which "3,000 guests were drunk, and fourteen States were frosted with a sword." Because Qian Yi had the ambition to rule the world at that time, he was asked to change "fourteen states" into "forty states". Guan Xiu said, "It is difficult to change poetry in California. Wild cranes in the clouds, why not fly! " Leave in a hurry and travel around the world from now on.
Authentic guanxiu
Repair the original arhat map (partial)
Up to now, is it true that none of the original works of Guan Xiu's Luohan have been handed down? One morning, a phone call brought new clues about the repair of Luohan map. One morning in 2008, Yang Xin, the former vice president of Beijing Palace Museum and a famous painting and calligraphy expert in China, received a phone call from a friend. Said to let him identify two paintings, which were repaired by Guan. When people entered the house, they took out two photos, one was the ocean's chart that Yang Xin wanted to see, and the other was Guan Xiu's ocean's chart in Gao Tai Temple. Yang Xin was surprised that the two photos were about the same size and put together. Just from the photos, we can tell who came first, who is real and who is imitating, who is tall and who is low, almost immediately. That arhat picture, even if it is not the original, is probably a precious copy.
Yang Xin can't wait to see these paintings. I saw the portrait of Lohan painted on a piece of linen, with a rough and dignified style. The brush strokes, shapes and materials are different from the ancient scroll paintings you usually see. Its material is very thick, just like an uncovered mural. This linen arhat picture depicts the third arhat among the sixteen arhats-Luo Zun. At first glance, this newly discovered Luohan map is almost identical to the "Luo Luo Zun" in the Japanese Gao Tai Temple! However, careful observation shows that they have extremely subtle differences.
First of all, the performance of hemp books on the ups and downs of bones and muscles changes with the essays, and the lines are different in thickness. Secondly, in facial depiction, Lohan's eyes look down, his eyebrows are thick and his expression is natural, which is not found in Gao Tai Temple. In particular, Gao Tai Temple Ben's eyes did not look at the scriptures on their knees. Moreover, look at the root carving base, linen is thick with a pen, so it is strong and firm, as steady as a rock; Gao Tai Temple is thin and thin. ...
This ancient painting is probably the original work of Guan Xiu's Luohan Tu! In the Ming Dynasty, a scholar named Li Rihua wrote a book called Notes on Liuyanzhai, which recorded his interpretation of Guanxiu Sixteen Arhats. At that time, he had seen "Luohan Tu" in Weicheng, Sichuan, which was "radiant and awe-inspiring". And all the arhats he saw were mounted on boards. This is very similar to the situation of thick hemp arhat map!
However, Li Rihua's description of Guan Xiu's "Luohan Tu" is "a textual research on silk, which is indeed Tang Ben". In other words, the Luohan statue of Guan Xiu is painted on silk! However, this newly discovered Luohan figure of Guan embroidery is made of a unique material, not like silk, but like linen.
The newly discovered arhat map was once again questioned. The experts decided to ask the Institute of Natural Science History of Chinese Academy of Sciences to identify the material of arhat map with new technology. The appraisal conclusion is that, from the fabric structure, surface treatment, weaving technology and fiber source of the canvas, the material of this arhat painting should be the fabric of Tang and Five Dynasties. If you don't look at the back of the painting with a high magnification magnifying glass, it is difficult for people to find that it contains hemp fiber. So the material of the painting is likely to be mistaken for silk. This also shows that Li Rihua's description is not contradictory to the linen edition of the Ming Dynasty.
After repeated verification and appraisal, the experts finally reached a unanimous conclusion: this ancient painting is indeed an original work of Guan Xiu. This great discovery shocked Chinese and foreign academic circles.
After thousands of years of searching, from the emperors and princes to the common people, no paintings were found. Today, the original Lohan map of Guan Xiu is no longer a legend. It is truly presented to the world. There are still many questions about Guan Xiu's Luohan Tu, but with further exploration and discovery, the mysteries surrounding it will eventually be solved one by one.
Anecdotes are related to show, generosity and informality. I used to eat fruit on the thoroughfare, and no one looked at it. Gan Ning (894-89)
At the beginning of July, Guan Xiu left Yuezhou and went to Jingzhou. Jing Nan, our time, was more polite to Guan Xiu and arranged him in longxing temple. After a period of time, the relationship gradually alienated. One year, on Cheng Yi's birthday, 100 people presented poems to celebrate his birthday, including the repair. Because there are so many people who write poems, Cheng himself can't read them in person, so he entrusts his staff to evaluate them. Zheng Zhun was very jealous of Guan Xiu's poems, so he gave Guan Xiu the third place, and Guan Xiu was very angry about it. Guan Xiu is good at calligraphy and poetry. His nickname is Jiang Xiu. On one occasion, Cheng I asked Guan Xiu for calligraphy. Guan Xiu was indignant at the humiliation of giving poems on his birthday, so he took this opportunity to vent his anger and said, "This matter must be taught on the altar. Let's talk about it quickly!" Cheng was also very angry after hearing this. Some people around Cheng Yishi also took the opportunity to speak ill of him, so he was expelled from Jiangling and sent to Gongan County (Jingzhou County) for resettlement. A bottle and a bowl grow old, and ten thousand waters come from Qian Shan. He was awarded a series of honorary titles, such as "Waiting for Imperial edict in Dragon Palace", "Master of Distinguishing Merits and Fruits", "Sacrificing in Xianglintang", "Selecting and Training Taoist Classics Professors", "Master of Two Monks in Sichuan", "Giving Purple Shaman" and "Master of Zen Moon", and worked for two years (9 15 in Tang Dynasty, Monk Pass Monks in Guan Xiuli can recite poems, write well and are good at painting. When Wang Jian established the pre-Shu Dynasty in Shu, he came to Shu and lived in Longhua Temple, where he meditated and practiced. He painted sixteen arhats, a Buddha statue and two bodhisattvas for the temple with ink painting. In the painting, boulders hover around the clouds, and cricket is loose around Gu Teng. The appearance of Buddha, Bodhisattva and Sixteen Arhats is abnormal, which is different from other painters. Guan Xiu himself often said, "I saw these gods and buddhas in my dream and drew them when I woke up. I can also call them' ocean dreams'. " His disciples Tan Yu, Tan Fu and others kept these paintings secret and regarded them as precious works of art. Once, King Shu summoned Guan Xiu and appreciated his paintings very much. He said that his pen was wild and elegant. He kept it in the palace for a month and was assigned to imperial academy. Ouyang Jiong, a bachelor of Hanlin, also observed the monk Guan Xiu and wrote a poem for him. The poem says: the monk of Xiyue is a monk, and he is lonely. Heaven teaches Chinese ink painting Lohan, and Kui 'an Gurongsheng writes. Donate a big silk mud wall, close the meditation room and burn incense every day. Maybe you can see a real musical instrument in your dream, get rid of the clouds and light a magic pen. Raise your wrist and throw it into the air. O@ mm will let you escape. There are two or three bodies wandering around, unlike painting. Strange stones are arranged to be embedded and dried. The real monk fell down in a row. It is as thin as a crane and as thick as a rhinoceros skull at the top. Leaning against the pine roots, next to the rock cracks, the waist is long and moving. Seeing that the disciple was interested in hearing voices, Shan Tong suspected that he had had a dream. I haven't known Shara for many years, and W H is off the shoulder. If you open your mouth or talk to others, you will get suspicious and meditate for the first time. There are cases of lying elephants with drooping noses, and there are also cases of apes playing on the shore with open arms. Brush banana flowers with light red. The moss line is light dark green. Hard crutches, short, loose beds, and snow-colored eyebrows an inch long. Use rope to open two or three Vatican clips and thread 10 million rows of clothes. The leaves in the forest fell one after another, and the lingering fragrance was broken by fireworks. Piclogs have never been dragged. Mayor bamboo shoots woven futon and sat down. Take a rest after work, no one will add to the leisure art, and reputation will spread all over the sea. There are 1000 five or seven characters and 30 seal scripts. There were many famous scholars in the Tang Dynasty, Xiao Ziyun and Wu Daozi. It is more difficult to talk to Hugh than to paint and write, for fear of making waves and dying at that time. Take a break from public office and start from Jiangnan to Qin. I have no relatives in Shu today. Poets and painters are wonderful, and you are mortal. Vimalakīrti in the crock temple and the Buddha statue in the Acropolis. If you compare this painting, it will always be the first in the world.