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The Central Military Commission instructed the Agricultural Army to co-compile a division.
On April 23rd, 1927, agricultural forces in Puning, Jieyang and Chaoyang counties of Guangdong Province held armed riots and attacked Puning county. The armed forces organized by Fang Linchuan, secretary of the Chaoan County Committee of the Communist Party of China, rushed to participate in the battle. In mid-May, the riot failed, and the team retreated to Rucheng, Hunan Province, losing contact with the higher party organizations. They sent Fang Lin Chuan to Wuhan to ask Zhou Enlai, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's military minister.
When Zhou Enlai learned of the situation, he immediately instructed the riot squad to go to southern Hunan and co-edited with the agricultural army of Rucheng as a division. When he learned that Hunan peasant army was going to attack Changsha from three sides, he immediately informed Hunan comrades to "focus on southern Hunan for the time being" and told them to stand by and "don't fight hard" the troops that Guangdong Puning peasant army retreated to Rucheng, Hunan after the uprising failed. They were also asked not to come to a big city like Wuhan, but to return to southern Hunan and Rucheng as soon as possible to form a division to participate in the uprising in Hunan.
On July 18, Fang Lin Chuan conveyed this instruction of the Central Military Commission to Chen Dongri and others in Hengyang, Hunan Province, telling them that the situation in Wuhan was not good and the peasant army should not go. He returned to Rucheng to riot on the spot, occupied the county seat, and instructed the Dongjiang peasant army and the peasant army in Rucheng and other places to form a division, namely the Second Division of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army.
Set up the second division in Rucheng, where the enemy rule is weak.
1 The Outline of the Southern Hunan Movement drafted by Mao Zedong at the end of July, 1927 was discussed and passed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in August,11927, which further put forward the important decision of launching armed struggle, carrying out agrarian revolution and establishing a revolutionary regime centered on Rucheng. Firstly, Mao Zedong had the idea of "going up the mountain" and put forward the ideas of "going up the mountain", "preserving strength" and "creating a center of revolutionary forces" at the Standing Committee of the CPC Provisional Central Committee. Second, the geographical location of Rucheng is particularly important. Rucheng is located in a remote mountainous rural area at the junction of Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi, with dangerous terrain. You can enter Hengyang and Guangdong, capture cities, and retreat to mountainous areas to preserve revolutionary forces. It is an ideal area for preserving and expanding revolutionary forces after the failure of the 1927 Great Revolution and revolutionary movements in various places. Third, Rucheng has a unique revolutionary foundation. The Party has its own revolutionary armed forces in Rucheng, with about 4,000 farmers in Rucheng, Yizhang, Zixing and Renhua counties and Dongjiang area in Guangdong (Huichaomei). More than 60,000 people in Rucheng joined peasant associations and trade unions, and implemented the "all power belongs to peasant associations" and the dictatorship of workers and peasants, which became an armed separatist trend. In late July, Li, the central leader of Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, put forward the proposal of holding Nanchang Uprising, so the central government combined the autumn harvest uprising of farmers in four provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong and Jiangxi with Nanchang Uprising, and made a unified strategic consideration, that is, on the one hand, it helped the realization and success of the riots in four provinces with military force, on the other hand, it went straight to Dongjiang, seized Guangzhou, restored the revolutionary base areas in Guangdong, and then resumed the Northern Expedition. It is precisely because of this consideration, as well as Rucheng's geographical position in southern Hunan and the rising revolutionary situation, that the Central Committee believes that Hunan's autumn harvest uprising should be launched in southern Hunan first to cope with the southern and northern expeditions of Nanchang uprising troops. Rucheng is very important as "the place with the largest military strength of farmers and the most convenient war terrain".
The revolutionary movement of workers and peasants in Rucheng area has attracted the attention and attention of the central high level. In order to strengthen the unified leadership and command of the revolutionary armed forces in Rucheng area, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission sent Ren Zhuoxuan, Chen Dongri, Wu Wenyuan and other cadres to Rucheng on July 9, and established the CPC Rucheng Special Committee and the Southern Hunan Special Committee, with Ren Zhuoxuan as the secretary and Chen Dongri, Chen Youkui, Wu Zhenmin, Zhu, He, and other six members. At the end of July, more than 5,000 peasant troops assembled in Rucheng were reorganized into the Second Division of the Chinese Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, with Chen Dongri as the teacher, Wu Zhenmin (commander-in-chief of Hui Chaomei's National Salvation Party) as the deputy teacher and chief of staff, with three regiments under its jurisdiction. Rucheng Peasant Army was the first 1 regiment, headed by He, and represented by Zhu; Chen County and Yizhang Peasant Army are the second regiment, headed by Gao Jingshan; The resurgent Minoan Army is the third regiment, headed by Wu Zhenmin and represented by Li Yunchang. The Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants became "the first armed force under the leadership of China".
During the establishment of the Second Division, He and Lai Jianbing set up a camp behind the Second Division in their hometown of Kuzhu 'ao, Haotou, Zhangxi, to prevent sudden changes. Sure enough, 1927 After the "August 15" counter-revolutionary incident in Rucheng, Chen Dongri and others urgently collected the rest, quickly moved to Haotou, and joined the peasant Red Guards (stationed in the rear camp) led by He to form the Fourth Army Supplementary Corps of the National Revolutionary Army. In September, the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed the regiment to change its name to the first regiment of the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, and held an autumn harvest uprising on the spot. In late September, the Second Division, which revived morale, once again raised the banner of "Great Righteousness" and successively won major victories, such as outwitting Guidong, occupying Rucheng and establishing a Soviet government in Rucheng County.
The banner of the revolutionary army of workers and peasants was first played.
In time, the Second Division was the first armed force led by China to play the banner of the revolutionary army of workers and peasants.
Compared with Nanchang uprising troops. 1927, 1 In August, Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries, which pointed out the future of China revolution and was an important symbol of the birth of the new people's army led by China. The Second Division was established almost at the same time, but the Nanchang Uprising Army openly flaunted the banner of the National Revolutionary Army.
Compared with the autumn harvest uprising troops. The First Division of the First Army of the Chinese Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was established in Xiushui, Jiangxi on September 9, 1927, with a total of 5,000 guns. Under the leadership of former enemy committee secretary Mao Zedong, commander-in-chief Lu Deming and Yu Sadu, the autumn harvest uprising was launched and the banner of the revolutionary army of workers and peasants was publicly displayed. On September 29th, when Sanwan was reorganized, the number of personnel was reduced from 5,000 to less than 1000, and it was reduced to a regiment called the first regiment of the first division of the First Army of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army. At the beginning of May of the following year, after joining forces with Zhu De and Chen Yi of the Southern Hunan Uprising, they were organized as the Fourth Army of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, and later changed to Gongsijun. The Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was established at the end of July 1927, more than a month before the first division 1.
Compared with the uprising troops in southern Hunan. In June 1928 65438+ 10/3, Zhu De announced that the rebel army was renamed as "the First Division of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army" at the mass meeting convened by the CPC Yizhang County Committee. The whole division 1 260 artillery, with Zhu Deren as the division commander, Chen Yi as the party representative, and the right flag changed to the flag of axe and sickle. On May 4th, this unit and several other local armed forces of the Southern Hunan Uprising had a total of12,000 people, and joined forces with the First Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants led by Mao Zedong (at this time, it was actually a division and a regiment) to form Gongsijun, with Zhu De as the commander and Mao Zedong as the party representative. Since then, Jinggangshan revolutionary base has been developed and expanded. Obviously, the first division led by Zhu De was formed more than five months later than the second division.
Compared with Guangdong Dongjiang Second Division League. In fact, the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants established in Rucheng, Hunan Province is the predecessor of the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants established in Dongjiang, Guangdong Province in the middle of June 1927.
1In May, 927, Hai Lufeng Agricultural Army led by Wu Zhenmin, revolutionary armed forces in Puning and Chaoyang counties led by Yang Shixun, member of Shantou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and deputy commander of Dongjiang Workers and Peasants Army, and some agricultural troops in Huizhou region joined forces in Lu Fengxian. The CPC Dongjiang Special Committee instructed that these three revolutionary armed forces be unified and reorganized into the Huichao Meinong Corps, with more than 2,000 people, with Wu Zhenmin as the commander-in-chief and Yang Shixun as the party representative, and three regiments under their jurisdiction. In late June of the same year, in order to preserve the revolutionary forces, the resurgent Mino Army moved thousands of miles to Rucheng, Hunan. After meeting the local agricultural army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed him to form the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants at the end of July. The "August 15 th" Rucheng Incident caused heavy losses to the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, leaving four or five hundred people, who were ordered to be reorganized into the first regiment of the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants. On June 6th 10, the surplus of the 24th Division of the 11th Army of Nanchang Uprising Army, led by its teacher Dong Lang and Party representative Changyi Yan, entered Huiyang Cave in Hailufeng area where the second armed uprising of workers and peasants broke out, and joined the local peasant army. Under the command of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the insurgents and peasant troops returning from Rucheng resumed to form the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants (also known as the Red Second Division), with Changyi Yan as the teacher, Dong Lang as the party representative and deputy teacher, and Zhu Yunqing as the head. 10 On June 5438+05, the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Guangdong Provincial Committee held a joint meeting, and decided that the rest of the Nanchang Uprising and the workers and peasants armed forces in the whole province should be renamed the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army. The Nanchang Uprising Army led by Zhu De and Chen Yi is the first division of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army, and the Hailufeng Army is the second division. Later, considering that Hai Lufeng's troops were less than one division, he decided to form a regiment first, that is, the second division and the fourth regiment. Under the leadership of Peng Pai, the team liberated Haifeng and Lufeng counties, established the revolutionary regime of workers and peasants-Haifeng Soviet government on 16543810.5, and then joined forces with Puning and Lufeng to establish Haifeng and Lufeng revolutionary base areas. This unit later joined the Gongsi Division in Ye Yong and was incorporated into the Gongsi Army.
Compared with the Wan 'an riot squad. 1927 1 10/0/0 10 Under the leadership of the Jiangxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China, the fifth column of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army in western Jiangxi was established in wanan county, with Yang Deming as the column leader and Chen Zhengren as the party representative. At the same time, the young and middle-aged members of various peasant associations in Wan 'an were organized into Wan 'an Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, forming five columns, with a total of1.4000 people. In mid-February,112 organized three sieges, but none of them won. 192865438+1October 8th, organized more than 40,000 people to attack the city for the fourth time, and finally won. The establishment of the revolutionary army of workers and peasants in Wan 'an obviously lags behind the Second Division.
Create a precedent of "the party commands the gun"
As can be seen from the party history documents and the memories of the parties, the Second Division of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army was established according to the instructions of Zhou Enlai, Minister of Military Affairs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the cadres were appointed according to Zhou Enlai's proposal; The Second Division and its regiment are directly led by Hunan Provincial Committee, CPC Rucheng Special Committee and Southern Hunan Special Committee. It can be said that it pioneered the "party commanding guns".
The second division was awarded by Zhou Enlai himself. The book The Years of Li Yunchang Fire contains: 1927. At the beginning of June, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Minister of Military Affairs Zhou Enlai instructed the Minoan Army returning to the DPRK: "At present, the domestic situation has changed, and our party's policies and strategies must be changed accordingly. Jiang and Wang colluded to openly restrict the development of workers and peasants' armed forces. His counter-revolutionary face has been completely exposed, and the complete split between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party is a foregone conclusion. " "Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei provinces have a good foundation for the movement of workers and peasants. Our party should first hold uprisings in these four provinces and establish the regime of workers and peasants. Comrade Wu Zhenmin and Li Fangqi, don't take the team to Wuhan, immediately take the team back to Rucheng, southern Hunan, and prepare for the uprising in southern Hunan. "
In July, after the confluence of Wang and Jiang, Fang Lin Chuan and the Minister of Military Affairs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China signed an urgent order to form the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants (subordinate three regiments) as soon as possible, and sent the Central Commissioner Chen Dongri and the military cadres of the provincial party committee to work in Rucheng to complete the army formation together with Wu Zhenmin and Li Fangqi (that is, Li Yunchang). As you can see, the second division was designated by Zhou Enlai in the instructions.
The main leaders of the Second Division were appointed on the proposal of Zhou Enlai. Li Yunchang wrote in his memory: "The reorganization of Rucheng (Second Division) progressed rapidly, and it was carried out in full accordance with the deployment of Zhou Enlai, secretary of the Military Commission. The cadres were appointed according to Zhou Enlai's proposal. Chen Dongri is the division commander, Wu Zhenmin is the deputy division commander and Wu Wenyuan is the chief of staff. The original resurgent American peasant workers' rescue party army was reorganized into 1 regiment, Rucheng peasant army was reorganized into 2 regiments, and Chenzhou and Yizhang county peasant armies were reorganized into 3 regiments. Thus ensuring the party's leadership over the army.
Establish temporary special committees and military commissions of the CPC. Chen Dongri in Volume 54 of Biography of the History of the Communist Party of China records: "The Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants is headed by Chen Dongri, with Wu Zhenmin as the deputy commander and Wu Wenyuan as the chief of staff. So, Chen Dongri and others led the peasant army back to Rucheng, and set up a temporary special committee and military commission of the Communist Party of China (except the Second Division), with Chen Dongri, Wu Zhenmin and Rucheng county party secretary Zhu (then Teke) as the main leaders, leading the revolutionary movement and armed struggle in Rucheng area in a unified way.
1927 At the end of July, the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was established and completed its training and consolidation. Chen Dongri delivered an inspiring speech at the inaugural meeting of the Second Division, announcing the appointment list of leading cadres in regiments, battalions, companies and platoons. The troops were organized into three regiments, the former Guangdong Agricultural Army was 1 regiment, the Rucheng Agricultural Army was 1 regiment, and Yizhang and Chenzhou were 1 regiment. The division has more than 4,000 people and 65,438+10,000 guns.
The Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China directly led the adaptation of the Second Division. 1August, 927 15, armed bandits in Rucheng colluded with the 47th Division of the 16th Army of the Kuomintang to raid the county seat, and the second division suffered heavy casualties. Wu Zhenmin, Zhu and other leaders of the Second Division and hundreds of soldiers died heroically. After the breakthrough, Chen Dongri, Kun Yu and four or five hundred men divided their forces to Ho and Hao Tou Kuzhu 'ao Houying. For covert operations, this team was reorganized into a supplementary regiment of the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army, with three battalions under its jurisdiction.
Chronicle of Chenzhou Region records: "After the failure of the workers and peasants movement in Rucheng, the surplus of the former Second Division joined the Red Guards of the peasants, with a total of more than 500 people, forming the Supplementary Corps of the Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army, headed by He, deputy headed by Yu Kun, and represented by Ren Zhuoxuan. Jiangxi's activities of worshipping righteousness and going to Judea. 1In September, 927, the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed the regiment to be reorganized into the first regiment of the Second Division of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army and held an autumn harvest uprising on the spot. "
The workers' and peasants' movement was combined with the agrarian revolution and political power construction.
The Historical Materials Series of China People's Liberation Army During the Agrarian Revolutionary War Armed Uprising in Various Places records: "1In late June, 927, the peasant self-defense forces of five counties in southern Hunan, Chen County, Yizhang, Guidong, Yongxing and Zixing, assembled in Rucheng, joined with Rucheng peasant self-defense forces and Dongjiang peasant self-defense forces in northern Hunan, and launched an armed struggle on the Hunan-Jiangxi border, constantly cracking down on counter-revolutionary forces, thus making the province highly prestigious. "At that time, under the leadership of Chen Dongri, the reorganization of the agricultural army and the training of military cadres began, and some agricultural troops were assigned to guard the key points of the county to prevent the attack of the new Kuomintang warlords." "History of People's Revolutionary Struggle in Rucheng" (unpublished draft) also wrote: "The Meinong Army in Huichao joined the peasant self-defense forces in Grange and Wenshui, and under the unified command of Wu Zhenmin, attacked the border of eastern Guangxi, and fought with He Jian of Fu Xuan Group in eastern Guangxi in Sha Tin and Zhai Qian, and the bandits collapsed. Seized more than 0/0 enemy rifles, shotguns 1 steel guns. The border between Yucheng and Guidong is temporarily stable. "Effectively hit the counter-revolutionary forces in Rucheng and Guidong.
Surrounded by reactionary forces on all sides, the team led by Chen Dongri not only fought resolutely against the reactionaries, but also cooperated with the Party organizations in Rucheng County to basically control the districts and township governments in the county and reduced rents and interest rates in some rural areas. Haotou and other places have begun to insert standard plots and began to combine the peasant movement with the agrarian revolution. At the same time, farmers from dozens of surrounding counties United and fled to Rucheng. In the days when white terror enveloped Hunan and the whole country, the scene of Rucheng revolution was steaming.
The Soviet government of Rucheng County established by the Second Division has a more important influence on the armed struggle in southern Hunan. On August 15, the Second Division was raided by Kuomintang troops and suffered heavy losses. After preserving its strength and taking covert actions along the Hunan-Jiangxi border, the Ministry was reorganized into the first regiment of the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants in late September under the secret instructions of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, and held an autumn harvest uprising on the spot. On September 24, a regiment of the Second Division captured Guidong County, captured more than 20 officials including Xie, the head of Guidong County, and held a public trial to execute a group of criminals. On the 29th, a regiment of the Second Division conquered Rucheng County, occupied the county government, captured party member He, the Qing Party in Rucheng County, announced the establishment of the Soviet government in Rucheng County, and took the lead in establishing the regime of workers, peasants and soldiers in the country. In the name of the head of the First Regiment of the Second Division of Hunan Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, he published the Announcement of the First Regiment of the Second Division of Hunan Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants, exposing Chiang Kai-shek and Tang Shengzhi's crimes of betraying the revolution and calling on the workers and peasants to unite. Overthrow old and new warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry, confiscate their property, abolish exorbitant taxes and rent, and implement land to the tiller. He put forward the political ideas of "selecting representatives by trade unions, peasant associations and soldiers, and then organizing the government of workers, peasants and soldiers nationwide" and "uniting the workers, peasants and soldiers all over the world to fight together, eliminate imperialism and complete the world revolution", and initially formed the regime of workers, peasants and soldiers.
The Kuomintang Hunan provincial government is extremely afraid and hostile to this. On June 5438+0927 1 1 day, in the name of Tang Shengzhi, chairman of the provincial government, acting chairman, "Hunan provincial government's request for instructions on who is wanted for * * *" was issued (min zi No.2665438+.
China Hunan History, the armed uprising in Hunan during the Agrarian Revolutionary War, spoke highly of this: the Second Division launched the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Ru Gui County, Lianke County, and established the Soviet regime in Rucheng County, realizing the uprising plan of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China; It has had an important impact on the armed struggle in southern Hunan. "
Judging from the historical lessons, the Second Division of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was defeated in August 1927. The main reasons are: first, the enemy is strong and we are weak; The enemy's three regular regiments are well equipped, and the second division has only 1000 guns; Second, the Second Division lacks the experience of overall planning and unified command and operation, and there is no highly centralized leadership core within the revolutionary army; Third, local agricultural forces did not cooperate closely and cooperate with each other; Fourth, the enemy's situation was underestimated, his mind was paralyzed, and he was not fully prepared for the battle.