Qin Shihuang (259 BC-265438 BC+00 BC), won the surname, Zhao, also known as (Zheng),, or Zulong? Son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. China is a famous politician, strategist and reformer in history, an iron-fisted politician who unified China, and the first monarch in China to be called the emperor.

Qin Shihuang was born in Handan (now Handan), the capital of Zhao State, and spent his youth here. In the first 247 years, 13 was king.

238 years ago, when I was 22 years old, I held the coronation ceremony of the monarch in Yongcheng, the old capital, and began to "manage state affairs personally", getting rid of Lv Buwei, Lao Ai and others, and reusing Lisi and Liao Wei.

From 230 to 22 1 year, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were destroyed successively. At the age of 39, he completed the great cause of reunifying China, established a powerful centralized country with the Han nationality as the main body, and laid the territory of China.

Qin Shihuang thought his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and adopted the titles of "Emperor" and "Emperor" of Huang San. He was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, so he called himself "the first emperor".

At the same time, the central government implements three public officials and nine ministers to manage state affairs. The enfeoffment system was abolished at the local level and replaced by the county system. At the same time, books are written in the same language and cars are on the same track. Unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering Baiyue in the south, building the Great Wall of Wan Li, building Lingqu and connecting the water system.

However, in the later period, seeking immortals, entrapping the people and killing their wisdom shook the ruling foundation of the Qin Dynasty. 2 10 years ago, Qin Shihuang died in Xingtai sand dune on his way eastward.

2. Liu Bang

Liu Bang (256 BC 1 1 24th of the month-65438 BC+25th of April, 095), namely Gaudi, a native of Peifengyi, was the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty.

One of the great pioneers of Han culture, an outstanding politician, strategist and conductor in the history of China. He made outstanding contributions to the development of the Han nationality and the reunification of China.

Liu bang was born in a peasant family, and he was open-minded and did not care about production. Qin was then the curator of the Surabaya Pavilion in Pei County, and died in Mangdang Mountain for releasing criminals.

Shortly after the Chen Sheng Uprising, Liu Bang rallied 3,000 children to respond to the Uprising, captured Peixian and other places, called Pei Gong, and soon defected to Xiang Liang, where he served as the prefect of the Party and County, sealed the Hou of Wu 'an, and commanded the military forces of the Party and County.

In 206 BC 10, Liu Bangjun entered Pakistan, and Zi Ying, king of Qin, surrendered to Liu Bang. The Qin Dynasty perished. ? [5] Liu Bang abolished Qin's harsh laws and made three chapters with Guan Zhong's elders. After the Hongmen banquet, it was named Hanwang, ruling Bashu and Hanzhong areas.

In the early period of Chu-Han War, there were many defeats and wars. However, he knew people well, paid attention to training, gave full play to the talents of his subordinates, paid attention to uniting forces against Xiang Yu, and finally turned defeat into victory.

After defeating Xiang Yu, he unified the whole country. On February 28, 202 BC, Liu Bang ascended the throne in the flood sun, making Chang 'an his capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history.

After he acceded to the throne, he wiped out Han Xin, Peng Yue, Ying Bu, Zangcha and other governors with different surnames, and divided the land into nine governors with the same surname. On the other hand, the establishment of rules and regulations, the adoption of a relaxed rest policy to govern the world, the demobilization of soldiers to return home, the exemption of corvee, the emphasis on agriculture and the suppression of business, the restoration of broken social economy, and the stability of feudal rule order.

It not only appeased the people, but also contributed to the rich cultural foundation of the Han Dynasty. Adopt the pro-Xiongnu policy, open the market with Xiongnu, and ease the relationship between the two sides.

In BC 195, Liu Bang was shot by a flowing arrow because of his crusade against Ying Bu rebellion. Later, he became seriously ill and collapsed in the same year. His temple names are Taizu and posthumous title Gao.

3. Sima Yan

Sima Yan (16,236-May 290), namely Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (reigned from 265 to 290). An Shi, born in Wenxian County, Hanoi (now Wenxian County, Henan Province), was the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty. Sun of Sima Yi, Emperor of Jin Dynasty, nephew of Sima Shi, eldest son of Sima Yi, Emperor Wen of Jin Dynasty, and father of Jin Dynasty Emperor? .

In the second year of Emperor Xianxi (265), he attacked his father. A few months later, he forced Cao Huan, the emperor of Wei Yuan, to abdicate on his own, and became the capital of Luoyang in the early Yuan Dynasty. In the fifth year of Xianning (279), Du Yu and others were ordered to divide their forces and attack the State of Wu. The next year, Wu was destroyed and the whole country was unified.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he adopted a series of economic measures to develop production and promulgated the family model (including farmland occupation system, household modulation system and farmland occupation system). During the reign of Taikang, there was a scene of prosperity in the Western Jin Dynasty, which was called "the rule of Taikang" in history.

However, after the demise of Wu, it gradually became lazy and extravagant. In the first year of Taixi (290), he died of illness. He was Emperor Wu of posthumous title, the ancestral temple, and was known as Emperor Wu of Jin. Bury Yang Jun's mausoleum.

4. Emperor Wendi Sui

Sui Wendi Sui Wendi (2 1, 54 1- 13, August 604) was born in Huayin, Hongnong County (now huayin city, Shaanxi Province). Yang Zhen, the 14th grandson of Han Taiwei, the founding emperor of Sui Dynasty, reigned from Kaiyuan (58 1) to Renshou (604). Xianbei fine print, Xianbei surname Pu Liuru, returned to Yang after Emperor Wendi came to power.

His father, Yang Zhong, was a military aristocrat in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties. When Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty became a vassal, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty inherited his father's title. When he succeeded to the throne in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was the pillar of the country and Fu was the foundation of the country. He looked forward to a prosperous future.

In the first year of Dading in Northern Zhou Dynasty (58 1), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was abdicated as emperor by Jing Di of Northern Zhou Dynasty, and he was restored as emperor. After Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, he carried out a series of reforms in the political and economic systems. Amend the criminal law and system to adapt to China after the reunification of North and South.

The central government implemented the system of three provinces and six departments, and the three-level system of local counties was changed to the two-level system of counties, which consolidated centralization. Reduce taxes many times, reduce the burden on the people, promote national agricultural production and stabilize economic development.

In the ninth year (589), the King of Jin was sent south to pacify Chen and unify the north and south. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty adopted the policy of military defense and political appeal to the surrounding ethnic groups, which effectively handled ethnic contradictions and was honored as "holy Khan" by the northern ethnic minorities. During the reign of the emperor, the Sui Dynasty had a vast territory with a population of more than 7 million.

Emperor Wen was in office for twenty-four years, determined to reform and made outstanding achievements. However, in the later period of his reign, he gradually became suspicious, killed heroes and listened to the words of the Queen Wen. He deposed his eldest son, Yong Yang, and made Yang Guang, the king of Jin, a prince, which laid the groundwork for national subjugation.

Renshou died in Renshou Palace in 604. Sixty-four-year-old, temple name Gaozu, posthumous title Wendi, was buried in Tailing.

5. Ethan

Tang Gaozu Li Yuan (June 25th, 566 -635) was born in Chang 'an. The founding emperor and military commander of the Tang Dynasty. Born in a noble family in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he attacked Tang Guogong at the age of seven.

Because Wendi's lonely queen is his aunt, she was loved by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, and spent thousands of years preparing for her health, and she was the secretariat of the three countries. Great cause for nine years (6 13), moved to Wei.

Yang Di levied Koguryo to supervise the transportation of grain and grass in Liaodong. In the 11th year of Daye (6 15), he led the troops to crush the Second Rebel Army in Longmen. In the 12th year of Great Cause (6 16), he led the troops to conquer the Turks and won many victories.

In the 13th year of Daye (6 17), he was promoted to stay in Taiyuan. After the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, Tang Gaozu and Li Shimin killed the deputy left-behind Wang Wei and Gao Junya in May and set off for Jinyang. Build a general's office and lead 30 thousand troops south with Li, Li and Li.

Conquer HuoYi, cut Song Laosheng; It's about the Central Sun Hua Rebel Army. In November, Chang 'an was captured. You Yang, the grandson of Emperor Yang Di, was made emperor, and Emperor Yang Di was revered as the emperor's father at a distance, and changed his position to Yi Ning, claiming to be the great prime minister and sealing the Tang King.

In May of the following year, after being killed, he was forced to give way to self-reliance and became the son of Xue Ju, the son of Tang, the country name, Jianwude and the king of Qin, and was ordered to lead troops to defeat the separatist regime in Longxi.

From the second year of Wude (6 19) to the third year, the Paishi militia crossed the Yellow River eastward and repelled Liu Wuzhou and Song Jingang. He also ordered the people to attack the king who proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang. In four years, Dou Jiande, who rescued the king, forced the king to land.

Since then, peasant rebels and local separatist forces have been cut off one after another, completing the great cause of reunifying the whole country. In June of the 9th year of Wude (626), after the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin was appointed as the Crown Prince. In August, it spread in Li Shimin, claiming to be the emperor's father.

In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), Li Yuan died of illness. Wu Tai, posthumous title, whose temple number is Gaozu, was buried in Xianling. In the first year of Shangyuan (674), the country name was changed to Shen Yao. In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), Emperor Yao Sheng Da and Daguangxiao.

6. Zhao Kuangyin

Zhao Kuangyin (March 2, 9271-June165438+1October14,976) was born in Jiamaying, Luoyang (now Dongguan, Chanhe District, Luoyang City, Henan Province).

Military strategist and martial artist from the Five Dynasties to the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty (reigned on February 4, 960-976 165438+ 10/4). The second son of Zhao (Song Xuanzu), the garrison commander of the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, was Du (Queen Zhao Xian).

In the later Han Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin defected to Guo Wei in Yin Di. After the establishment of the Later Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin began to join the army, which was highly valued by Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong. When conquering the Southern Tang Dynasty, he made many meritorious deeds. When Chai Rong was seriously ill, he appointed Zhao Kuangyin as the commander-in-chief in front of the temple, in charge of the imperial guards in front of the temple.

Shortly after Zhou Gongdi ascended the throne, he was ordered to resist the Northern Han and Qidan allied forces. Immediately in the "Chen Qiao mutiny" was made emperor. After the army returned to Beijing, Emperor Gong was forced to meditate and ascended the throne, which was called "Song" and "Northern Song" in history.

During the reign of Zhao Kuangyin, according to Prime Minister Zhao Pu's strategy of "South first, then North, first easy and then difficult", he devoted himself to unifying the whole country, and successively eliminated the southern separatist regimes such as Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang, and completed the unification of most parts of the country.

Zhao Kuangyin's "relieving the military power with a glass of wine" twice relieved the military power of the imperial generals and local buffer regions, thus solving the self-sufficiency situation of our local soldiers since the middle Tang Dynasty. He also set up a "pile bank" to store money, silks and cloth, so as to redeem the sixteen states that Shi Jingtang, the high-impedance of the late Jin Dynasty, gave to the Khitan.

In the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Zhao Kuangyin died at the age of 50. In the 16th year of his reign, posthumous title was buried in Yongchang Mausoleum.

7. Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan (1215-1294) in Borzijit Banner, namely Yuan Shizu, Mongolian, politician and strategist. Yuan Xianzong, Torre's fourth son, was the supervisor of the country. The last Khan of Mongolia was also the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Mongolian is honored as "Snow Zen Khan".

125 1 year, Mongo appointed Kublai Khan as Prime Minister, and he was stationed in the southern capital. Xing zhou, a political official and Han Confucian scholar, set up a policy department in the capital of song dynasty to rectify the military and political affairs in Henan (now Luoyang) and pacify the land of Tang and Deng, which achieved positive results.

1253 was granted land by Jingzhao (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). In the same year, Kublai Khan was ordered to explore Dali with Uriyangqatai. 1258, Meng Ge attacked the Southern Song Dynasty and appointed Kublai Khan as the general of the East Route Army.

1259 September, Mongo died in Hezhou front. 1260 in March, Kublai Khan was pushed by some kings, that is, Khan was located in Kaiping, and the Central Plains was established. Kublai Khan relied on the abundant manpower and material resources of the Han Dynasty to send troops to defeat Ali Buge.

127 1 year (eight years to Yuan Dynasty), taking the meaning of "Great Gan Yuan" in the Book of Changes, the founding number was Dayuan, and most of them were its capital. 1274 (11th year of Zhiyuan), Bo Yan was ordered to cut the Song Dynasty. 1279 (16th year of Yuan Dynasty) finally wiped out the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty in exile in Yashan, and completed the great reunification of the whole country.

After the national reunification, Kublai Khan reused the Hui nationality Ahema. Since the unification of China, Ahema has been in charge of the central finance, searching in many ways and gaining more and more power. After Ahmar, he was good at politics alone.

During the period of 1282 (19th year of Yuan Dynasty), the killing of Ahema mostly happened to monk Hegao. Since then, Kublai Khan has served as Lu and Sanger in charge of finance, both of which ended in failure.

During the same period, Kublai Khan sent troops to Japan, Annan, Zhancheng, Myanmar and Java, all of which failed. However, it played a positive role in resisting the intrusion of the northwest kings such as Haidu and Duwa and the rebellion of the northeast kings Naiyan. 1294 (31st year of Zhiyuan), Kublai Khan died of illness.

8. Zhu Yuanzhang

Zhu Yuanzhang (1328 65438+ 10/2124 June 398), a native of Fengyang, Anhui Province, Han nationality, was originally named Chongba, and later named Xingzong. He joined the Guo Zixing army and changed his name to Zhu Yuanzhang.

Politician, strategist, military commander-in-chief, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang was very poor when he was a child. He used to herd cattle for the landlord. /kloc-entered the ancestral temple in 0/344. At the age of 25, he took part in the Red Scarf Army uprising led by Guo Zixing against the Yuan Dynasty. 1356, was regarded as Wu Gong by his subordinates.

In the same year, Qing Ji Road was captured and changed to Tianfu (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). 1367, Xu Da and Chang Yuchun were ordered to send troops to the Northern Expedition with the slogan of "expelling Land Rover and restoring China".

/kloc-at the beginning of 0/368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtianfu, with the title Daming Hongwu. In autumn, most of them were captured, ending the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the whole country. Mongolian nobles fled to the north, and sixteen states of Youyun ceded by the late Jin Dynasty were also recovered. And pacify the southwest, northwest, northeast and other places, and finally unify China.

During Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he reformed all aspects, abolished the prime minister politically, and set up a department to undertake propaganda and deployment, a department to punish trials, and all command departments were decentralized, further strengthening centralization and severely punishing corrupt officials. .

Militarily, the system of health centers was implemented and the Northern Expedition was carried out. Economically, make great efforts to resettle the land and army, build water conservancy projects, liberate handmaiden, reduce the tax burden, and send people to inspect fields and households all over the country? .

Culturally, pay close attention to education, advocate imperial examination, establish imperial academy to train talents; Strengthen overseas exchanges with foreign countries and restore China's suzerain status. Through the efforts of the Hongwu dynasty, social production gradually recovered and developed, which is called the rule of Hongwu in history. ?

1398 (thirty-one year of Hongwu), Zhu Yuanzhang died at the age of 7 1, and the temple name was Taizu. posthumous title opened the heaven and established the Great Sage as the supreme god, benevolence and righteousness. Wu Junde succeeded him as the high emperor and was buried in the Ming Tombs.

9. Huang taiji

Huang taiji (1592165438+1October 28th-1643 September 2nd1), also translated by Huang taiji and Hong Taizhu. Nurhachi, the eighth son of Aisingiorro, the emperor of Qing Dynasty, was an outstanding strategist and politician in the early Qing Dynasty, the second great Khan in the late Jin Dynasty, and the founding emperor of Qing Dynasty.

Huang taiji has been hunting and fighting with his father and brother since he was a teenager, and he is skilled in riding and shooting. After the death of Nurhachi in the 11th year of Destiny (1626), Huang Taiji was elected as Khan, and the next year was the first year of Congcong.

After Huang taiji ascended the throne, he carried out drastic feudal reforms and strengthened centralization; Strategically, we should conquer Korea and Monan Mongolia first and lift the strategic policy of attacking Ming Dynasty. For the Ming Dynasty, it adopted the suggestion of Han people to demote officials and established the policy of "striving for self-improvement through harmony". Reuse the Han generals and weaken the strength of the Ming Dynasty, aiming at entering the customs and seizing the national political power.

In the first year of Chongde (1636), he proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing (present-day Shenyang), with the founding name of Qing Dynasty, forcing Li Han to submit to Qing Dynasty. Hong Chengchou was captured in Jin Song War in the seventh year of Chongde (1642). Since then, the elite of the Ming dynasty has been lost, and the Ningjin defense line has completely collapsed. It has become an inevitable trend for the Qing army to enter the customs.

In the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Huang Taiji died suddenly on the eve of the Qing army's entry into Shanhaiguan, failing to realize his long-cherished wish to seize the national political power.

/kloc-Huang taiji ascended the throne in 0/7. During his reign, he developed production, strengthened his troops and constantly fought against the Ming Dynasty, which laid a solid foundation for the rapid expansion of the Qing Dynasty into the Central Plains in the next stage.

The name of the temple was Taizong, and posthumous title was Emperor Wendi of Daoxian County, Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwenren Shengrui Xiaominlong. He was buried in Zhaoling, and his nine sons succeeded him after his death.

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