Guan Xiuchao: Late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties
Guan Xiu (832 ~ 9 12) was a painter and poet of Shu State in the late Tang Dynasty and before the Five Dynasties. The common name is Jiang, and he became a monk, and he was called "Zen Moon Master". Wu Renhuo (now Lanxi, Zhejiang) was born. He was born into a scholar-bureaucrat family. At the age of seven, he entered Lanxi and An Temple and studied Buddhism under his predecessor Yuan Zhen. Since childhood, he has been smart, has a superior memory, is good at writing poems, and often sings with his monk friends, which bring out the best in each other, so he got a poem title at the age of fifteen or sixteen. At the age of 20, he began to wander. First, he entered the Wuxie Mountain Temple in eastern Zhejiang and practiced for ten years. After studying in Honglingshan, Hongzhou, he quickly went to the north, northwest, northern Hebei and other places, and then returned to his hometown of Dongyang for several years. After Huang Chao captured Dongyang, he lived in Shan Ye. In the second year of Ganning, Zhao Zong became attached to Cheng Ling in Jingmen and sang with Wu Rong, a bachelor. Soon after, he left because he offended Cheng Ling. After three years in Sichuan, he was treated well by Wang Jian, the master of Shu, and was named "Master of Zen Moon". He died in Yongping, the former Shu, at the age of 80. There are 735 existing poetry collections, Zen Moon Collection, which is second only to Miracle among poets and monks in the Tang and Five Dynasties.
Guan Xiu is knowledgeable, proficient in calligraphy and good at cursive script; Good at painting, longer than Buddha statues, especially famous for painting Luohan statues. The Lohan in the painting has deep eyebrows, prominent nose and chin, and a strange image, claiming to have seen it in a dream. There are many kinds of replicas of sixteen arhats and stone carvings circulating today. Together with Miracle and Jiao Ran, they were called "Three Monks of the Tang Dynasty", and later generations compiled Poems of Three Monks of the Tang Dynasty. Biography of Talented Talents in the Tang Dynasty praised him as "an upright man, unique in the world". A high degree of intention is sparse and knowledge is numerous. The talent is agile, and the pen spits fierce and sharp gas. Yuefu ancient method is one of the fruit monks. The latter is not comparable, and the former Israeli side knows that the forest is gone. " Collected Works of Guan Xiu consists of 40 volumes, prefaced by Wu Rong, a famous poet at that time, and called Xiyue Collection. Tan Yu, a disciple of Guan Xiu, was re-edited and called "Bao Yue Collection". Guan Xiu is good at reciting poems. Although most of his poems are about objects, landscapes or singing with monks and poets, they often touch the world. For example, he once wrote "Words of Corrupt Officials" to satirize Gao Jixing of Jingzhou: "... Wu finished his song and broke the red beam casually. Han E sings a song, and the golden section shines brightly. Ning and one song and two songs make thousands of people cry! Not only did he cry, but he turned white and starved his family, so the auspicious wind didn't come and the wind remained. Hey, east, west, north and south. "
Generally speaking, Guan Xiu's poems can be divided into Zen poems and secular poems. Zen poetry accounts for about one third of his poems. Compared with other monks' Zen poems, Guan Xiu's Zen poems are mainly manifested in two aspects: first, it comprehensively reflects the monks' special lifestyle and understanding of Zen theory and interest in the form of poems; The second is to show a strong Zen. Although there were many poems describing the life of monks in the mountains in the past, they were basically single poems. The poem gives a comprehensive description of the monk's seclusion, and Guan Xiu has to come first. Moreover, Guan Xiu adopted the form of regular poetry, which was not found among poets and monks before Guan Xiu. Such as "Twelve Leisure Poems in Tongjiang" and "Twenty-four Mountain Houses". Among them, "Twenty-four Poems of Mountain Living" is particularly prominent, and the whole group of poems can almost completely reflect all aspects of the monk's seclusion life. Art has matured. Another obvious feature of Guan Xiu's Zen poetry is that it embodies a deep Zen meaning. These poems are mainly concentrated in the middle and late period, reflecting Guan Xiu's admiration for the great virtues and eminent monks, his long-lost attachment to his monk friends and his nostalgia for his old friends. Such as "send a monk with a big wish" and "send a monk to Hunan". Guan Xiu's Zen love poems are actually an extension of his secular friendship poems. Guan Xiu writes not only Zen poems, but also secular poems, and his secular poems far exceed his Zen poems in number.
Biography: Guan Xiu Zen Master (832 ~ 9 12), a monk in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. The word Deyin is called Zen Moon. Wuzhou (Jinhua, Zhejiang) is a native of Denggaoli, Lanxi, with a common surname of Jiang. Denggaoli is located in the west of Lanxi County and belongs to Taiping Township (now it belongs to Youbu Town). Moreover, the Jiang family is also a big family in Lanxi, with celebrity representatives. When Guan Xiu was young, Zen master tried to learn Confucian classics from his father, and was influenced by Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius, so he developed an open and straightforward personality temperament very early. This can be seen from later poems. He wrote in a poem: "I am a bamboo hat, and I knew the son of heaven when I was young." Learning Shi Mao's poems is also very simple. "("Yang Wushuo Everything ",see" Zen Moon Collection "Volume 2)
According to Zen master Tan Yu, a disciple of Guan Xiu in the Preface to Zen Moon Collection, (Guan Xiu) returned to He 'an Temple when he was young, and asked Elder Yuan Zhen and monks to be teachers. "There is a similar record in Song Zanning's Biography of Eminent Monks. It is recorded that when Guan Xiu was seven years old, he became a monk with Master Yuan Zhen and became his son. So why did Guan Xiu, who was "young and enlightened" and loved by her parents, escape into an empty net at such a young age? The reason why he became a monk is not recorded in the history books. Some scholars wrote, "From this point of view, when Guan Xiu was young, he might be as smart as Master Xuanzang, different from ordinary children, and he also showed strong religious sentiment, which made his parents and relatives sigh as' coming again'. In order to fulfill his eternal good roots, he was sent to a temple and became a monk again. This is a good opportunity that most Buddhists dream of. For example, Whist, a master of South Vietnam in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, prayed in his vows for an early encounter with Buddhism in the afterlife, and his childlike innocence remained. Therefore, the author of "Biography of Eminent Monks" believes that Master Hugh Jackson was able to become a monk at the age of seven because of his parents' elegant love for him. " It is said that because of the elegant love of his parents, he was sent to Buddhism in order to return to sleep early. I think this statement is too ideal, I'm afraid it doesn't hold water. This paper holds that it is the helplessness of Guan Xiu's parents to send their children away from home. Guan Xiu once wrote a poem "Walking in front of the grave of a younger brother and sister", saying: "Tears don't flow today, and the younger brother and sister are buried in front of the mountain. Being older than me has no effect, and my family has been poor for a long time. Hongchong Bihan ointment was interrupted and Artemisia scoparia was buried on it. I have not lost my feelings, and I can't look back. " (Zen Moon Collection, Volume 19) This poem is generally believed to have been written by Master Hugh in He 'an Temple several years after he became a monk. Guan Xiu was seven years old when he became a monk. It should be said that he doesn't know much about human feelings. When he grew up, he realized the "love and suffering" of his family and realized his "poor family" and the "unbearable" childhood experience of his younger brother and sister's early death. So there was a sad song of "Tears never fell on this day". Guan Xiu also said in "Drum Belly Song" that "I was unlucky in the past, but what I left behind was a hundred worries" (Zen Moon Collection, Volume 4). Combined with the bitter satire and criticism of the cruel officials and the ruling class in Guan Xiu's later poems, we can roughly judge the reason why he became a monk, which is related to the changes and misfortunes suffered by his family.
Guan Xiu showed unusual poetic talent since he was a child. "When the teacher was a boy, there was a boy's name in the adjacent yard, all of whom were teenagers. They recite the scriptures when they are United, and sing with each other in their spare time. When I was 15 or 16 years old, my poetry was famous and I heard it far and near. " (Tan Yu's Preface to Zen Moon Collection) When he became a monk, he lived with his classmates in the neighboring courtyard, and after chanting, he talked about poetry through the barrier. After being taught by example, the title of the poem became louder and louder. He went to Zhang Yu (now Nanchang) to spread "Hokkekyo" and "On Faith" and learned all the meanings.
In the early years of Ningchu (894 ~ 897), he visited Qian Liu, King of Wusu, in wuyue. After that, I swam in Tang 'an Temple and made friends with Lan 'e pear. Zhao Zongtian entered Shu in the following year (90 1 ~ 904), and was treated with courtesy by Wang Jian, the master of Shu, and the master of Qin (Preface to Exploring Jade and Zen Moon Collection). He also repaired Longhua Buddhist Temple in Guanguan, and was often called "the monk who got it" in the name of "Zen Moon Master". Liang Ganhua died in the second year (9 12) at the age of 81. Guan Xiu was buried by Wang Yan, the owner of Shu, with the tower number "White Lotus Sect". His poems and other poems were compiled by Zen master Tan Yu, a disciple. It was originally thirty volumes. However, his five volumes of anthology have been lost, and more than 25 volumes of poetry have been lost. Another appendix was written by Jin Mao of the Ming Dynasty. His life story was first recorded in the preface of Zen Moon Collection written by his disciple Tan Yu, and Guan Xiu's life was also recorded in Song Zanning's Biography of Song Monks (Volume 30).
Guan Xiu traveled around the world all his life and made many friends. So his life is full of legends, and he has many stories. He met with Qi, a poet and monk at that time, and also had contacts with famous poets at that time, such as, Fang Gan, Zhang Wei and Wei Zhuang. He also made friends with Wu Rong, a famous poet and an inner Han, so Wu Rong prefaced Zen Moon Collection, saying that "Guan Xiuqiao is beautiful, elegant and good at writing poems", and the two "discussed two elegance, enjoyed a song, did not communicate for more than three days, and hated each other."
In Guan Xiu's life interaction, it is worth mentioning his interaction and relationship with King Qian Liu of wuyue. According to Song Ji's Chronicle of Tang Poetry (Volume 75), "Qian Liu claimed to be King Yue of Wu. Don't throw poems at it:' You were forced to be free, and you worked hard in the forest for several years. Three thousand guests are drunk, and fourteen States have a sword frost. Lai Zi's clothes are narrow, and Xie Guanwen is ashamed to recite SJGH. When he was named Lingyange, he admired Wan Huhou at that time. "If the imperial edict to forty states, we can meet each other. Yue' realm is also difficult to add, and poetry is also difficult to change. However, if you are alone in the clouds, why can't you fly? "Later I entered Shu." Yun Guanxiu had a lover with Qian Wang, but what he recorded was different from Zanning's "Biography of Becoming a Monk". The Biography of the Eminent Monk has been published for 30 years. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty (894), he once visited wuyue Qianwang. "I was very satisfied with the five chapters and eight sentences, so I left my husband. Wang Li is a hero of the imperial court. Instead, a monument was erected in Yishutang, the name of Tongli Pingle General School was recorded, and a poem was published in the monument. Look at the weight. " It is said that Guan Xiu's poems are more important than wuyue's money king. Today, Mr. Fu Xuancong believes that Guan Xiu's offering poems to Qian Wang is purely a false trust of later generations. So, does Guan Xiu's offering poetry see that it is more important than money? This paper holds that, in addition to Biography of Monks and Chronicle of Tang Poetry, many ancient related documents have recorded the fact that Guan Xiu interacted with Qian Wang, such as Wu Yue Shi, Ying Xu Ting Ji and Wu Qin Ren Chen Chun Qiu. Guan Xiu, a native of Wuyue, has lived in wuyue for a long time. After middle age, Guan Xiu often lived a wandering life of "traveling far and nowhere" (Zen Moon Collection, Volume XIII, Eight Sails into the Late Autumn Kuangshan). During his roaming in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and other places, he had contacts with many local dignitaries, such as Lu Zhiyou, Raozhou Secretariat, Hangzhou Secretariat, Changzhou Secretariat, Jingnan Town General Cheng Shu, Wang Jian and his son. , wrote a lot about these dignitaries. It is not difficult to see that it is credible that Guan Xiu presented poems to Qian Wang and once paid attention to him. Later, it was probably Guan Xiu who congratulated Qian Liu on calling him King Wu Yue in his poem, which didn't completely conform to Qian Liu's wishes, and Guan Xiu didn't want to flatter him. So he left wuyue and drifted into Shu. Of course, Guan Xiu gained unprecedented respect in West Shu. For example, in terms of titles, the titles given to Guan Xiu by King Shu are also the highest among monks in previous dynasties. Before the founding of Shu in 907 AD, Taizu Wang Jian accumulated Guan Xiu's Long Ta to be recruited, Master of Distinguishing Merits, First Hall of Xiang 'an, Master of Rap, Master of Daomenzi's Teaching Selection, Master of Writing System, Record of Monks in Erjie, Master Feng, Master Taifuqing and Master of Eight Kingdoms in Yunnan.
Guan Xiu's poems about dignitaries and their patronage show that Guan Xiu at this time is no longer a pure monk who is free from vulgarity and far away from the world of mortals, but more like a scholar with lofty aspirations and unwilling to be lonely. Of course, Guan Xiu is a monk after all and can't have other political intentions. He was deeply respected by many scholars and prominent officials at that time, mainly because of his outstanding poetry and painting art. In contact with dignitaries, he sought more mutual understanding and respect. Therefore, he does not flatter, but gets along with fate. Not only did he refuse to change his poems to please Yue, but he was also exiled to central Guizhou for offending people in the town. This also shows Guan Xiu's frank personality and his pride in relying on talents.
In addition, throughout his life, Guan Xiu had many experiences of seclusion and practice. In the fifth year of Tang Huichang (845), that is, when he was sixteen years old, because the court forced monks and nuns to return to customs, the temple was demolished and the scriptures were destroyed, which was called "Huichang Fa Nan", and the He 'an Temple was also demolished, so Guan Xiu had to follow the teacher to dive in the mountains. Since then, I have often lived a secluded spiritual life with Naishi. Guan Xiu will never forget his life during this period: "I remember my days in the mountains, and I long for a monk's temple. Yi Deng often stays with the teacher for ten years until dawn. " (Zen Moon Collection, Volume 10) According to Guan Xiu's poems about mountain dwelling in those years, the mountain they took refuge in may be Wuxie Mountain in central Zhejiang (now Zhuji, Zhejiang). However, according to the records of Five Poems of Tangshan revised by the Guangxu edition of Suichang County Records in Qing Dynasty, another scholar thinks that his secluded place is Tangshan Cuifeng Temple in Suichang (now Suichang County, Zhejiang Province), and he has lived here for fourteen years. The author also believes that Guan Xiu's Sixteen Arhats was first created here. In 1945 (863-864), Xian Tong, Tang Yizong, came to Zhong Ling (Nanchang) after being over 30 years old. After a few years, he lived a quiet life in Taoyuan (Zen Moon Collection, Volume 23, Poems on Mountain Living) and wrote poems on mountain living here. In June of the first year of Tang Xizong Guangming (880), Huang Chao Uprising Army captured Zhou Mu and Wuzhou. In order to escape the war, Guan Xiu had to leave his hometown again. He first roamed Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and then lived in seclusion in Lushan, Jiangxi. "In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, I hid my nest in Lushan Mountain to fold the turtle peak ... usually I went on a poetic journey with Guan Xiu, Chu Mo and Xiu Mu. Shen Yan, Cao Song, Zhang Ning and Chen Chang are all Chu Shi and friends of singing remuneration. " Living in seclusion in the mountains is an important way for Buddhist disciples to cultivate their self-cultivation, realize Taoism and participate in Zen. To be sure, writing poems and painting also constitutes an important part of Guan Xiu's seclusion.
Guan Xiu is also good at machine argumentation. Tao Yue once commented in the Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties: "Guan Xiu has an organic argument that when things change, everyone is second to none." However, Du Guangting, a fellow countryman and eloquent Taoist who befriended Guan Xiu, was quite unconvinced and always wanted to find a chance to compete with Guan Xiu and beat him. According to legend, on one occasion, Guan Xiu and Du Guangting rode in tandem to the streets. Guan Xiu's mount suddenly shit, and Du Guangting shouted at the back: "Master, count the beads!" When Guan Xiu heard this, he took his time and retorted, "If you don't count pearls, you will get a big one." . Du Guangting was speechless and ashamed! This may also reflect the social culture in which Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism coexisted peacefully despite conflicts at that time.
In addition, what needs to be explained is the native place of Guan Xiu. As we all know, Guan Xiu, a native of Lanxi and Wu Yueguo, entered Shu in the evening and died in Chengdu, Sichuan. Therefore, in many places, later generations called Guan Xiu "Guan Xiu, a monk in the middle of Shu" and "Guan Xiu, before Shu". For example, Zanning's Biography of Monks was written for Guan Xiu, and its title is Guan Xiu Biography of Dudong Temple in Liangcheng. Its influence is so great that it is often called "the Buddhist monk in the middle of Shu Guan Xiu" in many works of modern people. For example, the article "Guan Xiu" in the Dictionary of Ancient Painters in China (Zhejiang Edition) published in recent years is called "Qian Shu in the Five Dynasties". In fact, Guan Xiu was born in wuyue, a "Jiangnan native" (Preface to Wu Rongchan's Moon Collection). After becoming a monk, he also lived and traveled in wuyue for a long time. Although he traveled in Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan, he spent most of his time in wuyue (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and entered Shu at the age of 70. Therefore, Guan Xiu is from Jiangnan. Therefore, generally speaking, they should be called "Zhejiang monks" or "wuyue monks".