The Song Dynasty was founded at the end of the Five Dynasties. Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu launched a mutiny, seized the throne of the later Zhou Dynasty, and reformed to stand on their own feet. After the unification of the provinces in the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong Zhao Kuangyin and Emperor Taizong Zhao Guangyi only launched several rounds of Northern Expedition in the Song Dynasty, and the territory in the early and middle period of the Song Dynasty was roughly formed. Since then, the Song Dynasty has always adopted a passive defense strategy of emphasizing the interior and neglecting the exterior, and rarely went to war with the North. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to avoid repeating the tragedy of the late Tang Dynasty in which the vassal regions were divided and eunuchs frequently intervened, Zhao Kuangyin returned the general's power to the central government, adopted the national policy of worshipping and restraining the military, and implemented the general command system. This national policy has far-reaching influence: on the one hand, there were few courtiers who were tyrannical and chaotic in the Song Dynasty, with developed economy and technology and extremely prosperous culture; On the other hand, it also led to the weakness of military equipment since the early establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was repeatedly invaded by foreign enemies in the north, and the use of troops against Xixia and Qidan was repeatedly frustrated [Note 9]. The disaster of Jingkang in Song Dynasty occurred in1126-1127. Huidi and Qin Emperor were captured by the Jin people, and the Song family was forced to move south to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), bounded by Huaishui and the invading three passes of the Jin State. Historically known as the Southern Song Dynasty, before the capital Bianliang period. 1276, the capital Lin 'an fell, and the Southern Song Dynasty died in the meta-empire established by Kublai Khan of Mongolia.
Relatively speaking, the Song Dynasty was the most prosperous era of economy, culture and education in the ancient history of China. According to research, the total GDP of China in the Northern Song Dynasty was US$ 26.55 billion, accounting for 22.7% of the world economy.
With the revival of Confucianism, the society is permeated with the wind of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism, and the development of science and technology is also advancing by leaps and bounds (see Song Dynasty for details). Politics is also more open and honest. There was no serious eunuch chaos and local separatist regime in the last Song Dynasty, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil strife were relatively small in the history of China. The population increased from 32.5 million in the five years of Taiping and Xingguo (980) to four years of Daguan (1 16544). Chen, a famous historian, said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." Among western and Japanese historians, many people believe that the Song Dynasty was the Renaissance and economic revolution in China's history. Different from the dynasties before Song Dynasty, Zhao and Song Dynasties were established by military coup rather than military seizure. Zhao Kuangyin, the founding monarch of the Song Dynasty, was inspected in front of the temple of the Later Zhou Dynasty (the commander-in-chief of the imperial army). Because of his outstanding achievements, he won the trust of Zhou Shizong and became his right-hand man. In the sixth year of Xiande (959), Sejong collapsed, and Emperor Gong, who was only 7 years old, succeeded to the throne, and was determined to stand up for him. On the occasion of the Spring Festival in the seventh year of Xiande (960), the henchmen falsely reported the expedition of Liao country to the south, and Fan Ju, the prime minister of the later Zhou Dynasty, ordered his troops to leave the city to defend the enemy. On the third day of the first month, Zhao Kuangyin arrived in Chen Qiaoyi to be stationed. When he was sleeping soundly that night, he was put on a yellow robe by his men and shouted "Long live", and was hailed as the son of heaven in Song Taizu at the age of 33. The courtiers in the later Zhou Dynasty learned that the city was empty and had to admit the reality. In the last week, Emperor Gong was forced to abdicate [7]. Zhao Kuangyin once returned to Germany as our envoy, and was stationed in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan), the hometown of Song State in the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, the national title is "Song", with Kaifeng as its capital and Stegosaurus as its capital.
In the first year of Stegosaurus, Zhao Kuangyin put down the rebellion in Li Zhongjin, Li Junhe. In July of the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1) and October of Kaibao (969), he listened to Zhao Pu's advice, and twice "released troops from a glass of wine", depriving the heavily armed generals Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi, Gao Huaide, Zhao, Luo Yanhuan and other local military commanders of their military power, entrusting them with vacant posts and replacing them with civilian posts. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was able to avoid the separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty. However, this national policy also led to the reduction of local military resources, making the Song Dynasty always at a disadvantage in foreign wars.
After the political power was consolidated, Zhao Kuangyin set out to sweep away the remnants of the Five Dynasties and unify the whole country. After discussing with Zhao Pu on a snowy night, Zhao Kuangyin decided to take the south first and then the north as the strategic order, first take the six economically rich southern countries to consolidate their national strength, and then turn to explore the northern Han Dynasty as a vassal state of Qidan. He first attacked and destroyed the separatist regimes in Jingnan and Hunan, and then destroyed Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang. Zhao Kuangyin wholeheartedly hoped to restore northern Xinjiang in the Tang Dynasty, set up a sealed pile warehouse and save money and grain, hoping to redeem the sixteen states betrayed by Shi Jingtang from the Liao people in the future. In August of the ninth year of Kaibao (976), he went north again, but he died suddenly on October 19 of that year, leaving a mystery of the ages, and the great cause of reunification was temporarily stopped. His brother Zhao Guangyi succeeded to the throne for Song Taizong.
After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he continued the great cause of reunification. Later, Chen Fenbing and Qian Zhongshu surrendered. Emperor Taizong sent Pan Mei, a general, to besiege Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty, repel Liao reinforcements and destroy the Northern Han Dynasty, and finally ended the nearly 200-year separatist regime after the Anshi Rebellion. In May (979), in the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo, Emperor Taizong took advantage of the Northern Han Dynasty and ignored the opposition of other ministers to start the Northern Expedition from Taiyuan. At the beginning of the Northern Expedition, Yizhou and Zhuozhou in Hebei Province were once recovered. Emperor Taizong was full of ambition and ordered the siege of Yanjing. Song Jun and Liao people fought fiercely on the banks of the Gaoliang River. Emperor Taizong himself went to the battlefield, but he was wounded by an arrow and evacuated in a donkey cart. The Northern Expedition failed. Seven years later, in 986, Emperor Taizong sent five generals, Pan Mei, Yang Ye, Tian Zhong, Cao Bin and Cui Yan, which were divided into three roads: East Road, Middle Road and West Road, with East Road as the main road of the Northern Expedition. The West Road and the Middle Road Army marched smoothly, but the main East Road Army was repeatedly defeated by the Liao Army, and the route to provide food and grass was cut off, but it failed to meet the West Road and was defeated at Qigou Pass. Middle Road and West Second Road had to be evacuated to the south. Yang Ye, the leader of the marked army, was captured by the Liao army for covering the southward withdrawal of soldiers and civilians, and died after three days of hunger strike in prison. Later, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the battles in Sanchuankou, Haoshuichuan and Dingchuanzhai, the Tangut of Xixia, were repeatedly defeated, but they made peace with Song Ting because they were tired of war. In February of the fourth year of Chunhua (993), a peasant uprising launched by Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun broke out in Sichuan. Wherever the rebels went, all the property of the rich family except daily necessities was made public, which was echoed by farmers in Shu. In the first month of the following year, the insurgents occupied Chengdu and established the Dashu regime. When Taizong was informed, he sent two armies to discuss. The rebel army finally failed completely in Daodao for two years (996). The collapse of the border defense line several times and the outbreak of the rear uprising made it impossible for the Northern Song Dynasty to further expand its territory, so Taizong's administration had to focus on the internal deficiency and external reality. Emperor Taizong himself was arty and liked poetry and songs, so the government paid special attention to cultural undertakings, and the wind of attaching importance to education in the Song Dynasty began. Emperor Taizong liked calligraphy. He used six fonts: good cursive script, official script, running script, seal script, stereotyped writing and flying white, especially good calligraphy and flying white. The coin Chunhua Yuanbao in the Song Dynasty was also inscribed by Emperor Taizong himself.
Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne is very strange, because it is a matter of "the sound of candles and axes". In order to ensure the legitimacy of the regime, Zhao Guangyi put forward the death theory of his mother Du Taihou, namely "the alliance of golden chambers". The alliance of the Golden Chamber originated when Du Taihou called Zhao Pu into the palace to record his will before he died, saying that after Zhao Kuangyin's death, he first passed on his brother Guangyi, then Guang Mei (later renamed Mei Ting) and then Dezhao (the eldest son of Zhao Kuangyin). This suicide note is hidden in the synopsis of the golden chamber, so it is called the alliance of the golden chamber. However, Emperor Taizong successively persecuted Mao's son, De Zhao He Fonde, and demoted Mei Ting to Zhou Fang. Two years later, Mei Ting died in court. Yuan Zuo, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was abolished for sympathizing with Mei Ting, while Yuan Nuo, another son, died suddenly. In the end, Wang Yuankan was made a prince and renamed Heng [see 12]. In the third year of Daoguang (997), Emperor Taizong collapsed, and Queen Li and eunuchs attempted to establish themselves as emperors. Lv Duan, the Prime Minister, handled it properly, and Zhao Heng acceded to the throne smoothly, and the temple was named Zhenzong. The Song Dynasty began to enter a period of stability.
In the last years of Taizong, Zhenzong pursued Huang Lao politics and did nothing. Since Yongxi's Northern Expedition, the Liao State frequently robbed and plundered the Song-Liao border, which eventually evolved into a large-scale invasion of the Song Dynasty in the first year of Jingdezhen (1004) [see 14]. Prime Minister Kou Zhun defended War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. As a result, the clan really got involved, and Song Jun's morale was greatly boosted. He was at loggerheads with the Liao army at the gate of Zhoucheng, and the Liao army made peace. After several negotiations, the two countries successfully held peace talks. The main contents of the peace treaty are: Song gave Liao silk 202,000 yuan and silver/KLOC-0,000,000 yuan every year, and both sides were brother countries. History called the peace treaty "the alliance of the Yuan Dynasty". The views of the past dynasties were dominated by critics, who believed that the strategic goal of Zhenzong to recover sixteen states had not been realized, and that the military victors had to redeem huge sums of money from the defeated countries every year to buy peace, which was very humiliating. Affirmers believe that repelling the invasion from the south is victory in itself, and the contractual burden of economic development in the Song Dynasty is not huge, so it is hard to say that it is an alliance under the city.
Kou Zhun gradually fell out of favor and was finally dismissed. True Sect began to trust courtier Wang Qinruo. Wang Qinruo is good at pandering, knowing that the true Sect wants a peaceful atmosphere in the world, so he joined hands with another prime minister, Wang Dan, to create an "auspicious" image in various places, and strongly advocated that the true Sect should accept Zen, which won the true Sect's meaning. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Zhenzong closed its doors three times in one year, which seriously consumed the people's strength [see 16]. True Sect and queen Liu Wuzi, true Sect was once lucky for Liu's maid Li. As a result, Li gave birth to a son, Zhao, who was later Renzong, in the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 10). Later, Liu and another concubine, Yang, raised the children together. In the second year of Tianxi (10 18), on the Mid-Autumn Festival, Zhenzong officially named Zhao Prince and renamed him. On February 20th, the first year of Ganxing (1022), Zhenzong died. When the Prince succeeded to the throne, Liu was honored as the Empress Dowager, acting as military affairs agent before Injong came of age. Since then, Empress Liu has been listening to politics for eleven years [reference 17]. In the early days of Renzong's reign, he was always in the shadow of Liu, and it was not until Liu's death that he was able to display his ambition.
In the third year of Qing Dynasty (1038), after Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor, there were wars in Song and Xia Dynasties, and Song Jun was defeated repeatedly. The Song-Xia War mainly went through five periods, namely, Xia period, Song Yingzong Xia period, Song Shenzong Xia period, Song Zhezong Xia Chongzong period and Song Huizong Xia Chongzong period. Song Jun's defeat made the Liao country take the opportunity to exert pressure, which led to the occurrence of heavy city and increased currency [reference 19]. After the unfavorable war in the Song and Xia Dynasties, Renzong ousted Prime Minister Lv Yijian and appointed famous ministers such as Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and Han Qi to carry out the Qingli New Deal, which achieved good results. Bao Zheng was appointed to manage Peking and Yushitai. In the frontier, General Di Qing has successively quelled the rebellion of Nanmanzhuang to get wise and the provocation of Xixia. The Northern Song Dynasty entered the most prosperous stage since the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, some old-school figures claim that these reformist officials unite, flatter each other and make cronies. Renzong always hated courtiers' cronyism, and these New Deal officials were later demoted to local officials, thus ending the brief celebration of the New Deal.
After Injong's death, Yingzong Zhao Shu acceded to the throne. He is the grandson of Zhao Yuanfen, the younger brother of Zhenzong. In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), he was established as the Crown Prince. Yingzong was sickly, and at first Empress Cao was in charge of politics. In the first year of Zhiping (1064), after May, Yingzong began to lead the government. Only half a month after Yingzong came to power, Puyi broke out and the debate lasted 18 months. The reason is that Prime Minister Han Qi asked to discuss the birthright of Yingzong's father, so North Korea was divided into two factions. One school thinks that Wang Pu, the biological father of Yingzong, should be called Bo Huang, while the other thinks that it should be called Huang Kao. In the end, Empress Dowager Cao called the Imperial Examination and settled the dispute. On the whole, Yingzong is a promising monarch. He continued to employ former ministers and boldly explored new ones. Yingzong attached great importance to the compilation of books, and "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" was initiated by Yingzong.
After Yingzong's death, his eldest son Zongshen Zhao Yong succeeded to the throne. During Zongshen's reign, the system formulated in the early Song Dynasty had many disadvantages, such as people's livelihood retrogression, and Liao and Xixia in the north were eyeing up. Therefore, Zongshen is determined to reform. Zong Shen used Wang Anshi, a famous reform minister, to promote the new law and let him participate in political affairs. Wang Anshi's new law includes equal damage, young crops, exemption from service, Yishi, Jiabao, Ma Bao and other land taxes. However, the implementation of the new law was strongly rebounded by conservatives headed by Sima Guang. Coupled with the constant natural disasters, Zongshen's determination to implement the new law has been shaken [see 22]. In the seventh year of Xining (1074), there was a drought in the north. Xia Zheng, an official, showed Zongshen a photo of the refugees. The scene in the picture was terrible, and Zongshen was greatly shocked. The next day, Zongshen ordered the suspension of 18 new laws, such as young crops, field cultivation and exemption from labor. Although these decrees were quickly restored, distrust began to appear between Zongshen and Wang Anshi. In April of the seventh year of Xining, Wang Anshi was dismissed for the first time, and he was known to jiangning house. Later, Lv Huiqing, a reformist official, ran amok, and Wang Anshi was reinstated and returned to Beijing, but he was still resolutely obstructed by conservatives. In June of the ninth year of Xining (1076), Wang Anshi's eldest son passed away. Wang Anshi took the opportunity to resolutely retreat, and God stopped in October. Since then, Wang Anshi has been indifferent to the world.
The views of later generations on the new law in Xining are very polarized, but there is no doubt that the implementation effect of the new law is far from what expected. Although the implementation of the new law has greatly increased the country's fiscal revenue and cultivated land area, it has seriously increased the burden on civilians. The military reform of Ningxinfa only pays attention to the symptoms, and the combat effectiveness of the army has not been significantly improved. Coupled with Wang Anshi's determination to innovate, more than a dozen reform measures that took a long time to "digest" were all implemented within a few years, which made the reform fall into the dilemma of haste makes waste [see 24]. Moreover, in the later period of the implementation of the new law, the deviation between the provisions and the implementation effect is getting bigger and bigger, and some measures have changed from benefiting the people to disturbing the people. Improper employment in the implementation of the new law is also the reason for the final loss of popular support. Lv Huiqing, Ceng Bu, Li Ding, Cai Jing and other reformers are all controversial figures, so they are regarded as villains. Regarding this reform in history, Huang Renyu once commented: "As early as 900 years before us, China tried to manipulate state affairs by means of financial control, and its scope and depth were never put forward in other parts of the world. However, modern finance is an omnipresent and all-round organizational force, and its rules and contours are included. Other similar factors should not be allowed to compete. " .
After Wang Anshi was deposed, Zongshen continued to reform his career, nicknamed "Yuanfeng Restructuring". Although Yuanfeng Reform was called "Xifeng New Law" together with Xining Reform, its strength could not be compared with Xining Reform. After the political reform, the national strength became stronger and stronger, and Zongshen shifted his focus to foreign invasion, determined to eliminate Xixia in one fell swoop and avoid foreign invasion. In May of the fifth year of Xining (1072), Zongshen began to explore the west and achieved great success, which greatly inspired Zongshen's confidence. Nine years later, in the fourth year of Yuanfeng (108 1), there was a coup in Xixia, and Zongshen took this opportunity to conquer Xixia again. He didn't want to suffer a fiasco, so Zongshen couldn't afford it. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), at the beginning of the first month, Shen Li, a servant of Zhao, was a vassal. Although the new laws promulgated were briefly abolished by his mother, the Empress Dowager Gao, they were quickly restored one after another, and many of them were used until the Southern Song Dynasty [26]. After the collapse of Zongshen, the Empress Dowager Gao listened to politics and imposed strict restrictions on Zhao Xu, the newly acceded philosopher [Note 12]. Conservatives headed by Sima Guang, the Empress Dowager, neglected Zhezong, which led to a serious struggle between the old and new parties. After Zhezong ruled the country, he denounced the old party and trusted the new party, so the cause of political reform continued.
Zhezong left no children. After his death, his younger brother Evonne succeeded to the throne of Song Huizong. Hui Zong likes pen and ink, painters and horseback riding. As a child, he has no interest in political affairs. Evonne leads a luxurious and intoxicating life, likes visiting brothels and following the advice of Taoist priests to build large-scale projects. He built the Long Live Mountain in the northeast corner of Kaifeng, covering more than ten miles of Fiona Fang, which was later named Genyue and Fiona Fang. Among them, Furong Pool, Cixi and other scenic spots, pavilions, birds and animals are readily available. Hui Zong set up Yingfeng Bureau and Artificial Bureau in Suzhou and Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, and collected exotic flowers and stones in the south, which served the flower and stone class, aroused public anger and led to rebellion [28]. In the first year of Tongzhi (1 1 18), the Yellow River flooded, and Hebei and JD.COM roads were flooded, leaving refugees homeless and unable to make a living. Song Jiang launched a civil uprising in Huainan, and the insurgents once occupied several counties in JD.COM, Huainan and Hebei. Two years later, in the second year of Xuanhe (1 120), thirty-six uprising leaders, including Song Jiang, accepted the favor of the imperial court, and the uprising ended. On the ninth day of October of the same year (1 65438+1October1), Fang La gave a speech in Qingxi, Zhou Mu (now northwest of Chun 'an, Zhejiang), and farmers all over the country got wind of it, which soon grew to a scale of 10,000 people. Within three months, the insurgents occupied more than 50 counties in two Zhejiang provinces. In the first month of the following year, Tong Guan, a Hui sect, went south and suffered repeated wars and defeats. Finally, Fang La was captured alive in July.
Hui Zong neglected to manage state affairs, and handed over all government affairs to courtiers headed by Cai Jing. They were called six thieves. Cai Jing banned the party and excluded dissidents in the name of restoring the new law. On the second day after Cai Jing came to power, he issued an imperial edict prohibiting the Yuan You Act, that is, Yuan You's case of pretending to be a party, so all upright ministers were expelled from the political center. Hui Zong himself was overjoyed. When he saw that Liao was attacked by the State of Jin, he reunited with the first year (1 1 18) and sent an envoy Ma Zheng to Dengzhou to cross the sea to Jin. The two sides agreed to jointly attack Liaoning, and the Northern Song Dynasty was responsible for attacking "Nanjing" and "Xijing" in Liaoning; After the demise of Liao, the land was returned to Song, and the ancient coins given to Liao by Song were changed into coins. This is the maritime alliance. But Song Jun was defeated by Jin Jun, who took the opportunity to bring the population of Yanjing back to the north, and deducted the three states of Ying, Ping and Luanhe.
In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), Jin Jun attacked the Song Dynasty from east to west. Evonne was frightened to disgrace. Later, according to Li Gang's suggestion, his son Zhao Zong inherited the throne of Qin. Qinzong acceded to the throne with tears in his eyes, vacillating between war and peace, and using Li Gang to defend Tokyo in desperation. Li gang temporarily resisted 8 jin j.. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), the Jin army went south for the second time. The soldiers were divided into two ways and went straight to Kaifeng. Kaifeng city was besieged by the Jin army, and epidemic diseases prevailed in the city, and many people starved to death. On the third day of November (1 127 1.9), Guo Jing, Hong Yan Wang Zong, Hong Yan Han Zong and other generals broke the city and captured Song Huizong and Qinzong. In the second year of Jingkang (11March 20, 2007), on February 6, thousands of people, including Jin princesses, concubines, clansmen and singers, went to Jin Wuguo City (now yilan county, Harbin, Heilongjiang) [note 14], and the second emperor of Qin was abolished and demoted. The abducted wife was trampled to death by the Jin soldiers in turn, or was driven into the laundry room (gold brothel) to be a prostitute for life, or was occupied as a concubine by the Jin people. Jin people insulted the emperor in Wuguocheng, calling him a "confused public" and Qin zong a "confused public" Finally, both of them died in a foreign land. After the Jin Dynasty conquered the Northern Song Dynasty, it supported Zhang Bangchang and Liu Yu and established two puppet regimes of "Da Chu" and "Da Qi".
History of Southern Song Dynasty
In the Jingkang disaster, many royal families in the Song Dynasty were captured, and Zhao Gou, the king of Kang, was spared. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), Zhao Gou went south from now Hebei to Tianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) and became the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. After that, Zhao Gou went south, crossed the Huaihe River and crossed the Yangtze River. Three years after the proposal, jiangning house rebuilt Kangfu (now Nanjing) as the capital, and called it the "East Capital". In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Hangzhou was promoted to Lin 'an Prefecture (now Hangzhou) as the "provincial capital". In the eighth year of Shaoxing, Lin 'an was officially designated as the capital, and Jiankang was changed to the capital. The ruler also swooped down all the way to Lin 'an, and Emperor Gaozong had no way to escape, so he had to escape to the sea and drifted along the coast of Wenzhou for four months. Due to the humid weather in the south and the heroic resistance of the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty, Commander Jin withdrew his army and returned to the north. When withdrawing from Zhenjiang in the north, Han Shizhong was cut off by the Song Dynasty and forced to enter Huangtiandang. Song Jun besieged hundreds of thousands of nomads with 8,000 troops, but remained deadlocked for 48 days. Finally, the nomads from the army opened the gap with fire attack, so they had to retreat from the north. On the way, he was defeated by Yue Fei in Jiankang and never dared to cross the river.
Among the "Four Generals of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty, the most famous one was Tui Yuefei. Through the Northern Expedition, the Southern Song Dynasty recovered the land of the pseudo-Qi regime supported by Jin. Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou devoted themselves to making peace for various political reasons, which was contrary to the intention of Yue Fei's Northern Expedition. In the tenth year of Shaoxing (1 140), the Jin people tore up the peace talks and invaded the south again. Due to Song's heroic anti-Japanese war, Jin Jun's attacks in Huaibei, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Anhui all failed. In July, Jinnan attacked and turned to Yancheng, defeated by Yue Fei, turned to Yingchang and lost to Yue Fei. Yue Jiajun continued to push forward and hit Zhuxian Town, which was only forty-five miles away from Fengfeng. Wu Shu fled from Kaifeng, and rebels from all over the north responded in succession, so that Jin people looked south and sighed, "It's easy to shake the mountain, but difficult to shake the Yuegujun". At this moment, Gao Zong won 12 gold medals in succession, urging Yue Fei to transfer troops, and the achievements of the Northern Expedition were destroyed. In November of the 11th year of Shaoxing (11), Song and Jin reached a written agreement on the Shaoxing Peace Treaty, with Huaishui-Dasanguan as the border between the two countries [34]. , Dengzhou and Shangzhou, which were ceded by Yue Fei in Song Dynasty, paid 252,000 pieces of silver and 250,000 pieces of silk to Jin every year. 1At the end of February, on New Year's Eve (14265438+1October 27th), Zhao Gou and Qin Gui killed Yue Fei, his sons Yue Yun and Zhang Xian in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) on trumped-up charges [note 16]. With the realization of Shao's last wish, his biological father's coffin and his biological mother Wechsler himself were sent back to the Southern Song Dynasty.
The emperor appointed Qin Gui as prime minister. Jingkang advocated anti-Jin, but it was taken away by Jin people. In October (1 130), Qin Gui returned to the south. Because he pursued the policy of surrender, he had a good relationship with Emperor Gaozong. Qin Gui became the deputy prime minister in March and the right prime minister after August. Because Qin Gui strongly advocated that "the south comes from the south and the north comes from the north" [note 18], when the fashion was at odds with the emperor [note 19], it was rejected by the emperor a year later. After the strike, Qin Gui kept a low profile and waited for an opportunity. In May of the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Emperor Gaozong was reinstated as the right prime minister Qin Gui. After Qin Gui came to power, he persecuted officials who opposed him, married consorts and made friends with ministers. The emperor acquiesced in Qin Gui's behavior. Qin Gui later became so powerful that the emperor became alert. Gao Zongqin commanded that Qin Gui's grandson lost the first place. Qin Gui's power is declining. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1 155), Qin Gui was seriously ill, and he planned to let his son take over, but was rejected by Emperor Gaozong and died soon.
After Qin Gui's death, Emperor Gaozong attacked other parties on the one hand, and reused capitulator officials on the other. Gaozong was infertile, so he chose his successor from two descendants of Taizu and Zhao Yun. In the end, Zhao Yuan won. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Zhao Yuan was made Prince and renamed Zhao Shen. In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), Yan Yanliang, the king of Hailing, invaded south and was repelled in the battle of quarrying. At this time, civil strife happened in Xu Jin, king Hailing of Di Chin was killed, and 8 jin j returned to the north. This matter made Gao Made Zongmeng quit. In June 32, the 56-year-old Emperor Gaozong abdicated, and Prince Zhao Shen ascended the throne for filial piety. He claims to be the emperor's father and lives in Deshou Palace. After Emperor Gaozong became the emperor's father, he indulged himself and spent a lot of money. In the 14th year of Xichun (1 187), Gaozong died on October 8th.
After Xiaozong ascended the throne, he reformed the state affairs and tried to restore it. When the Song Dynasty entered a period of relative revival, Xiaozong rehabilitated Yue Fei's unjust imprisonment and used leading figures to recover the Central Plains. In April of the first year of Longxing (1 163), Xiao Zong ordered Li Xianzhong and Shao Hongyuan to send troops to the Northern Expedition. The Northern Expedition was a victory, but it failed in just 20 days because of the disagreement of the generals and the thought of underestimating the enemy. Later, Xiaozong had to negotiate with Kim. In the second year of Longxing (1 164), in December, Song and Jin formally signed a peace treaty, which was called Longxing Peace Treaty in history. However, Xiao Zong still remembers to restore the Central Plains and continue to rectify armaments. However, due to the death of a group of hawkish generals, the Northern Expedition came to an end. In the internal affairs, Xiaozong actively rectified the bureaucracy, abolished redundant officials, punished corruption, strengthened centralization and attached importance to agricultural production. Generally speaking, the internal situation of the Song Dynasty has changed. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Xiao Zong became more and more indifferent to politics, and finally decided to give way to his son Zhao Dun, that is, Guangzong. Guangzong became mentally ill soon after he ascended the throne and was very disrespectful to Xiaozong. In the fifth year of Shao Xi (1 194), Xiaozong died in July.
Guangzong was suspicious and distrusted the ministers of Xiaozong Dynasty, so he became increasingly crazy after two years in office. After the death of Xiaozong in July of the fifth year of Shao Xi, Guangzong refused to mourn. Lin' an city is chaotic and the situation is unstable. Imperial clan Zhao Ruyu and Zhao Yan secretly planned to establish a new monarch. Finally, Empress Dowager Tai issued a letter, and Guangzong was honored as the emperor's father. 1 195, his son Zhao Kuo acceded to the throne for the sake of Ningzong and Qingyuan. Six years later, Guangzong died. Shi Zaining is "not wise" and has a low IQ. Ningzong was once manipulated by two powerful ministers, Han Biaozhou and Shi.
domestic trouble and foreign invasion
In the early days of Ningzong, Zhao Ruyu became prime minister. Zhao Ruyu's political integrity is very good. However, because there was no precedent for the royal family to serve as prime minister, and Han Biaozhou fanned the flames, he was finally dismissed. People in the Southern Song Dynasty still miss him very much, and there are mourning poems on the gate of Lin 'an every day. In order to completely eliminate the influence of Zhao Ruyu, Han Biaozhou founded a party ban in Qingyuan under the guise of learning, calling Neo-Confucianism "pseudo-learning". At that time, most of the ministers who believed in Neo-Confucianism in the DPRK opposed Han Biaozhou, who took this opportunity to expel all these literati from the court. In the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Han Biaozhou saw that Neo-Confucianism was no longer a threat and lifted the party ban. Party bans are unpopular. In order to win over scholars, Han Biaozhou used the name of the Northern Expedition to confuse people [39]. In the second year of Jubilee (1206), Han Biaozhou rashly carried out the Jubilee Northern Expedition and was soon defeated. The failure of the Northern Expedition made Han Tuozhou a target of public criticism. The political enemy Shi formed an alliance with the main peace faction and the opposition of Korea, and the Jin people took killing Han Tuozhou as one of the conditions for peace talks. On November 3rd of the third year of the Jubilee (1207), Shi and others forged a secret order to kill Han Shuanzhou. Since then, the period of dictatorship has begun. Stone colluded with Queen Yang to monopolize power.
Ning Zongben had eight sons, but they all died, so he made Zhao Qi, the son of the king of Iraq, a prince. He was very dissatisfied with his dictatorship, so he abolished it and became the heir to the throne. In the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), Ningzong died on August 3, and Zhao Yun succeeded to the throne, which was used by him. After he acceded to the throne, he continued his dictatorship, and Zhao Yun also pursued the strategy of keeping a low profile. Six years later (1233), in October, Shi died and finally got rid of Shi. The following year, reforms were carried out and a series of reforms were implemented, which was called "more flat" in history. When the old party was abolished, the state affairs once improved. At that time, the rulers faced national subjugation under the pressure of the Mongolian empire, and their foreign policy toward the DPRK was divided into two factions. One group thought that Mongolia should be United against gold. The other faction helped Jin resist Mongolia with the truth that the lips were dead and the teeth were cold, and made it a vassal screen in the Song Dynasty.
In December (1232), Mongolia sent envoys to discuss the cooperation between Song and Mongolia in attacking gold. Because the main force of the rulers was annihilated by the Mongolian army in the "March 3 War", they were in a state of national subjugation. Most ministers in the Song Dynasty agreed to jointly destroy gold, but only Zhao Fan opposed it. Li Zong agreed to Mongolia's request, and Mongolia also promised to return Henan to the Song Dynasty after the destruction of gold. However, the Mongolian-Song oral agreement did not leave any written documents, which buried the future trouble. When Jin Aizong learned of it, he also sent messengers to Song to state his interests, hoping to unite against Mongolia, but he was rejected. Li Zong appointed Songshi to be responsible for removing gold. Less than six years (1233), Song Jun conquered Dengzhou. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Cai Zhou was defeated, Jin Aizong hanged himself, and the ruler perished. Song Meng Gong brought Jin Aizong's body back to Lin 'an. Li Zong enshrined the remains of Jin Aizong in the ancestral hall to comfort Hui and Qin's spirit.
After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongols retreated to the north, leaving Henan empty. Li Zong intends to seize the Pass (Tongguan) and defend the River (Yellow River), recover the three capitals (Kaifeng, Tokyo, Luoyang, Xijing and Guide, Nanjing) and recover the Central Plains. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Li Zong appointed Zhao Kui as the head coach and Quan Zi as the pioneer, and sent a letter to send troops to Henan. On June 12, Quanzi recovered Nanjing. On July 5th, Song Jun entered Kaifeng. However, due to poor food and grass, the fighter plane was delayed and was ambushed by Mongolian troops when attacking Luoyang, which caused heavy losses. Song Jun was defeated on all fronts. Song suffered heavy losses and wasted a lot of elite soldiers and materials, which also provided an excuse for Mongolia to invade Song later. After "entering Luoping", Li Zong was lazy in political affairs, addicted to debauchery, and failed in politics.
In the second year of Duanping (1235), the Mongolian army of No.3 Road invaded Sichuan-Shaanxi No.4 Road, Jinghu North Road and Huainan West Road on a large scale, all of which were repelled. Unwilling Mongols invaded the south in three ways again in September and the third year of the following year, and the striker approached the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because Song Jun fought bravely, he defeated the Mongols and once again defeated the Mongols' attempt to occupy Sichuan-Shaanxi Fourth Road and cross the river to the south. Subsequently, under the command of anti-Mongolian generals Cao Youwen, Wang Jian, Meng Gong, Meng Ying, Yu Jie and yu zhang, the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty defeated the Mongolian army many times, forcing them to make a detour. In the year of Kaiqingyuan (1259), Mongolian Khan Mungo was wounded by Song Jun in Hezhou and died in the army. His younger brother Kublai Khan fought Song Jun in Ezhou. When he heard the news of Mungo's death, he learned that his younger brother Ali Bug was going to stay with Ligdan Khan, and he was ready to retreat for the position of Khan. Steven Song and Jia Sidao took the opportunity to make peace with Kublai Khan to ensure peace. Kublai Khan returned to the north to stand on his own feet.
Both of his sons died young, so he chose Zhao and Rui's son as the prince. Zhao Qi was born with congenital defects because her mother took abortion herbs during pregnancy. In June of the first year of Ding Jing (1260), Li Zongli made Zhao Qi the Prince. Ding Jing five years (1264) on December 26th, Li Zong died of illness, and Zhao Qi acceded to the throne as the governor. After Zhao Qi acceded to the throne, he ignored state affairs, and the right Prime Minister Jia Sidao came to power. For his own selfish interests, Jia Sidao ganged up and rejected dissidents, playing with his wives and concubines in Geling Mountain Villa all day long. Because he is good at playing crickets, people call him "cricket prime minister" He banned the front-line war from being known to Du Zong. It was three years after Xiangyang and Fancheng were besieged that Du Zongcai learned about it. In the seventh year of Xianchun (127 1), Kublai Khan was founded in Zhongdu (now Beijing), with the title of "Dayuan", and the Yuan Dynasty was established. In the tenth year of Xianchun (1August 274 12), Du Zong died on July 9 at the age of 35.
After Song Duzong's death, his eldest son Evonne succeeded to the throne. At that time, the Song Dynasty had entered a state of paralysis. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army captured the military towns of Anqing and Chizhou, threatening Jiankang, and the Yangtze River defense line collapsed. The earthquake in the ruling and opposition parties made all circles look forward to Jia Sidao's expedition. As a result, Song Jun was defeated, Jia Sidao was demoted and killed by Zheng Huchen, a prison official, on his way to his post. On November 20, the first year of Deyou, Changzhou fell and the Yuan army slaughtered the city. Soon Pingjiang also fell, and Lin 'an was in a panic. On the fifth day of February in the second year of Deyou (1276), Lin 'an City held a surrender ceremony, and Evonne abdicated and died in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, Evonne's younger brothers Zhao Min and Zhao Min fled Lin 'an under the protection of the minister.
Zhao Chang ascended the throne in Fuzhou in order to end the sect and change it to Jingyan (1276). However, the internal struggle in the small court continues. In November of the first year of Jingyan, the Yuan Army approached Fuzhou. 1 1 month15th, courtiers Chen and Zhang Shijie escorted Zhao Min and Zhao Min to the south by boat. Since then, the small court can only travel to North Korea by sea. In the spring of the third year of Jingyan (1278), the small court arrived in Leizhou. On April 15th, Zhao Yun died at the age of eleven. Lu Xiufu and his ministers acclaimed Zhao Min as emperor and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Xiangxing (1278). Under the onslaught of the Yuan army, Leizhou fell and the small court moved to Yashan. Zhang Hongfan, the general of the Yuan Army, followed closely, and launched a general attack on the cliff mountain. Song Jun was unable to resist, and the whole line was defeated. Historically, it was called the Yashan naval battle. Zhao Min jumped into the sea with Lu Xiufu and more than 800 members of the Zhao and Song royal families, and the Song royal family was wiped out. Zhang Hongfan carved the words "Zhang Hongfan, the general of the town, destroyed the Song Dynasty here" on the stone wall and returned it. The Song Dynasty completely perished here. The battle of Yashan was extremely tragic. It is estimated that Song Jun was killed100000 people in this battle, and the sea is full of bodies. Wen Tianxiang witnessed the tragedy with his own eyes and wrote a poem: "When Jie came, people died in chaos. The waves tore the heart and cracked the lungs, and the wind blew. " In addition, according to Song Wangtai Park's Monument to the Site of Song Huangtai in Kowloon, when Emperor Min fled to the south, "there was a tomb of Mrs. Jin, which is said to be the daughter of Princess Yang of the State of Jin, who drowned in the water first and cast a golden body for burial" and was buried in this Kowloon city, which was called "Mrs. Jin's tomb" in history. Later, because of the construction of the construction site, a saint was built.