Mendeleev
Mendeleev: (Russian: дми? трий Ива? нович Менделе? ев,1February 8, 834-1February 2, 907? [7]) Russian chemist,1was born in Tobolsk, Siberia on February 7, 834, and1died in St. Petersburg on February 2, 907. 65438-0850 entered St. Petersburg Teachers College to study chemistry. After graduating from 65438 to 0855, he became a teacher in Odessa Middle School. 1857 Associate Professor, St. Petersburg University. From 65438 to 0859, he went to Heidelberg University in Germany for further study. 1860 participated in the International Congress of Chemists held in Karlsruhe. 186 1 year, he returned to St. Petersburg to engage in scientific writing. 1863 professor of polytechnic, 1865 doctor of chemistry. 1866 as Bi Sheng.
Mendeleev
Professor of General Chemistry, Depot University, Director of Chemistry Teaching and Research Section, 65438-0867. 1893, director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. 1890 was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society.
The life of the character
Mendeleev (дмитривановичменде)
1848 entered Petersburg College, 1850 studied chemistry in Petersburg Teachers College, 1855 obtained the teacher qualification certificate and won the gold medal. After graduation, he became a teacher in Odessa Middle School.
1856 got an advanced degree in chemistry, 1857 got a university position for the first time, and served as an associate professor at the University of Petersburg. From 65438 to 0859, he went to Heidelberg University in Germany for further study.
1860 participated in the International Congress of Chemists held in Karlsruhe.
186 1 year, he returned to Petersburg to engage in scientific writing. 1863, he was a professor at the technical college; 1864, Mendeleev was a professor of chemistry at the technical college; 1865, he received a doctorate in chemistry.
65438-0866 Professor of General Chemistry, 65438-0867 Director of Chemistry Teaching and Research Section.
1893, director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. 1890 was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society.
1907 On February 2, the famous Russian chemist Mendeleev died at the age of 73. [2] In order to commemorate this great scientist, 1955, A.Gniorso, B.G.Harvey, G.R.Choppin and others in the United States bombarded polonium (253Es) and polonium (253ES) with helium nuclei in the accelerator.
Major achievements
Mendeleev's greatest contribution is the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements. This is the so-called Mendeleev periodic law. 1 In February, 869, Mendeleev compiled a periodic table (table1) including all 63 elements known at that time. In March of the same year, he entrusted N.A. Shutkin to read a paper entitled "The Relationship between Element Properties and Atomic Weight" at the Russian Chemical Society, and expounded the main points of the periodic law of elements:
(1) Elements arranged according to the size of atomic weight show obvious periodicity in nature.
② The size of atomic weight determines the characteristics of elements.
(3) The discovery of many unknown simple materials should be expected. For example, it is expected that there should be elements with atomic weights between 65 and 75 like aluminum and silicon.
(4) After the similar elements of some elements are known, the atomic weight of the element can sometimes be corrected.
187 1 year, Mendeleev published a paper "The Dependence of the Periodicity of Chemical Elements", which further expounded the periodic law of chemical elements. He also revised the periodic table of chemical elements (Table 2), changing the vertical table of 1869 into a horizontal table, highlighting the regularity of element families and periods; The main family and the sub-family are separated, basically in the form of modern periodic table of elements.
In the process of discovering the periodic law and making the periodic table, Mendeleev rearranged some elements (Os, Ir, Pt, Au; Te、I； Ni, Co), and considering the reasonable position in the periodic table, the atomic weights of other elements (In, La, Y, er, Ce, Th, U) are revised, and the existence of some elements is predicted. In the periodic table of 1869, Mendeleev left room for four undiscovered elements. 187 1 year, he published a paper "the natural system of elements and its use to express the properties of some elements", and made a detailed prediction on the existence and properties of some elements, such as aluminum-like, boron-like, silicon-like, and their atomic weights. There are still six such vacancies. Mendeleev's inference was confirmed by later chemical experiments.
The discovery of the periodic law of elements set off an upsurge of discovering new elements and studying inorganic chemistry theory. The discovery of the periodic law of elements is an important milestone in the history of chemical development, which systematizes a great deal of knowledge about various elements for hundreds of years, forms a unified system with internal relations, and then promotes it to theory.
Mendeleev also studied the relationship between the volume of gas and liquid and temperature and pressure. 1860, he discovered the critical temperature of gas and put forward the empirical formula of liquid thermal expansion. 1865 studied the properties of solution and put forward the hydrate theory of solution, which laid the foundation for modern solution theory. From 1872 to 1882, he and his students accurately measured the compressibility of several gases.
Mendeleev won the David Medal of the Royal Society for discovering periodic laws. He also won the British Copley Medal. 1955, scientists named element 10 1 Ru in memory of Mendeleev, the discoverer of the periodic law of elements. Mendeleev wrote the book Principles of Chemistry from the viewpoint of periodicity of elemental properties, which has been translated into English, French and other languages.
Madame Curie
Madame Curie Marie Curie? [8]( 1867- 1934) French and Polish scientist, who studied radioactive phenomena and discovered radium and polonium, won the Nobel Prize twice in his life. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has an ordinary scientific research institute.
Madame Curie
No social impact. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Madame Curie. She was greatly influenced by the biography MadameCurie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. SusanQuinn, an American biographer, spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Curie's family members and friends. The publication of the new book "Maria Curie: Life" depicts her hard, bitter and struggling life course in greater detail.
life experience
If you just look at your resume, it's easy to think that Maria Curie is just a successful scientist with smooth sailing. She was born in Warsaw, Poland on June 1867+0 1. There is a brother, three sisters, and both parents are teachers. She/kloc-graduated from high school with the first place at the age of 0/5. Then I worked as a tutor for several years. 189 1, I went to the Sorbonne, the merged university in Paris, and graduated from 1894 with two certificates in mathematics and physics. 1895, she married PierreCurie, who taught at the Institute of Industrial Physical Chemistry in Paris. 1897, her eldest daughter Irène was born. Previously on ... She did magnetic research with GabrielLippman of the University of Paris and published her first paper. At this time, in order to prepare her doctoral thesis, she started a new project in Pierre's laboratory, and Pierre soon joined his wife's work. Their experiment notes started from1897 65438+February 6th, and recorded the first observation of polonium on February 7th1898. After several months of follow-up analysis, they put forward two important findings in the report formally submitted to the French Academy of Sciences on July 18: one is the element polonium, and the other is the concept of R radioactivity. The discovery of purification of polonium and separation of another new element radium greatly stimulated chemical research; Radioactivity research is a breakthrough in the study of substance essence. 1903 In June, Madame Curie passed the thesis defense and was awarded the doctor's degree in physics. 165438+1At the beginning of October, the Curies were awarded Humphrey Davymedal); Royal society; 165438+1In mid-October, I learned that becquerel and I won the Nobel Prize in physics in recognition of their research on radioactive phenomena. 1905 They got their second daughter Eve. Pierre died in 1906. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. In recognition of her discovery of polonium and radium. Madame Curie died in 1934. 1935, her eldest daughter Elon and her son-in-law Fré FrédéricJoliot-Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry (their scientific discoveries were known to Madame Curie when she was alive). 1937 Madame Curie, published by my second daughter, became a popular biography all over the world.
Major achievements
In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.
Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that elements can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the common characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation".
At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is shiny white crystal like fine salt. Radium has a slight blue fluorescence, and it is this beautiful light blue fluorescence that blends into a woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells will be destroyed quickly once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In the French Republic, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.
Pasteur
Pasteur was born in Dole, eastern France, on 1822. He is a college student in Paris, majoring in natural science. His talent was not revealed when he was a student, and one of his professors rated his chemistry score as "passing". But Pasteur 1847 won.
Pasteur
Getting a doctorate soon proves that the professor's judgment is too early. Pasteur, who was only 26 years old, jumped into the ranks of famous chemists because of his research on the mirror isomers of tartaric acid.
Major achievements
Pasteur was not the first person to put forward the theory of disease bacteria. Girola FerraCastoro, Frederick Henry and others have put forward similar hypotheses before. But Pasteur strongly supported the theory of bacteria through a lot of experiments and arguments, which is the main factor to convince the scientific community that the theory is correct.
If diseases are caused by bacteria, it seems logical to avoid diseases by preventing harmful bacteria from entering the human body. Therefore, Pasteur emphasized the importance of antibacterial methods in clinical medicine. He had a great influence on joseph lister and introduced antibacterial methods into surgical clinic.
Harmful bacteria can enter the human body through food and drink. Pasteur invented a method to eliminate microorganisms in beverages (called Pasteur disinfection method), which almost completely eliminated the source of contaminated milk infection in the place of use.
At the age of 50, Pasteur began to study anthrax, a serious infectious disease that attacks cattle and many other animals, including people. Pasteur proved that a special kind of bacteria is the pathogenic factor of this disease. But far more important than that, he invented a weak strain of anthrax. Injecting this attenuated strain into cattle will make the disease mild and not fatal, and it will also make cattle immune to the normal condition of the disease. Pasteur's public demonstration proved that his method could immunize cattle and caused a great sensation. People soon realized that his general methods could be used to prevent many other infectious diseases.
Pasteur himself invented a method of human immunity on the basis of his unparalleled famous achievements, which made people immune to the terrible rabies after vaccination. Since then, other scientists have also invented vaccines against many serious diseases, such as epidemic typhus and polio.
Pasteur is an extremely diligent scientific worker. There are many small achievements in his credit book that are still valuable. It is convincingly proved that microorganisms are not naturally produced, but his experiments, not others' experiments. Pasteur also discovered the phenomenon of anaerobic life, that is, some microorganisms can survive without air or oxygen. Pasteur's research results on silkworm diseases have great commercial value. His other achievement was the invention of chicken cholera, a cholera vaccine for poultry. Pasteur died near Paris on 1895.
People often compare Pasteur with edward jenner, a British doctor who invented smallpox vaccine. Although Jenner's work was 80 years earlier than Pasteur's, I think Jenner is far less important than Pasteur's, because his immunization method is only effective for one disease, and Pasteur's method can and has been used to prevent many diseases.
Since the middle of the19th century, life expectancy in many parts of the world has roughly doubled. Throughout human history, this huge increase in human life span may have a greater impact on personal life than any other invention. In fact, modern science and medicine have indeed given everyone who lives in them a second life. If this extension of life can be entirely attributed to Pasteur's work, I will not hesitate to list him at the top of this book. Pasteur's contribution is so important that the greatest achievement in reducing mortality in the last century should undoubtedly be attributed to him. Therefore, he is among the best in this book. Pasteur was one of the most accomplished scientists in the19th century. He conducted many exploratory studies and achieved great results. He proved three scientific problems all his life: (1) Every fermentation is due to the development of a microorganism. French chemists found that heating can kill those nasty microorganisms that make beer bitter. Soon, "pasteurization" was applied to various foods and drinks. (2) Every infectious disease is the development of a microorganism in an organism: Pasteur saved the French silk industry by discovering and eradicating a bacterium that invaded silkworm eggs. (3) The microorganisms of infectious diseases can reduce their virulence under special culture, thus transforming them into drug vaccines to prevent diseases. He realized that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, so he established the theory of bacteria.
The main vaccine developed and sold by Sanofi Pasteur.
1934: tetanus vaccine 194 1: diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine 1947: influenza vaccine 1950: yellow fever vaccine 1955: live attenuated polio vaccine developed by Sabin. Pertussis and polio vaccine 1960: tuberculin polysaccharide vaccine 1960: measles vaccine 1962: Sabin oral polio vaccine 1970: rubella vaccine 1973: Sabin oral polio vaccine (Vero cells). Kloc-0/979: Salk polio vaccine (Vero cell) 65444 tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine 1988: typhoid vaccine (polysaccharide purification) 1992: Haemophilus influenzae B vaccine 1992: tetanus, diphtheria and acellular.
200 1: hepatitis a and typhoid combined vaccine
Karl Pauling
Linus Pauling (1901.2.28—1994.8.19) is a famous American quantum chemist. He is very rich.
Linus Carl Pauling
Sex and innovative spirit, constantly exploring frontier disciplines, made great achievements in many fields of chemistry, and was the greatest chemist in the 20th century. He has won the Nobel Prize twice (1954 Chemistry Prize and 1962 Peace Prize) and enjoys a high international reputation. So far, he is the only scientist in the world who has won the Nobel Prize twice.
Major achievements
In his life course of nearly a century, Pauling participated in and experienced many important scientific discoveries in the history of science in the 20th century, with outstanding achievements: he described the nature of chemical bonds for the first time; Discover the structure of protein; To reveal the causes of sickle cell anemia; Participate in the study of revealing DNA structure; He presided over some military scientific research projects during the Second World War; Promote the development of X-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, quantum mechanics, biochemistry, molecular psychiatry, nuclear physics, anesthesiology, immunology, nutrition and other disciplines.