Source: The Goat Tongguan Nostalgia by Zhang in Yuan Dynasty.
Original text: the peaks are like gathering, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are all on the Tongguan road. Looking at the western capital, I hesitated. (Stop working: hesitate)
Sad Qin and Han dynasties, ten thousand palaces have been made of earth. Xing, the people suffer; Death makes people suffer.
Huashan peaks gather from all directions, and the Yellow River is raging. The Tongguan Ancient Road connects Huashan Mountain in the interior and the Yellow River outside. Looking at the ancient capital Chang 'an, I wander and my thoughts fluctuate.
Sadly, all the palaces in Qin Gong's Han Que have already turned to dust. Once prosperous, the people suffered; Once destroyed, people are still suffering.
Note: Shanpo Sheep: The title of the song is the format of this Sanqu; "Tongguan Nostalgia" is the title.
Gathering of mountains and peaks: describe gathering of mountains and peaks. Gather: gather; besiege
Waves like anger: describe the Yellow River as choppy. Anger: refers to rough waves.
"Mountains and Rivers" sentence: There are mountains outside and rivers inside, which describes the dangerous terrain in Tongguan area. Specifically, there is the Yellow River outside Tongguan and Huashan Mountain inside.
Inside and out: inside and out. "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong twenty-eight years": "The mountains and rivers outside will be harmless." Note: "Shanxi is a river outside and a mountain inside." (of clouds) dense
Guan: The name of Guguan is in Tongguan County, Shaanxi Province. Guancheng is located halfway up Huashan Mountain, next to the Yellow River, and the three provinces of Qin, Jin and Henan are very dangerous. In ancient times, it was the gateway to Shaanxi, and it was a military stronghold in previous dynasties.
West Capital: refers to Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). This refers to the capital city built near Chang 'an since Qin and Han Dynasties. The Qin and Western Han Dynasties set Chang 'an as their capital, and the Eastern Han Dynasty set Luoyang as its capital, so Luoyang was called the eastern capital and Chang 'an was the western capital.
Hesitation: Hesitation, vacillation and concentration. The ups and downs of the ideological trend described here are deeply lost in thought, indicating that the heart is not calm. One is "chí chú".
Sadness: a sad thing, with adjectives as verbs. Qin and Han Dynasties: Xianyang, Qin Dou (22 1 ~ 206 BC), and Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty (208~8 BC), all located in the west of Tongguan, Shaanxi. Where you passed. Refers to the ruins of the ancient capital of Qin and Han dynasties.
Palace que: palace, palace; Que, the scenery of buildings on both sides of the palace gate.
Xing: refers to the stable rule of political power. Rise and fall: refers to the rise and fall of dynasties.
Creative background: Zhang is an honest official and loves the people like a son. In the second year of Tian Li (1329), due to the drought in Guanzhong, he was appointed as a relief worker in Shaanxi province. During his life in the Western Qin Dynasty, he witnessed the profound disasters of the people, was filled with emotion and indignation, squandered all his wealth, tried his best to provide disaster relief, and finally died of overwork. Zhang wrote this poem "herding sheep on a hillside" during the drought in Guanzhong.
Appreciation: This song is Zhang's masterpiece in his later years, and it is also a masterpiece of the perfect combination of ideology and artistry of Yuan Sanqu. In Trang Van Yuefu, his collection of Sanqu, there are seven topics and nine homesick poems with the theme of "sheep on the hillside", among which Tongguan homesickness is the most melancholy and colorful. This song recalls the past, from the rise and fall of dynasties to the sufferings of the people, points out the opposition between feudal rule and the people, and shows the author's thinking about history and sympathy for the people.
The whole song is divided into three layers: the first layer (the first three sentences) describes the grandeur and danger of Tongguan. When Zhang Yanghao passed through Tongguan, he saw the scene of "the peaks and mountains are like gathering, and the waves are like anger". This floor describes the scenery of Tongguan strongly and vividly. The first sentence is about mountains and peaks, and there are many mountains around Tongguan. The word "home" makes readers see the trend that Huashan is in front of them and the mountains stand tall. Because of the dangerous terrain, it was a battleground for ancient strategists. Yamamoto is still the same, "like chrysanthemum" turns from static to dynamic, and a word "chrysanthemum" shows the numerous and dynamic peaks. The second sentence is about the surging Yellow River, and the water of the Yellow River outside Tongguan is surging. The word "anger" makes readers' ears resound with endless running water. The Yellow River is lifeless, and "anger" endows the river with human emotions and will. The word "anger" describes the surging waves. The word "anger" also personifies the river, and the word "anger" is injected into the poet's grief over the past and the grief and indignation caused by hurting the present. Moved by this scene, the third sentence said that Tongguan is located in a cold place surrounded by mountains and the Yellow River. The feeling that "Tongguan Road is inside and outside the mountains and rivers" arises spontaneously. At this point, a glimpse of Tongguan's majestic momentum. Such a dangerous place implies that Tongguan is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties, which also leads to the following feelings.
The second floor (4 17 sentence). The sentence "looking west" describes the author's infinite feelings about looking west to Chang 'an. Chang 'an, the capital of the famous Han and Tang empires in history, has been governed by many emperors. There have been many heartless bad kings in history who abused their powers, killed people and became sinners here. Chang 'an, in this specific historical stage, staged many magnificent and tragic dramas; How many poets and writers have written about Chang 'an. Especially the common people, how much blood and sweat Chang 'an has shed! This is the reason and content of the author's "hesitation"!
The phrase "Sad Qin and Han Dynasties" describes the Qin and Han Dynasties, and both dynasties have become historical relics. Qin Huang and Wu Han have worked so hard to build countless palaces, pavilions and thousands of waterside courtyards, and now they are all gone and reduced to ashes. Qin and Han dynasties, which once flourished, all perished in the roar of the people, just like "all palaces turned to dust". How much emotion does the author put between the lines?
On the third floor (the last four sentences), the chief writer felt deeply: in history, no matter which dynasty, whether prosperous or declining, people always suffered. The rise of a dynasty will inevitably lead to great construction and luxury palaces, which will bring great disasters to the people; When a dynasty dies, it is the people who suffer in the war. He pointed out that the rise and fall of dynasties brought disaster and pain to the people. This is the author's conclusion from the history of the rise and fall of emperors in previous dynasties. The three meanings are interlocking, the layers are deep, the thoughts are more and more open, and the feelings are more and more intense, forming a seamless whole. Throughout the song, there are scenes in Tibetan feelings and scenes blend.
The phrase "being rich makes the people suffer" points out that the people suffer the rise and fall of a dynasty. The theme extracted by the author from the summary of history is extremely vivid and profound, and the questions raised are very important and sharp. It expresses the author's deep sympathy for the people and great indignation against the feudal rulers. This ending is really a profound summary of the whole song, with a sharp tone and full of warning.
The summary of history in Tongguan Nostalgia clearly refers to the real life of the Yuan Dynasty: Nostalgia is actually hurting the present, and heaviness is actually a responsibility. This complex feeling can only be understood by combining the writer's life experience. Zhang's special official experience determines that there is a homesickness in his Sanqu. "Li Mountain Nostalgia" wrote, "If you win, you will do something; If you lose, you will do the soil. " "Luoyang Galand" wrote that "the work is not long; The name is not long. " In "Nostalgia of North Mangshan Mountain", it is written that "even the monarch is not called; Even ministers should not be called. " In these songs, Zhang sees the number of winners and losers, the division of fame and fortune, and the moment of life and death equally, but only tells the story of wealth and impermanence and life like a dream through ancient events. Only "Tongguan Nostalgia" reveals an irrefutable truth of feudal society with a rare heavy and profound vision: "Xing, the people suffer; When you die, the people suffer. "
In writing, the author adopts the method of step by step, from writing the scenery to recalling the past, and then causing discussion, which perfectly combines boundless scenery, deep emotion and careful discussion, making this poem have a strong appeal. There are historical vicissitudes and a sense of the times between the lines, which not only have the characteristics of homesick poems, but also have a unique depressed style.
From the content of the work, the nostalgic works of other writers, and the nostalgic works of other writers at the same time, the nostalgia of Yangtongguan on the hillside shows a rare sense of heaviness.
About the author:
Zhang (1269— 1329), a native of Jinan, Shandong Province, was a famous essayist in Yuan Dynasty. He is good at poetry and prose and is famous for his Sanqu. Representative works include "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia" and so on.
Life: Zhang, a native of Jinan (present-day Shandong), is the 23rd grandson of Zhang Jiugao, the younger brother of the famous Tang Dynasty Zhang Jiuling. Sanqu writers in yuan dynasty. This boy is very famous. 19 years old, recommended as Dongping, as Tangyi county magistrate, Yin, imperial academy, Hanlin bachelor, does history, and saves trouble in Chinese books. When he was in charge of supervising the empire, he was jealous of powerful people and was dismissed for criticizing current politics. After returning to the official position, it is convenient to refer to the Chinese book. Later, due to his old age and no one to take care of him, Yu Yingzong resigned in the second year and went home to Zhi Zhi (1322), and was called away many times. In the second year of Wenzong (1329), there was a drought in Guanzhong, and he made a special trip to Taichung, Shaanxi Province to deal with disaster relief. Seeing that the hungry people were very embarrassed, it was difficult to help them, and they cried and begged for it, so they "destroyed their families" and "boarded the bus to take the road" (Biography of Yuan History), and soon they became ill from overwork. Most of his Sanqu are about rural seclusion after abandoning his official position. There are "three things of advice" and "returning to the field". Sanqu collection includes "Cloud Living in a Small Yuefu". The whole Taihe Yin Zhengpu called his music "like a symmetrical tree".
Zhang, an upright official, dared to make faces and protest. In Tangyi County, he cared about the people, restrained the powerful, helped the poor and did many good deeds. After worshipping the censor, I tried to correct greed, recommend integrity, impeach powerful people, and recommend no enmity. "If you enter, you can argue with the emperor, and if you leave, you can sue the minister" (Feng Xianzhong), just like Li Fengfa, "Where the Tao is, you can live and die" (ibid.). His favorite pupil, Huang Cheng, said that he "tried his best to get rid of the traitors, but he didn't regret it after several disasters" (Zhang Wenzhong Gongci Monument). Wu Zongshi was dismissed from office because he advocated that the minister save trouble and disagreed with the powerful minister; During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, putting lanterns for Aoshan in the Imperial Palace was at stake. Zhang has the ideal of "a gentleman benefiting the people" and wants to do something that benefits the country and the people. However, in the ruling group, "few people are loyal to the monarch, and many people bully the monarch to stand on their own feet" (Biography of Yuan History). When he was embarrassed, sometimes his life was in danger, so he resigned and retired. "There is no right or wrong, he is absolutely famous." At the age of 59.