Table 2- 1 Xiongershan-Xiaoshan Gold Industry Types Table

Figure 2- 1 distribution map of known gold deposits in Xiong 'ershan-Xiaoshan-Waifangshan area

1-Taihua Group; 2- bear ear group; 3- Xiong Er Group-Guandaokou Group (no score); 4- granite; 5- Unconformity boundary; 6- fracture; 7- Structural altered rock type gold deposit; 8- time-pulse type gold deposit; 9— Altered rock quartz vein composite gold deposit; 10- sulfide associated gold deposit; 1 1- breccia type gold deposit

Tectonic altered rock type and altered rock-time-pulse compound type are mainly distributed in Xiong 'er Mountain in the middle of the study area and its adjacent area with large scale and rich grade, which has important economic significance and is the main industrial type. Most of the newly discovered gold deposits (spots) also belong to these two types, and some of them have become large and medium-sized gold deposits, which are the most promising industrial types in this area (plate II-4).

The pulse patterns are mainly distributed in Yishan area in the northwest of the study area. Mineral deposits are generally small and rich, which has considerable economic significance. In recent years, it has been continuously discovered, and it is an industrial type worthy of attention (plate II-5).

Breccia type occurs in Songxian county in the east of Xiong 'er Mountain, and its remarkable characteristics are great grade change and complex ore body shape. In recent years, it has also been found in Qiyugou area. Because of its special type, it has important genetic significance (plates II-6 and III- 1).

Sulfide associated gold is mainly distributed in Waiweishan area in the east of the study area. The scale of lead-zinc sulfide can reach medium and large, and the scale of copper mine is small. In recent years, people have paid more and more attention to associated gold, and new discoveries have been made (plates Ⅲ-2 and Ⅲ).

All types of gold deposits are controlled by fault structures, most of which are low-order shear zones. Therefore, there is no specific specificity for strata and rocks. Gold deposits can occur in various rocks in different strata of Xiong 'er Group, or in metamorphic rock series of Taihua Group or quartzite of Yishan Group near the basement of unconformity surface, and the phenomenon of simultaneous infiltration can occur (Figure 2-2 and Plate III-4).

Figure 2-2 Vein Distribution Map of Hugou Gold Mine Area

1— Xushan Formation of Xiong 'er Group; Taihua Group 2- Shibangou Formation; 3— Contact boundary of stratigraphic unconformity; 4- Gold-bearing fracture zone and its quantity; 5- The appearance of vein; 6— Formation occurrence

I. Types of structural altered rocks

This type of gold deposit is the main type of gold deposit in the volcanic rock series of the Mesoproterozoic Xiong 'er Group in Xiongershan area. There are dozens of mineral deposits (spots) in this area, and the gold reserves account for more than 80% of the gold reserves in this area, represented by Shanggong and Beiling.

1. shanggong gold mine

The ore-bearing stratum is basaltic andesite of Zhanghemiao Formation in the lower part of Xiong 'er Group. Its lithology can be divided into five lithologic sections from bottom to top: ① massive andesite and small almond andesite, with tuff and andesite breccia in the lower part; ② porphyritic andesite, almond-shaped porphyritic andesite, andesite and andesite breccia lava; ③ Small almond andesite, basaltic andesite and dacite rhyolite; ④ almond sparse andesite, purplish red andesite and basaltic andesite; ⑤ Small almond-shaped sparse andesite and massive andesite. The gold deposits mainly occur in the rocky intervals ③ and ④, and the overall strike of the strata is near east-west, with dip angle of 185 and dip angle of 26-42 (Figure 2-3).

Figure 2-3 Schematic Diagram of Geological Plane of Shanggong Gold Mine

1- four yuan; 2- almond andesite; 3- almond-shaped porphyritic andesite; 5- basaltic andesite; 6- amphibole syenite; 7- fine stone; 8— Altered structural zones and their number; 9— Orebody

Shanggong gold deposit is located in Jindonggou-Miaogou section of Qiliping-Xingxingyin fault zone in northeast China, with a surface length of 2200m and a width of100-280m. The ore body is strictly located in a group of NW-trending secondary faults. Through exploration, 74 gold ore bodies are circled above the elevation of 5 12m, including 6 main ore bodies, 5 of which are concentrated in the upper (upper ore belt) and lower (lower ore belt) of the structural belt east of the 2 1 line. The ore bodies to the west of 2 1 line are small and scattered, and the mineralization is discontinuous. Most ore bodies are concentrated above 900 meters above sea level, with good continuity and high grade; Below 900 meters above sea level, the mineralization is poor, the grade becomes worse and the thickness becomes thinner. The shape of ore body is basically similar to that of structural belt, generally thin plate, lenticular, pod-like, vein-like, etc. The length of each ore body in the lower ore belt is 25-560m and the thickness is 0.2-5.38m.: Each ore body in the upper ore belt is 24-650m long and 0.45-4.06m thick. See Figure 2-4, Figure 2-5 and Table 2-2 for the shape and occurrence of the ore body on the profile and mid-plane.

2. Beiling Gold Mine

The exposed strata in the mining area are basic-neutral (weakly alkaline) volcanic lava and pyroclastic rocks in the upper part of Poqianjie Formation of Xiong 'er Group volcanic rocks, on which quartzite, pyroclastic rocks, volcanic lava, siliceous banded crystalline dolomite and clastic rocks of Gaoshanhe Formation of Guandaokou Group are sporadically exposed, which are in parallel unconformity contact with the underlying Xiong 'er Group volcanic rocks. According to its lithologic characteristics, the Poqianjie Formation is clearly divided into two lithologic sections: the lower section is mainly basic (weakly alkaline)-intermediate basic (weakly alkaline) lava, tuff (breccia) containing crystal chips and multi-layer purplish red tuff; The upper member is a set of alkaline rocks, the main lithology is basaltic coarse andesite and a small amount of alkaline basalt, sometimes mixed with coarse andesite or andesite. The strike changes greatly, the thickness in the borehole is more than 450m, the mining area has not bottomed out, and it is in unconformity contact with the overlying Gaoshanhe Formation, and the gold deposits are mainly produced in the middle and upper parts (Figure 2-6).

Table 2-2 Characteristics of Different Ore Zones in Shanggong Gold Mine

Figure 2-4 Schematic plan of the middle section of Shanggong Gold Mine111m.

At present, the main exploration study is the 88 1 ore-bearing structural alteration zone, which strikes northwest and leans southwest (195-239) with an inclination of 40-60, showing signs of extension. The width of the belt is generally 3-5 meters, and the narrowest part is about 0.5 meters. Ore bodies are generally characterized by expansion and contraction. The surface is 20m east of Line 3, and the vein is divided into two ore bodies, the first ore body in the west and the second ore body in the east, which merge into a deep place under the 840 tunnel. At elevation 900, the ore body pinches out between lines 4 and 6, reappears at elevation 870, thickens at elevation 840 and pinches out at elevation 800 (Figure 2-7).

Through four exploration roadways of 900m, 870m, 840m and 800m and dozens of drilling projects, the mineralization of F88 1 vein between 600-800 m elevation is controlled: generally, there are 2-4 layers of ore, sometimes only the upper layer of ore can be seen, and1can be seen in 00 1 drilling. The thickness of the ore body is generally 1-5m, with the thinnest part being 0.23m(ZK302) and the thickest part being 58.88m(ZK 1208), which varies greatly. Some seams are close to each other, for example, in ZK 1208, the mineralization interval between the two layers is 25m, and in ZK 1608, the mineralization interval between the two layers is 5m, but there are also many seams that are far apart, for example, in ZK303, the mineralization interval between the two layers is 80m, and in ZK806, the mineralization of the four layers is in. The shape of the ore body is vein-like, plate-like and lenticular. Along the horizontal strike and extension direction, the shape of the ore body has the characteristics of expansion and contraction and pinch-out reappearance (Figure 2-8 and Figure 2-9).

Figure 2-5 Bid 27 of Shanggong Line

Figure 2-6 Geological Map of Beiling Gold Mining Area in Luanchuan County, Henan Province

(According to the First Geological Survey Team of Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)

1-Quaternary sandy soil and gravel; Siliceous banded dolomite of Longjiayuan Formation 2 of Guandaokou Group; 3— Quartzite and silty mudstone of Gaoshanhe Formation; 4- Gaoshanhe Formation coarse andesite mixed with andesite; 5— Quartzite and silty mudstone of Gaoshanhe Formation; 6— andesite, trachyte and trachyte mixed with calcareous silty mudstone of Poqianjie Formation in Xiong 'er Group; 7- fracture; 8- mineralized structural alteration zone; 9- false integration; 10- geological boundary

Figure 2-7 Ore Body Morphology in Different Middle Sections of Beiling (88 1) Ore Belt

Two. Altered rock-quartz vein composite gold deposit

This kind of gold deposit is located in the area of Shizimiao and Baitu Street in the western section of Xiong 'er Mountain, represented by Kangshan and Xingxing Silver Gold Deposits.

The ore-bearing rock series of Kangshan Gold Mine are metamorphic rocks of Taihua Group and volcanic rocks of Xiong 'er Group. The main rock assemblage of Taihua Group is amphibole, diorite, banded migmatite and plagioclase gneiss, followed by biotite plagioclase schist, granulite, chlorite schist and granite pegmatite. The overall metamorphic degree of rocks is not high, and the highest is amphibolite facies. The volcanic rocks of Xiong 'er Group are mainly exposed in the mining area, such as timely sandstone, tuffaceous sandstone, phyllite, andesite, almond andesite and amphibole of Zhanghemiao Formation. Generally, rocks are subjected to greenschist facies metamorphism with obvious schistosity. The detrital rocks of Moshigou Formation are mainly distributed in the south of the mining area and the south of F fault, showing a nearly east-west banded distribution. Zhanghemiao Formation is mainly distributed in the north of F 1 fault and the south of F: fault (Figure 2- 10).

There are two kinds of ore bodies in this kind of deposit, one is gold-bearing sericite in the mineralized fracture zone (represented by Xingxingyin No.803), and the other is gold-bearing quartz vein (represented by Kangshan11kloc-0/and its branches), which is strictly controlled in the structural fracture zone. The occurrence is consistent with the mineralized fracture zone, with an overall strike of 20-40, inclined to the northwest and an inclination angle of 60-90. The fault zone is tens of meters to 2300 meters long and tens of centimeters to tens of meters wide. Altered rock-type ore bodies are mostly gentle and wavy, which are restricted by the shape of structural zones. The ore body is plate-shaped and lenticular, and the shape of some areas is stable. Gold-bearing quartz veins are mostly distributed near the roof and floor of mineralized structural belt, and occur in vein, reticulate vein and lenticular shape. The scale of ore bodies varies: the 803 vein is 2000m long and 0.4-10m wide, and the controlled ore body is 540m long; 1 10 1 The pulse length is 570m and the width is1-7.1m; The associated secondary fault structure is characterized by mineralization, and its scale is generally small, ranging from tens of meters to hundreds of meters long and from tens of centimeters to several meters wide.

Three. Time-pulse type gold deposit

Mainly refers to the gold-bearing quartz vein as a single deposit. This type of gold deposit is developed in Yishan area, and only a few small-scale and low-grade mineralization points are seen in Xiong 'ershan and Waifangshan areas, represented by semi-wide gold deposits.

Figure 2-8 Profile of Exploration Line 7 in Beiling Gold Mine

(According to the First Geological Survey Team of Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)

1-andesite; 2- Pyritized andesite; 3- tuffaceous siltstone; 4 veins; 5— Formation occurrence; 6- Failure occurs; 7-Drilling and numbering

Figure 2-9 Profile of No.0 Exploration Line in Beiling Gold Mine

(According to the First Geological Survey Team of Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)

(The legend is the same as Figure 2-8)

The exposed strata in Xiaoshan area are basement Taihua Group, caprock Xiaoshan Group and Xiong 'er Group. Taihua Group is a set of biotite plagioclase gneiss, plagioclase amphibole gneiss and chlorite schist. The lithology of Xiaoshan Group is mainly metamorphic conglomerate, thick quartzite, sericite quartz schist and dolomite marble. The volcanic rocks of Xiong 'er Group cover the metamorphic basement in a ring shape. The regional Wendi-Gongqian fault runs through the whole area from west to east, and the parallel or oblique secondary structures formed with it are particularly developed in the northeast and northwest.

The strike of the structural belt changes greatly, inclining to SSE, with an inclination of 25-40 and unequal extension, with a length of 350- 1000 m and a width of 1-4.5 m, with the largest scale in the east-west direction and a length of 3000 m.

In recent years, dozens of gold-bearing quartz veins have been found in the gneiss of Taihua Group, Shi Ying sandstone of Xiaoshan Group and volcanic rocks of Xiong 'er Group in Xiaoshan area, and tensile shear layers are distributed along the unconformity between basement and caprock (Ⅰ-ⅶ) or its adjacent bedding (ⅷ-ⅹ, ⅹ-). Gold-bearing quartz veins have cross-layer characteristics and are not "conglomerate type" controlled by unconformity (Figure 2- 12).

Figure 2- 10 Geological Schematic Diagram of Kangshan-Xingxing Silver-Gold Deposit

1-andesite of Xushan Formation of Great Wall System; 2- metamorphic feldspar sandstone; 3- Taihua Group biotite (hornblende) plagioclase gneiss; 4- Gold-bearing altered fracture zone and its number; 5- syenite porphyry dike; 6- Fault fracture zone; 7— Number of faults and assumed faults; 8— Formation occurrence

Figure 2- Geological Schematic Diagram of Half-width Gold Deposit +0 1

(According to Qin Guoqun, the data was revised at 1988)

1- Taihua group migmatite; 2- Unequal grained quartzite, basement conglomerate, greenschist and metamorphic conglomerate of Xiaoshan Group; 3- The bear ear group becomes andesite; 4- diabase porphyrite; 5— Ore Belt and Number

The ore body is controlled by the shape of structural plane, which is layered, lenticular, veined, pie-shaped or saccate, and its thickness varies greatly, generally 20-30 cm. The flat part of the structural plane can reach more than 1m, the gold grade is generally a few grams per ton, and the rich one can reach more than 30-40g. There are branching compound, expansion and contraction, pinchout reappearance or pinchout profile, and the occurrence changes with the fluctuation of unconformity or structural plane.

Four. Breccia type gold deposit

This kind of gold deposits includes two subclasses, represented by Qiyugou Gold Mine and Dianfang Gold Mine respectively.

1. Qiyugou gold deposit

It is called blasting breccia type gold deposit. At present, 35 large and small breccia bodies have been found, which are distributed in bands along NW-SE direction and appear in groups. There are 22 breccia bodies in Wangzhuang-Taocun area, among which 6 breccia bodies (J 1-J6) distributed in Qiyugou mining area contain gold. No industrial deposits have been found in the 13 breccia distributed in Angou and Shadiwa.

Breccia bodies are mainly developed in Taihua Group, which are oval, spindle-shaped and irregular banded in plane, steeply columnar in section, with small depth and funnel-shaped locally, with an exposed area of 0.01-0.05km2. The area around J7 is the largest, reaching 0.7 1km2. The breccia body suddenly contacts with the surrounding rock, and the surrounding rock near the rock mass is broken. The breccia is mainly composed of gneiss and migmatite of surrounding rock and roof Taihua Group, with a small amount of metamorphic andesite of Xiong 'er Group and unequal length quartz porphyry and syenite breccia. The composition of breccia has a certain zonation, and the zones gradually transition. Generally, the cement content is 5%- 10%, reaching 10%-20% locally, with uneven distribution, including magmatic materials, crystalline detritus, cuttings, altered minerals and minerals (plate II-6).

Fig. 2- 12 half-width mining area 1 pulse and No.7 pulse schematic diagram.

1- Yuan Grain Rain Gushan Formation; 2- Archaean Taihua Group; 3— Vein and serial number; 4-Veins and tunnels

Figure 2- 13 Geological Map of Qiyugou Mining Area

1- four yuan; Level 2- 3; 3- bear ear group; 4- Taihua Group; 5- amphibole monzoporphyry; 6- biotite granite; 7- quartz porphyry; 8— Granite porphyry; 9— diorite porphyrite; 10- breccia body and its number; 1 1- structural fracture zone; 12-actually measured and inferred geological boundary; 13- Angle unconformity interface; 14-skewed fold; 15-axis trajectory of anticline; 16- reverse fault; 17-translational faults and faults with unknown properties; 18-the appearance of gneiss

The exposed strata in the mining area are biotite plagioclase gneiss, plagioclase amphibole, andesite, dacite and tuff of Zhanghemiao Formation in Xiong 'er Group. In addition, there are Xiong 'er subvolcanic rocks and intermediate-acid porphyry dikes in the middle and late Yanshan period (Figure 2- 13).

This type of mineralization is controlled by altered breccia tube, and breccia body and structural fracture alteration zone are formed under the same control system. The ore body is veined and irregular, with obvious expansion and contraction, and sometimes the ore body is beaded or lenticular (Figure 2- 14).

Fig. 2- 14 breccia Ⅱ, Ⅳ and orebody morphology in Qiyugou gold mining area

1-diorite porphyrite; 2- breccia dominated by gneiss; 3- breccia dominated by andesite; 4- quartz porphyry-dominated breccia; 5- Breccia dominated by hypoamphibolite; 6- ore body; 7- amphibolite; 8— Gneiss

2. Dianfang Gold Mine

The host rock is volcanic breccia of Jiaoyuan Formation in Zhongxiong 'er Group. The breccia is oval in plane, with a length of 1400 m from east to west and 500 m from north to south. The southern edge of the breccia body is superimposed and reconstructed by the east-west Machaoying fault, which intersects with the NW-trending fault structure in the middle of the breccia body. The surrounding rocks of the breccia body are rhyolite and dacite of Jiaoyuan Formation. The composition of breccia is complex, including rhyolite, andesite, trachyte, tuff, quartzite and dolomite, and occasionally granite. Gravel sorting is poor, the mixed particle size is large, the longest axis is 30cm, and the chip is minimal, and the shape is mostly sub-angular and sub-circular. Cements are pyroclastic and tuff. Various small cracks, faults, cleavages and joints in the breccia are concentrated and their occurrence changes greatly, which is a breccia body related to volcanic eruption channels (Figure 2- 15). A small amount of granite porphyry is exposed in the mining area, which runs through volcanic breccia and its surrounding rock (rhyolite).

Dianfang gold-lead mineralization is the product of various tectonic activities. The mineralized breccia that constitutes the ore body is mainly distributed in the southern margin of volcanic breccia body. The breccia of mineralized breccia has obvious alteration, among which dolomite breccia often fades, recrystallizes and actinomycetes, and sporadic pyrite appears at its edge and core. Most of the edges of breccia and volcanic debris have been irradiated by garnet, and there are also sporadic pyrite and other porphyritic galena. In some breccia, galena and pyrite constitute skeleton crystals; In addition, it can also be seen that the breccia composed of pyrite aggregates is weathered into brown limonite breccia, and there is a cavity or honeycomb structure on the surface (plate III- 1). Mineralized breccia is also produced in the form of breccia and detritus, which is produced in complex volcanic breccia erupted in the later period, and there are also sporadic gold-bearing iron ores.

Ore bodies are in the southern margin of volcanic breccia, mostly lenticular and layered, and occur in the upper wall of volcanic passage, with a length of 80-200m and a great change in thickness, with an average of 1-6m. Nine ore bodies were circled and blind ore bodies were found in the deep. The roof of the ore body is broken volcanic breccia and rhyolite, and the floor is volcanic breccia. The grade near the roof and floor is high, with an average of 3-5g/t (Figure 2- 16).

Figure 2- 15 Geological Schematic Diagram of Dianfang Gold Mine Area

(According to the First Geological Survey Team of Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)

1- volcanic breccia; 2- rhyolite; 3- andesite; 4- granite porphyry; 5- cataclastic volcanic breccia; 6- cataclastic rhyolite; 7- cataclastic andesite; 8- Presumption of fault; 9- Fault; 10- tunnel; 1 1- gold ore body; 12- marble; 13- Quaternary

Verb (abbreviation of verb) sulfide associated gold mine

According to the related deposit types, it can also be divided into the following two subcategories.

1. Lead-zinc associated gold deposit

Taking Xizaogou as the representative, the strata exposed in the mining area are the third member of Jiaoyuan Formation of Xiong 'er Group, and the lithology is dacite, basaltic andesite and tuffaceous volcanic breccia. Ore bodies are mainly produced in basaltic andesite (Figure 2- 17).

Associated gold or gold ore bodies in the Xizaogou lead-zinc ore body can exist in isolation (Figure 2- 18), and they are scattered in a flat lens shape (Figure III-2). The gold mine is 25- 100 m long, 0.2-0.98 m thick, 2.97 m thickest and 50- 100 m buried. ..

2. Copper associated gold deposit

Represented by Dasheping copper associated gold deposit. The strata in the mining area are almond-shaped porphyry andesite and andesite porphyry in the upper part of Jiaoyuan Formation of Xiong 'er Group. Albite porphyry develops in time, and occurs in vein, extending to the northeast (Figure 2- 19).

There is a 12 copper mineralization belt in the area, which is several meters -270 meters long and 0.5- 17 meters wide, mostly 1-4 meters in a lenticular shape, and its long axis direction is roughly parallel to the albite porphyry dike.

The mineralized zone is closely related to the NE-trending fault zone (plate Ⅲ-3). Mineralization in the mineralized zone is uneven, with strong mineralization center and weakening to both sides. The boundary between mineralized zone and surrounding rock is unclear, showing a gradual relationship. Three mineralization zones (8, 10, 1 1) are better. The average grade of copper is 0.6%-0.9%, some are above 1%, and some are less than 0.3%. The gold content is generally unstable, with a maximum of 4.5g/t.

Figure 2- Profile of Dianfang Gold Mine 13 Exploration Line 16 in Songxian County

(According to the First Geological Survey Team of Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)

1- Quaternary overburden; 2- rhyolitic breccia mass; 3- rhyolite porphyry; 4— In-table ore bodies; 5— Off-balance-sheet ore body; 6— Location of exploratory trench; 7— Drilling position

The basic characteristics of the above five industrial types of gold deposits show that they have different economic significance. Each section can look for related industrial gold deposits independently, which means looking for structural altered rock type and altered rock-quartz vein compound medium-large (super-large) gold deposits for the whole region. The difference in geological characteristics and economic significance of gold deposits of different industrial types is essentially the difference in gold mineralization conditions, which reflects the complexity of gold mineralization conditions in this area. Gold deposits of different industrial types should have relatively stable metallogenic conditions, and the study of their genesis should be further discussed from the time, space conditions and evolution history of material movement according to practice.

Figure 2- 17 Geological Map of Xizaogou Pb-Zn-Au Mining Area (6)

1- Quaternary gully alluvium; 2- basaltic andesite; 3- silver dry rock; 4- tuffaceous volcanic breccia and tuffaceous sandstone; 5- granodiorite porphyrite; 6- mineralized alteration fracture zone; 7- stratigraphic boundary; 8-compression-torsion fracture; 9- Tensile and torsional fracture; 10- compressive fracture; 1 1—3g/t > Au & gt； l > 12—Au & gt； 3 > 13- stratum occurrence; 14- number of mineralized alteration fracture zone; Continuous gold mineralization in 15-ⅱ ore belt

Figure 2- 18 Section of Line 305 of West Ore Section of No.3 Ore Belt in Xizaogou Mining Area

1-slope deposit; 2- silver dry rock; 3- basaltic andesite; 4- Fault basaltic andesite in chloritization; 5- Pyritized basaltic andesite; 6- Pyritized dacite; 7- sericitized dacite; 8- cataclastic tuffaceous volcanic breccia; 9— tuff; 10- tuffaceous volcanic breccia; 1 1- industrial lead-zinc ore body; 12- gold ore body; 13- drilling; 14—lg/t