Jiang Jie became a well-known revolutionary martyr in contemporary China in the late 1950s and early 1960s because of the successive publication of revolutionary memoirs "Fire Will Live Forever", "Novel of Party History" and "Red Rock".
Her real name is Jiang Zhujun, and she is usually called "Jiang Jie" in underground party organizations. 1948 At the beginning of this year, her husband Peng Yongwu (member of the East Sichuan Committee of the Communist Party of China and deputy secretary of the Land Working Committee of East Xiachuan) failed in leading the peasant uprising in East Xiachuan and died unfortunately. She fought back her grief and asked the underground organization to send her to East Xia Chuan again to continue preparing for the rural riots. Unexpectedly, she was arrested after the Dragon Boat Festival because of the betrayal of her superiors. In order to prevent riots in the rural areas in the rear, the Kuomintang authorities, who were busy fighting the civil war, were eager to get information from underground organizations and tortured her. However, she was tortured and kept in detention until June 1949, 1 14 was killed.
Later, when the authors of memoirs wrote the novel Red Rock, they took Jiang Xueqin as the prototype, and the name is still called Jiang Jie. In fact, Jiang Xueqin's revolutionary experience and main deeds are the same as Jiang Zhujun's (when film actor Yu Lan played Jiang Jie in the film "Fire Forever", he specially invited Jiang Jie's comrade-in-arms Liu Debin to introduce all aspects of the real Jiang Jie in detail). Therefore, most people still regard Jiang Jie in the novel, the movie Eternal Life in the Fire, the opera Jiang Jie and other literary works adapted from the novel as the real Jiang Jie in history.
Although Jiang Jie's position in the CPC is not high, she is only the liaison officer of grass-roots party organizations (East Sichuan Committee and East Xiachuan Working Committee), and there are more than thousands of revolutionary martyrs who have devoted themselves to the revolution and sacrificed heroically, but she is well known by the masses. Jiang Zhujun's name and deeds are also included in the dictionary of China history along with many revolutionary leaders. In 2003, when Chongqing selected "Top Ten Historical and Cultural Celebrities in Chongqing", many people asked to choose Jiang Jie ... This can not but be attributed to the sensational effect caused by the memoir "Fire Will Live Forever" and the novel "Red Rock".
In the well-known moving story of Jie Jiang, there are two most memorable plots. One is that she saw her husband Peng Yongwu (called Song Toh Peng in novels and other literary works) hanging his head in public after being killed by the Kuomintang authorities, and the other is that she was tortured with a bamboo stick after being arrested.
Regrettably, these two plots that shocked hundreds of millions of people are just fiction.
The fiction of these two plots did not begin with the authors writing novels, but with their revolutionary memoirs-reportage, and even with their propaganda reports to teenagers. Later, Liu Debin said frankly in a memory material: "In fact, the heroic deeds of some martyrs have also been exaggerated. For example, Jie Jiang originally sentenced (clamped) bamboo chopsticks to (nailed) bamboo sticks; Reciting the "Theory of New Democracy" in full text is actually an outline and main points; Jiang Zhujun didn't see her husband's head, but she said she did. " When "Eternal Life in Fire" was reprinted on 1964, it was deleted by Liu Debin because the plot of Jiang Jie seeing her husband's head was too heavy. However, the story of Jiang Jie being tortured by a bamboo stick "nailing his fingers" still exists, which has been circulating for a long time and has far-reaching influence.
Let's take a look at how the introduction of Jie Jiang's deeds has evolved in history.
1On October 30th, China People's Liberation Army took over Chongqing. On the eve of fleeing, the Kuomintang authorities carried out a bloody massacre of political prisoners held in Zhazidong and Baigongguan. 65438+In early February,165438+1Liu Debin and Luo Guangbin, who escaped from Zhazidong and Baigongguan respectively, reported to the "escape comrades liaison office" for concentration. He was immediately assigned to the organization department of "Holding a memorial service for General Yang Hucheng and martyrs in distress from all walks of life in Chongqing" to assist in the compilation of martyrs' biographies and provide reference for the Martyrs Qualification Committee to review martyrs. They summoned Xiao, Fu Boyong, Sheng Guoyu, Ren Kefeng, Du, Guo Dexian, Zeng and other escaped comrades to discuss and provide the life and performance of Lietu in prison. Luo Guangbin, Liu Debin and Ling Chunbo kept records, and Luo Guangbin introduced the situation to the judging committee for comments.
1950 10 in mid-October, after the "memorial service for General Yang Hucheng and the martyrs killed in Chongqing" was held, Luo Guangbin and Liu Debin compiled the relevant materials into a special issue of the conference, The and published 3,000 copies and distributed them to relevant units and relatives of martyrs. Among them, the "Jiang Zhujun Martyr" in "A Brief Account of the Victims" introduced the punishment of Jiang Jie after his arrest as follows:
The spies didn't relax her at all, wearing heavy shackles, sitting on the tiger stool, hanging ducks and pinching their fingers ... In the death penalty, they were in a coma for three times. ...
June 2 1950, 2 1, 265438, 265438, 265438, 265438, 265438, 265438, 265438, 265438.
Comrade Jiang Zhujun, in particular, tried to get some information about her husband, Comrade Peng Yongwu, so she was tortured by tiger benches, ducks floating, fingers pinched, electrocution, nails and chains. ...
Two-gun old woman: The most legendary figure in the novel Red Rock is considered to be a two-gun old woman. She detests evil, loves and hates clearly, punishes evil and promotes good. With two guns in her waist, she leads the Huaying Mountain guerrillas to severely attack the Kuomintang army, which is quite heroic.
Is there really such a prototype of life? Yes Not only that, the prototype of life is even worse than the characters in novels and movies. They are party member, Chen Tongzhi and martyrs.
Chen, a native of Yuechi County, Sichuan Province, was born in 1900, and his family background is well-known in Yuechi County. Chen was brilliant since he was a child. She graduated from a female teacher in Yuechi County, and stayed on as a teacher with excellent results. She married Liao Yubi on June 1923. After marriage, both Chen and Liao Yubi were admitted to Southeast University. After that, Liao Yubi went home to catch the armed forces department according to the instructions of the party organization, and Chen went home with her husband.
During the Northern Sichuan Uprising, Chen actively assisted her husband in his work, and personally took charge of logistics and military supplies, went down the mountain to raise food, and went to Chongqing to buy guns and ammunition to escort him back to Huaying Mountain. All her work was full of danger, but she succeeded in finishing the task every time. Her marksmanship was also practiced hard during this time.
Maybe the artist is courageous. From then on, whether she went down the mountain to raise food or things, or the belt bounced back to Chongqing, she pinned two guns to her waist. Although only two or three players were brought, as long as a small group of enemies dared to get in the way, they would definitely not get away from eating her bullets. Soon, she became famous in northern Sichuan, known as "Sister Chen, a woman with two guns". 1In the autumn of 928, Chen joined China. 193 1 autumn, because the party organization decided to hold a second larger uprising in northern Sichuan to welcome the Red Fourth Front Army into Sichuan, she was responsible for the logistical preparations for the second uprising.
In order to solve a lot of financial difficulties in the uprising, Chen, Liao Yubi sold their land and gave the money to the party organization. In a short period of time, Chen set up "Yuelai Medical Society" in Guang 'an to ensure the supply of medicine after the uprising, and set up board houses and restaurants in Luoduxi, Sailongchang and Xiaojiachang to meet the urgent need for food and shelter after the uprising. After all this, she took a small team and rushed to Chongqing to grab a batch of guns and ammunition.
The uprising was successfully held. The uprising caused heavy losses to the troops of warlord Yang Sen. At that time, it was completely contained and it was impossible to deploy troops to surround the Red Army, thus creating conditions for the establishment of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area.
Since then, Chen, together with several other guerrillas in Huaying Mountain, has been directing this heroic and unyielding team to persist in armed struggle in Huaying Mountain.
Deng Huizhong, the second prototype of the "old woman with two guns", is from Gongxian County, Sichuan Province. She was born in July of 1904 (Lunar New Year), graduated from Yuechi County Women's Normal School, and taught at Jiangxiting Primary School in the county. Before long, she became the principal of this school.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/937, Deng Huizhong's husband, Deng Yinsi, went to Yan 'an and decided to join the revolutionary cause. Deng Huizhong, who stayed at home, shouldered the burden of supporting the elderly and three young children, and actively engaged in revolutionary activities. In the same year, she joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) with her husband. After joining the party, she quickly became a member of the county women's committee and secretary of the women's special branch, vividly carried out the work of the party organization and gained great prestige among the masses.
During this period, Deng Huizhong devoted himself to the preparations for the Yuewu Uprising. In the practice of actual armed struggle, she learned to shoot and gradually became a sharpshooter. She often puts two guns at her waist and goes to the countryside to raise food and money. Like Chen, she often dresses up as a rich woman, sits on the slide bar and takes a few guerrillas out to carry bullets. She kept calm in times of crisis, but she handled it calmly. When she really couldn't get away with it, she decisively pulled out her gun and took the lead in shooting, leading the team out of danger.
Shortly after the failure of the Yuewu uprising, Deng Huizhong was unfortunately arrested on August 2nd. 1948. At the same time, the enemy also arrested party member's second son Deng Bin. Both mother and son are firm and indomitable. 1On October 27th, Deng Huizhong and his son Deng Bin were shot dead by agents in Zhazidong.
Xu Yunfeng: 1948 The period of Kuomintang rule was the darkest moment before dawn. In order to cooperate with the workers' movement, Xu Yunfeng, secretary of the underground workers' movement in Chongqing, ordered Zhigao Pu to establish Shaping Bookstore as a backup liaison station for the underground party. In order to express himself, Zhigao Pu expanded the bookstore and sold progressive books and periodicals without authorization, regardless of the confidential nature of the liaison station. One day, Jiang Jie, secretary of the district party committee, was going to Huaying Mountain base, and Zhigao Pu went to the dock to see Jie Jiang off. Jie Jiang told him to pay attention to concealment, and he agreed, but he didn't agree. When Jiang Jie arrived at a county town not far from the base, he found her husband, Song Toh Peng, political commissar of Huayingshan Column, holding his head high above the city. After seeing the column commander "double-gun old woman", she resisted her grief and insisted on working in the place where her husband had fought before his death. Actively absorbed a young man named Zheng to work in the store. Xu Yunfeng was surprised when he learned the situation. After several analyses, he found that Zheng was acting suspiciously, so he told everyone to act quickly. Zhigao Pu didn't listen to advice at all, thinking that Xu Yunfeng was jealous of his work performance, so he was arrested and became a shameful traitor. Because of his informers, Xu Yunfeng, Cheng Gang, Xinjiang and Liu Siyang were arrested one after another. Xu Pengfei, the spy chief, got carried away and tried to catch all the underground gangs in Chongqing. However, he tried various tricks, but failed to get anything from Xu Yunfeng and others. The ferocious enemy frantically tortured political prisoners to get confessions. They feed the prisoners with moldy food and limit the amount of drinking water in hot summer, in an attempt to shake the revolutionaries' will with the heat, mosquitoes and hunger. In order to crush the enemy's plot, the prisoners dug a spring in the corner while watching. In the struggle to protect the spring, Long Guanghua died heroically, and all the prisoners went on a hunger strike to protest against the enemy's atrocities, so the enemy had to compromise.
The traitor Zhigao Pu led the spy to the countryside, and Jiang Jie was unfortunately arrested and locked in a scum hole. In prison, she was tortured, and the ferocious enemy nailed a bamboo stick into her finger. In the face of torture, she proudly declared: "Torture is too small a test, the bamboo pole is made of bamboo, and the will of the staff is made of steel." Qiu Lai's winter is over, and it's almost the end of the year. The national revolutionary situation was excellent, and the Kuomintang authorities began to release the atmosphere of peace talks after being hit hard. On Lunar New Year's Eve, all the friends in Zhazidong held a special party. What is more gratifying is that the underground guerrillas got in touch with them. In order to show the "sincerity" of the peace talks, the enemy released some political prisoners under the pretext, and Liu Siyang, a member of the capitalist family, was one of them. On the second night after he was sent back to Liu Mansion, a man who claimed to be surnamed Zhu sneaked into the Liu family, saying that he was appointed by the district party secretary to understand his performance in prison and asked him to report the underground party in prison in detail. Just when I became suspicious of this man, I sent someone to send information and exposed the true face of this disguised spy Zheng. Liu Siyang was arrested and put into another prison "Bai Mansion" before he could be transferred. After the deception failed, Zheng pretended to be a journalist sympathetic to the revolution and entered the scum hole. He tried to venture into the secrets of the underground party in prison. Yu Xinjiang and others saw through his disguise and got rid of this insidious spy by the hand of the enemy. The people's liberation army is approaching Chongqing, and the underground party is preparing to organize prison riots. Hua, a member of the * * * who has been playing the fool for many years in the White House, has contact with the party organization in prison. At the same time, Xu Yunfeng dug a secret passage in the cellar with his fingers and chains. When the People's Liberation Army invaded Sichuan and was about to liberate Chongqing, Xu Pengfei and others climbed over the wall and secretly killed Xu Yunfeng, Jie Jiang and Cheng Gang in advance. On the night when Xu Yunfeng and others were killed, there were riots in Zhazidong and Baigongguan at the same time. Liu Siyang and other comrades-in-arms died, but more comrades-in-arms finally rushed out of the magic cave accompanied by the rumbling guns of the People's Liberation Army to meet the glorious dawn.
Crazy Old Man: Crazy Old Man
Han Zidong, the prototype of Hua, spent 14 years in prison from his arrest to his final escape. He is a strong-willed revolutionary, and the plot of Hua described in the novel Red Rock is very real. He is from yanggu county. He was born in 1909. 1933 join the party. In the same year, he entered the enemy spy and was arrested after being exposed. Han Zidong was detained by secret agents in several famous prisons. In Baigongguan prison, he was tortured, but he refused to confess and bowed his head. The spies had no choice but to lock him up in Baigong Pass. Being detained for a long time, the secret agents gradually relaxed their guard against him. In the future, the new spy of Bai Mansion only knows that he is an old suspect, and he is stupid. Wang Maocai, the shopping manager, often takes him out to pick vegetables.
1947 August 18, which is a memorable day in Han Zidong's life.
Wang Maocai asked him to go shopping again this afternoon. On the way, Wang was dragged to the card table by the spy and played mahjong gambling. This is really a great opportunity! Han Zidong decided to take this opportunity to escape.
When Han Zidong saw that he was excited, he said to Wang, "I'll go to the toilet and be right back." After coming to the street, he ran to the Jialing River. In order to deal with the spy's police dog, he ran into the river for a long time and then found a boat to cross the river.
Wang Maocai played mahjong for a while, and then suddenly woke up: Hey, where is he? Why didn't you come back for so long? He knew it was not good and got off the stage. A group of agents who pulled him to play cards were also shocked.
White mansion ran away * * *! This is almost unprecedented. Immediately, the Chongqing Secrecy Bureau system panicked from top to bottom and sent agents to hunt down everywhere. Shen Zui, who was transporting military equipment from Chongqing to Nanjing, immediately dispatched a 10 car, took a lot of photos of spies and Han Zidong, and chased them to Guiyang and Chengdu in two ways. At the same time, spies also printed a large number of photos of Han Zidong and distributed them to police special forces all over the country to inspect hotels and shops. They thought they could catch Han Zidong anyway, because the police dog chased him to the Jialing River and didn't smell him crossing the river. But the spies didn't know that Han Zidong, who was stupid in their hearts, was thinking about how to deal with police dogs in his escape!
After crossing the river, Han Zidong went straight to Henan, slept hungry all the way, and went through all the hardships to find the People's Liberation Army. After liberation, Han Zidong successively served as Deputy Minister of Personnel, Deputy Director of First Machine Second Bureau, Deputy Director of General Office of State Planning Commission and Deputy Secretary of Guiyang Municipal Committee. During the Cultural Revolution, the separation of China and South Korea was treated unfairly.
After the rehabilitation, Han Zidong served as deputy secretary-general of the Guizhou Provincial Political Consultative Conference and member of the ancient provincial party committee, and made many new contributions to the party's United front and work. /kloc-0 died in Guiyang in May, 1992 at the age of 84.