The four major civilizations are all built near the easy-to-survive river platform. In the northern hemisphere, the Nile, Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, as well as the Indus River and Ganges River basins, have successively produced four major civilizations in the world.
Ancient civilization entered the Bronze Age from the Neolithic Age, and then entered the Iron Age 7000 -4000 years ago. Slavery is adopted in most social systems, and state power came into being later. Nome civilization in ancient Egypt is the earliest known civilization in the world.
The four ancient civilizations all have their own myths and legends. They used myths to strengthen their autocratic rule. The Pharaoh of ancient Egypt called himself "phoebus apollo", the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi called himself "the descendant of Luna", and the monarch of China called himself the son of heaven.
The four ancient civilizations all have their own calendars, with leap months divided into 12 months every year. Every civilization has created its own writing. Civilizations in the Indus River, the Yellow River and the two river basins all use pottery wheels to make pottery. Pi has been calculated in Egypt and two river basins, Pythagorean theorem has been discovered in Babylon and China, and Arabic numerals have been invented in India.
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Babylonia is located in the Mesopotamian plain, roughly in the territory of today's Republic of Iraq. Around 3000 BC, people here established a country, and by the 8th century BC/kloc-0, the kingdom of Babylon appeared here. "Mesopotamia" is an ancient Greek word, which means "the place between the two rivers", so it is also called the basin of the two rivers. These two rivers refer to the Euphrates River and the Tigris River.
The earliest ancient civilization discovered in the two river basins has been more than 6000 years ago. Although Babylon has disappeared now, its influence (especially in religion) remains today. It really deserves to be one of the four ancient civilizations.
Babylonian civilization is roughly bounded by today's Baghdad city and divided into north and south parts. The northern part is centered on the ancient city of Assyria, called Silesia, or Assyria for short; The south is centered on the city of Babylon and is called Babylonia, which means "the land of Babylon". Babylon is divided into two regions, Sumer in the south near the mouth of the Persian Gulf and Akkad in the north of Sumer. The residents of these two areas are called Sumerians and Akkadians respectively. Mesopotamian civilization was originally created by Sumerians.
Sumer and the ancient Egyptians invented writing almost at the same time. They used sharpened reeds as pens, carved words on the clay embryo, and then dried the clay embryo to become clay tablets. This kind of writing is called cuneiform because of its sharp shape.
In 2007 BC, the Amorites invaded the two river basins and destroyed the Ur dynasty established by Akkadians and Sumerians. Around 1894 BC, the Amorites established a dynasty with Babylon on the Euphrates River as its capital. From then on, Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, and all the residents there were called Babylonians.
The period of ancient Babylonian kingdom was one of the most brilliant periods in the history of the two river basins. A famous monarch, Hammurabi, appeared in this country. After Hammurabi unified the two river basins by force, he established a centralized autocratic country. He personally holds various powers such as religion, military, administration, justice and water conservancy construction. In order to rule his country more effectively, he promulgated the famous code of hammurabi. There are 282 codes engraved on a black basalt pillar with a height of 2.25 meters, which is the earliest complete written code found so far.
The kingdom of Babylon reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi, but after Hammurabi's death, the empire collapsed. The kingdom was invaded by Hittites and Caxites, and was finally annexed by Assyrian Empire in 729 BC.
In 6 12 BC, the Chaldeans and the Medes overthrew the Assyrian Empire. The empire established by the Chaldeans also took the city of Babylon as its capital, which was called the "New Kingdom of Babylon" in history. The kingdom reached its peak during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem twice, destroyed the Jewish kingdom and took a large number of Jews into slavery in Babylon. This is what the Bible calls a "prisoner of Babylon". Nebuchadnezzar also ordered the reconstruction of the city of Babylon, where the Hanging Garden, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was built. The rebuilt city of Babylon is very spectacular. It wasn't until 100 years later that Herodotus, a Greek historian known as the "father of history", came to Babylon and still called it the most magnificent city in the world.
In 538 BC, the new kingdom of Babylon was destroyed by the Persian Empire. Since then, there has never been an independent and complete country in the ancient two river basins.
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Ancient Egypt refers to the Egyptian civilization located in the Nile valley from more than 4000 BC until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is a classic example of a hydraulic empire.
The territory of ancient Egypt was the largest during the partition of the north and the south. In the southern Nile valley, the territory of upper Egypt is now Sudan to Ethiopia, while in the northern delta, except for present Egypt and some Algeria, the eastern border of lower Egypt crosses the Sinai Peninsula and reaches the Canaan Plain. However, due to the growing ethnic groups in neighboring areas, the territory of ancient Egypt has been shrinking. After the Egyptian demon queen committed suicide, the original temple officials turned Egyptian into a Coptic civilization written in Greek letters, which continued to spread until Europe began to invade Africa in the modern17th century and was burned by missionaries.
The inhabitants of ancient Egypt were made up of aborigines in North Africa and Sem people in West Asia. In the second half of 4000 BC, a country gradually formed. Until Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, it experienced the rule of 3 1 dynasty in eight periods: the former dynasty, the early dynasty, the ancient kingdom, the first China, the second China, the new kingdom and the later dynasty. (see Egyptian dynasty)
History of ancient Egypt
The earliest country in ancient Egypt was called Nome, also called Zhou, which was a city-state Around 3000 BC, it is said that menes unified upper and lower Egypt and established the first dynasty, with its capital in Memphis (now the western suburb of Cairo). Develop agriculture and water conservancy.
The real unification of ancient Egypt was in the era of the ancient kingdom. This is the first great era of all-round development of agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and construction in ancient Egyptian history. The autocratic rule based on bureaucracy and monarchy was established, and the pyramids appeared.
After the sixth generation, the monarchy declined and the country split, until 1 1 century king unified. The 12 dynasty moved its capital to Thebes (now Luxor, Egypt) and began to use bronzes. Exchanges with Syria and Crete have expanded. In the 13 dynasty, the regime collapsed again, and the Hicks occupied most of northern Egypt, establishing the "absence rule of the sun god" for more than 100 years. In the17th dynasty, Ahmed I finally expelled the Hixotes, unified Egypt and opened the18th dynasty.
The 18th dynasty was powerful and frequently waged wars abroad. 19 dynasty, with the Hittite Empire in the Battle of Cades. After 16 years of war, Ramses II finally signed a peace treaty with Hattulisi, the Hittite king. At this time, Egypt became a great empire, with its rule ranging from Syria in the north to the fourth waterfall of the Nile in the south, spanning North Africa and West Asia.
After the twentieth dynasty, a series of slave uprisings led to the exhaustion of national strength. It was finally destroyed by the Persian Empire in 525 years ago. The first 332 years were ruled by Alexander the Great, ending the Pharaoh's era that lasted for 3,000 years.
Ancient Egyptian culture
Rosetta Stone recorded ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics in sacred, secular and ancient Greek characters at the same time, which became the key for future generations to interpret ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Ancient Egyptian culture is very rich. The hieroglyphics created had a great influence on the later Phoenician letters, while the Greek letters were created on the basis of the Phoenician letters. In addition, the pyramids, the lighthouse of Alexandria, the Temple of Amon and other buildings reflect the superb architectural technology and mathematical knowledge of the Egyptians, and have also made great achievements in geometry and calendar.
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