In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, although China had contacts with foreign countries, it also aroused the suspicion of those in power. They are worried that a large number of foreign forces will invade China and subvert their own political power, so they gradually strengthened their closed-door policy, which hindered the invasion of foreign forces to a certain extent. However, because they are not in line with the world, they lag behind western countries in many aspects. China had guns and cannons in the late Qing Dynasty. However, it lagged behind the western powers in performance and strength, so that it failed many times in the contest with the western powers, and finally signed a series of humiliating treaties. The Qing dynasty dreamed of "establishing a country in China" and did not think about reform and progress. The Opium War and its aggression are the best lessons.

Second, the Manchu will not succeed if the Han people are excluded.

The Qing Dynasty was a regime established by Manchu people in China. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Qing Dynasty was suspicious of Han people and dared not reuse them. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Han people had strict regulations on politics. Han people can only be vassals at most, and are not allowed to enter the central government (court). However, in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, due to the corruption of the Eight Banners soldiers in the Qing Dynasty, the Qing court could only encourage Han people to train to deal with all internal and external troubles (Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Eight-Nation Alliance, etc.). ), but after all, the Manchu people in power failed, and all the reforms ended in failure (the Reform Movement of 1898 failed only after a hundred days). Manchu people, who make up the vast majority of the Han people in China, refused to entrust them with heavy responsibilities for fear that their country would return to the hands of the Han people.

Third, when Cixi was in power, it brought disaster to the country and the people.

Empress dowager cixi controlled the ruling power of the Qing dynasty through a coup. Unfortunately, this woman didn't use her power to do anything good for the country. On the contrary, she did almost nothing but brutally suppress her own people and please foreigners. Cixi was in charge of China's ruling power for more than 40 years, which made the last three emperors of the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong become puppet emperors. Cixi did not have the ability to rejuvenate the country and make peace, and it was common for her to cede territory and pay reparations with foreign powers. This woman once shamelessly told foreigners that she wanted to "measure China's material resources and win the favor of the country" (as long as foreign powers are happy, China can pick whatever they want).

Fourth, the body of China people is used in the west, and the weight is upside down.

The Qing government was also quite worried about the situation of peril, so it carried out a series of reforms, such as sending overseas students, training new troops, and establishing the navy, but these measures of the Qing government could not save the fate of the Qing dynasty. At that time, scholar Zheng pointed out that if China wants to be strong, it must abolish the feudal system through revolution and take the capitalist road to become strong. Like this, it just imitated foreigners and did something to whitewash themselves, even if the Qing government spent a lot of money to build these things. However, in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China lost everything, which also made the Westernization School's dream of "seeking more happiness for itself" all go up in smoke!

Fifth, education is pedantic, and the imperial examination system harms all beings.

China's imperial examination system began in Sui Dynasty and lasted for more than 1000 years in Qing Dynasty. In fact, this so-called imperial examination system is to test eight-part essay. The majority of scholars are studying stereotyped writing in order to gain fame, but it is of little use to the progress of society, and many people are disheartened because they have not won the grand prize, and even some people are too excited and crazy after winning the grand prize (such as Jin Fan in The Scholars). Western countries have included natural science in their study scope. The second industrial revolution made them realize the importance of education. Their country has stepped into the ranks of powerful countries through educational reform, and China did not formally announce the abolition of the imperial examination system until the last three years of the Qing Dynasty (1908), but it was too late.

Uh-huh, I want to write so much for the time being, and I hope to adopt it.