The main hall is octagonal double eaves, with eight sides out of the corridor and the base of Xumi Mountain below. The top of the hall is covered with yellow glazed tiles with green edges and a fire bead top in the middle. There are eight chains around Baoding, which are respectively connected with Lux. There are two open columns in front of the temple, each with a golden dragon plate column, and there are Sanskrit smallpox and dragon-descending algae wells in the hall. There are thrones, screens, smoke stoves, incense pavilions and crane candlesticks in the hall. As an architectural masterpiece at the beginning of17th century, Dazheng Hall is a collection of multi-ethnic artistic features, which embodies the architectural techniques and styles of Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Tibetan and Buddhism. Formed a typical multi-ethnic architecture fusion. Its organization method, composition concept, modeling, structure, technology and art not only reflect the historical inheritance, but also have the particularity of the rise of Manchu, which is a special case of ancient palace architecture in China.
The original name of Dazheng Hall is "Da Yamen". Before the Qing dynasty entered the customs, Manchu wrote "Tang" as "yamen", which means yamen. The palace is the residence of the bedroom, called "house" or "home", which was still the case in the early years of Kangxi. This kind of building with the function of big yamen did not appear after the capital moved to Shenyang, but existed in Manchu society since the founding of the People's Republic of China at the end of Jin Dynasty. The early form of big yamen was a public place for tribal or clan leaders to discuss. It can not only decide major events, but also make judgments on tribal members who violate the law and discipline, which is very similar to the functions of the official offices (yamen) of the Han nationality at all levels in the mainland, so Jurchen directly borrows the word "yamen" from Chinese as the title of this kind of building in her nationality.
Exterior view of Dazheng Hall
According to the old Manchu archives and related records in Records of Qing Taizu, it was Nuerhachi's sudden decision to move the capital to Shenyang in March after ten years of destiny, and immediately put it into practice, without any preparation before that. This means that there are no pre-built palaces in Shenyang, and all royal buildings have to be built from scratch after the capital is moved here.
In the Ming Dynasty, the "Shenyang Zhongwei City" was all shops and houses except the Zhongwei yamen and some temples. Where Nurhachi lived after he moved to this city is not recorded in the history books, but it is recorded in the book Man Wen Lao Dang on May 3, the tenth year of Destiny (two months after he moved to Shen): "The cornerstone of Khan's North Tower was stolen and destroyed by people around him.
After the last performance, ministers were sent to look for the cornerstone, and those who were caught got 50 sticks. The monks here also imprisoned the first eight people because of lax guards, and only released them after the monks repaired them. "You can know that there is a stupa in the north of Nurhachi Mansion. Modern cultural relics workers judge that the Khan Palace should be located in the north of Shenyang Forbidden City and south of Beishuncheng Road according to the map of Shengjing Palace Que found in the old archives and related archaeological data. Unfortunately, there is no trace now.
Dazheng Temple Fanshanmen Woodcarving
Was the Grand Main Hall, which is much more complicated than the Khan Palace, also built in this period? The construction process of this palace is not recorded in the history books, so when the Dazheng Hall was completed has become a historical mystery of Shenyang Forbidden City. Historians of past dynasties have put forward three different views: First, official historical records such as The History of Shengjing in Qing Dynasty were built in the second year of Emperor Taizong's Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1637); The second is that it was built in the early years of Qing Taizong. Thirdly, it is believed that it was built before Nurhachi's death, that is, the main hall was built and put into use during Nurhachi's period. This opinion has been endorsed by most people. Its main basis is two records in the history books:
The first is the diary of the first day of August in the eleventh year of Destiny in Manchu (1626). On this day, four cows were killed in the Bajiao Temple, and forty tables of banquets were held, and more than 1,000 officials under the generals of Manchu, Han and Mongolian Eight Banners were invited for banquets. At this time, it was only ten days before Nurhachi died (August 1 1 day). Since the banquet can be held in Bajiaotang, it means that this hall was built before Mao died. However, there is something suspicious about this historical material. Because the beginning is incomplete, it is impossible to know who the host of this banquet is. If it is considered as Nurhachi according to the usual situation, there will be contradictions, because he is treating diseases in Benxi Hot Springs at this time, and it is impossible to hold a banquet in Shenyang. If you think it's Baylor's problem, it's a bit unreasonable. Hanwang is seriously ill, and his good or bad luck is uncertain. Isn't it a big mistake to call all the officials here to eat and drink? Therefore, some scholars believe that this historical book was originally recorded in Liaoyang period, but it was mistakenly edited as "Eleven Years of Destiny" by the old file collator because of its incompleteness, which caused confusion.
There is also a much more reliable basis, that is, in the first year of Tiancong (1627), on the first day of the first month, the ministers of Baylor met in the "hall" at the end of the Jin Dynasty, and the newly acceded Hanwang Huang Taiji sat on the throne in the hall and accepted the greetings from the ministers. In the first month of the first year of Tiancong, Ding Mao wrote: "Minister Baylor and officials of civil and military affairs gathered at the Great Yamen (that is, the Great Hall) at the end of the fifth watch and arranged in the order of flags. At dawn, the clever Khan led Minister Baylor to worship the sky, kneeling three times and kowtowing nine times. After Khan was promoted to yamen, Minister Baylor bowed three times and kowtowed nine times according to the flag order ... On New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, Mao was mourned and the banquet was suspended. Khan only bows to the audience. " This hall should be the main hall. At this time, although it has been more than four months since Nurhachi died. In the northeast, the climate in October, November and December of the lunar calendar is cold, so it is impossible to carry out construction. Then, the main hall used on the first day of the first month can only be built before September of the tenth year of Destiny (1625), which means that Nurhachi was basically built when he was alive. This speculation is reasonable. Therefore, most people think that the Dazheng Hall was built in 1625, that is, the main part of Dazheng Hall should be built before Nurhachi moved to Shenyang and perished. That is, from March of the tenth year of Destiny (1625) to August of the eleventh year of Destiny (1626).
In addition, after Huang Taiji ascended the throne, he was faced with a serious situation in which the country was trapped and the people were hungry, and wars were frequent, making it impossible to build large-scale projects. As soon as Huang Taiji ascended the throne of Khan (the first year of Tiancong 1627), he put forward the policy of "ruling the country first" and pointed out: "The prosperity of industrial construction hindered agricultural affairs. In the past, because barriers were related to defense, we had to work hard for the people. I use compassion deeply. Now, the repair has been completed, and the broken ones will be ordered to be repaired and will not be rebuilt. "This record not only provided evidence for the completion of the main hall during the Nurhachi period, but also showed that Huang Taiji was diligent in seeking treatment and continued to slowly repair the palace. Even after ten years, the situation in the country became increasingly stable, and it was basically completed and used before changing the yuan to emperor.
Regarding the naming of the main hall, Tian Cong once called it the "Dugong Hall" for ten years. Among the Manchu archives discovered so far, the name "Dazhengtang" was first discovered in the eighth year of Tiancong (1634). According to "Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of National History Museum in the Early Qing Dynasty", it was published in:
"28th, baylor out of the main hall. Summoning ministers from Manchu, Han and Mongolia to send a message, he said: "Fu Shang, deputy governor of Guanglu Island, has appealed to Changshan and Shicheng Islands to take back the people, not because our country has enough food and clothing, but because of God's blessing, and he has come to beg for it. "Therefore, the Baylor family produced 4,000 stone grains. What's hidden in a house full of grain? It can be used to produce grain. If you don't take it for free, you will still give the value according to the quantity. " This record shows that the name of Dazhengtang appeared at least two years earlier than the name of "Dugong Hall" awarded in the first year of Chongde. After the palace name was determined in the first year of Chongde, the new name Dugong Hall was not used in Manchu archives, but the name of Dazheng Hall continued to be used. On May 14 this year, the old archives of Manchu recorded the newly formulated New Year's Day and Wanshou celebration etiquette, in which the main hall was called Dazheng Hall. From then until Shunzhi moved the capital, most Manchu files were the same. Therefore, it can be said that before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Dazheng Hall and Dugong Hall were two names used for a building at the same time.
Dragon Ball in Dazheng Hall
Why is there such a situation of two people in one temple? According to the analysis of existing materials, it is probably caused by the parallelism between Manchu customary appellations and Chinese names. When the name of the palace was awarded in the first year of Chongde, it was nearly ten years since the main hall was completed. During this period, there must be a well-established name that has long been accepted by everyone and published in written form in Manchu archives. This is the "main hall" or "grand main hall", because it conforms to the function of the hall, so it is easy to leave a deep impression on people's hearts. However, the word "dugong" is not easily accepted by most people, no matter what it means in Chinese or Tibetan. Moreover, there were no strict regulations on its use at that time, so it was only kept in written form in books compiled by civil servants in China.
On the east and west sides of the main hall, ten pavilions are arranged in turn, of which the two pavilions closest to the main hall and slightly protruding forward are the left and right wing pavilions. The other eight pavilions are arranged in a swallow-wing shape according to the order of the Eight Banners, with a total of ten pavilions, which are called "Ten Kings Pavilion" or "Eight Banners Pavilion". These pavilions and dazheng hall constitute the East Road Campus of Shenyang Forbidden City. From the architectural layout, the temple and the pavilion are an inseparable whole, magnificent, unique in shape, unique and harmonious. In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), when Emperor Qianlong traveled eastward to Shengjing, he wrote a five-character poem praising the magnificent buildings of "Grand yamen" and "Eight Banners Pavilion", saying:
In the middle of the house is a hall with about ten pavilions.
Qi Xin made contributions together.
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