[Writing background]

The rope is so small that it was published in 1883. /kloc-French capitalism has moved from free competition to monopoly in the late 0/9th century. After the Franco-Prussian War, the ruling class became more reactionary, suppressing the people at home, launching aggression abroad and expanding the colonies. The big bourgeoisie is in conflict with each other, and the phenomenon of "big fish eat small fish" is becoming more and more serious. Secondly, social moral corruption: intrigue and deception are commonplace; It is a habit to harm others and benefit oneself. People are used to this phenomenon. On the contrary, honesty, simplicity and kindness are regarded as violations. The story of the rope is to explain such a abnormal psychological state and abnormal social moral concept, as well as the poison he caused. The death of Uncle Oscar, an urban farmer, clearly tells us that this absurd moral concept has formed a habitual force at that time and built an invisible encirclement, launching an offensive against those kind people in the city and trapping them alive.

[literary common sense]:

Mo Bosang was a French master of critical realism in the late19th century. Mo Bosang's works often reveal the profound society by selecting extremely ordinary and ordinary stories in daily life. He is good at digging out an ordinary small spray in the huge waves, seeing the big from the small, and seeing the sunshine from the local tax. The Story of the Rope is such a work. In this short story of less than 6,000 words, we are not faced with the intrigue between financial and commercial giants, nor is it a vigorous and magnificent historical scene, but only describes a story: farmers in a city in a weak Manchu area in northern France found a rope on their way to the market, so they were falsely accused by the enemy, laughed at by everyone, and even died of depression, which profoundly revealed 19 th century.

[Content review]

There are three forces to kill Uncle Oscar through the story of rope: one is the false accusation of the harness dealer, the other is the trial of the township government, and the third is the sparse crowd around. These three forces come together to form an invisible trap, the core of which is absurd moral prejudice.

In this siege that forced Uncle Oscar to death, the harness dealer was the attacker. He is a small profiteer in the countryside. He is cunning, sinister and treacherous. Through his behavior, we can see that his philosophy of life conforms to the degenerate social morality at that time. So, in order to achieve the evil purpose of framing an enemy, he did not hesitate to spread rumors and slander, saying that the rope that Uncle Oscar found with his own eyes was a black wallet. After the truth came out, he was unwilling to stop there, and continued to spread rumors, stir up right and wrong, and confuse people who didn't know the truth until they killed each other. His behavior is the embodiment of social morality in a small rural profiteer. However, the seriousness of the problem lies not in this, but in the fact that this philosophy of life in The Merchant of Zhao 'an has been supported by the government and has a broad social foundation, which is the profound social significance to be revealed in The Story of the Rope.

This behavior of wooing businessmen was first supported and protected by the township government. The article writes that when the harness dealer falsely sued the township government, the township head did not investigate or study it, but listened to the so-called "exposure" of the harness dealer, thinking that it was a black wallet that Uncle Oskona had found. Here, Mo Bosang didn't write the confession of the township government, didn't torture, didn't write the mayor's domineering and arrogance. Only one person who wrote about the township government searched Uncle Oscar's body, but it was his own request. In order to prove his innocence, here, the author emphasizes that it is still the moral prejudice of the mayor and the people in the government. As the mayor of the lower ruling class, he shared it with the harness dealer. As a member of the ruling class, he has a deeper class prejudice and thinks that that dishonest behavior comes from poor people like Uncle Oskona. He was surprised by Uncle Oscar's heartfelt "oath of honor" and "guarantee of conscience and life", and shook his head blindly and said, "Uncle Oscar, Mr. Malandin is a trustworthy person. I won't believe that he will mistake the rope for a wallet. " How paranoid and arbitrary! The trial of the township government and the moral prejudice of the township head actually protected the criminal behavior of the harness dealer, and at the same time made him more fearless, dared to lie in public, and was already using poisonous devices.

The third force that led to Uncle Oscar's melancholy death was the ridicule and lack of everyone. They are ordinary farmers as poor as Uncle Oskona, small owners or businessmen in country inns, and people at the bottom of society. Admittedly, they never thought of killing an honest ordinary farmer, but their behavior inadvertently helped the harness dealer, and their plot succeeded, which led to the death of Uncle Oscar. It is this "unintentional" move that shows that the lower classes are deeply poisoned. Thought is numb, good and evil are indistinguishable, and right and wrong are unknown; It is the social basis of absurd social morality. Oscar's death is not the result of harness dealers and their entanglement, but the inevitable tragedy of the moral degradation of the whole society. We can see that instead of expressing sympathy and indignation, they mocked the uncle who was summoned for trial "curiously" or "mockingly". Mo Bosang is a calm and critical realist writer. He never shows his feelings in his works, but here he uses the words "no one is angry" to understand his deep hatred. With the development of the plot, the author further wrote that these ordinary people are still not awake. Although the truth has come out, they still don't believe in uncle's honesty, even feel sick and tired of his repeated explanations, and even bluntly tell the real reason for their disgust: they also believe that people are always deceiving.

Uncle Oscar's explanation is just a "fallacy" made by a "liar" A horse dealer in Meng Duvillie village said, "Someone picked it up and someone returned it. As the saying goes, no one sees it, no one knows it, and you don't know it if you lie to you. " What a biased social morality, what a terrible habit force!

The direct cause of his death is neither the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalists and landlords, nor the forced confession by capitalist courts, nor the inhuman prison, but the moral degeneration, ignorant prejudice and terrible customary forces of capitalist society in the late19th century. He is more terrible than the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalists and landlords, more cruel than extorting confessions in court, and more suffocating than prison.

[Artistic features]

Mo Bosang master of genre painting. At the beginning of the work, we were brought into a market scene in northern France with a little pen and ink: the people in the market were happy, the streets were full of laughter, the commodity exchange was noisy, the market square was mixed with people and animals, and the compound was full of vehicles and full inns, which were lifelike with only a few strokes; But the writer does not forget to tell people about the backwardness of rural areas and the poverty of farmers in capitalist society. He pointed out their misfortune in this "happy picture". Although these farmers in the market are happily wearing starched blue cloth tops, the women are also neatly dressed, wearing shawls and caps, which is different from usual. However, due to their years of hard work and malnutrition, men's bodies have been changed and women have become "thin". Men's thin bodies are dressed in new starched clothes, bulging like balloons to fly: women's shawls can only be pinned to their flat chests. Living conditions in rural areas are also very poor. Although it is a market, it still smells sour everywhere. Some vehicles parked in various stores are "carriages", and some have "loaded with thousands of things". How incongruous this backward rural appearance is with the rapid development of the whole capitalist industry in the late19th century.

In the characterization, the author skillfully deals with the relationship between the mass scene and the main characters in a specific environment such as the market by using the method of alternating reality and reality, with appropriate details, so that the mass scene is vivid, the main characters are vivid and the personality is outstanding. The author highlights the personality characteristics of different characters with concise and accurate detailed description and in-depth and meticulous psychological portrayal. The image of the harness dealer is written in the works. It appeared three times in total, each time with only a few words, but the author vividly wrote the cunning, sinister and sinister of this small rural profiteer on paper. For the first time, the author wrote that he found that Uncle Osgoona picked up a rope and there was no movement or language. He only wrote that he was "watching" at home, and by the way, he confessed that he had a dispute with Osgona. The second time he appeared in the township government, he went there to testify. I clearly saw the rope that Uncle Oscar picked up, but I insisted that it was a black wallet. It is not difficult to imagine that he "stared" for the first time without saying a word. Actually, I'm already planning how to get back at the enemy who framed me. The third time was in Futu? After Uncle Houlle Blake's wallet was found, the author turned his pen to the harness dealer again, but only wrote that he was standing in front of his house and he "smiled" when he saw Uncle Oscar passing by. What are you laughing at? The author did not answer, but unexpectedly asked a question "Why?" The description of the harness dealer ended here, and he never appeared again. However, through the subsequent development of the plot, it is not difficult for readers to imagine that the "smile" of the harness dealer is a sly smile and an "insidious" smile, because he came down with many traps and predicted that he would win.

Uncle Oscar was a thrifty and honest farmer in Normandy, northern France. Due to years of rural labor, he damaged his health and got arthritis. However, the author focuses on the poverty of her material life, but depicts her mental pain in detail. The author firmly grasps his "honest" character, as well as his refined language and mental pain. Because of "honesty", I was wronged and I was so angry that I couldn't even say anything. In the face of the interrogation of the township head, he stared "worried about the township head, I don't know why, and I have been stunned by this doubt about him"; Because of honesty, I think that with the so-called honor of life such as "conscience" and "life" as a guarantee, we can win the trust of everyone; If someone is stubborn because of honesty, he will tell others the truth again and again, hoping to understand it, but the more serious it is, the more mental pain will increase. His fierce ideological contradiction was after the truth came out. At first, he thought he "won". He holds the naive idea of an honest man and confidently tells people what happened to him all day, but on the contrary, people still don't believe him The author wrote that although he was "calm" inside, he felt "something made him feel uncomfortable". What is that? I don't know. His ideological struggle began to intensify. When he was called "old slick", he was "dumbfounded", puzzled and more and more uneasy. After being ridiculed by everyone, I feel "ashamed and annoyed" and "heartbroken" because of "unwarranted doubts"; Gradually, he "vaguely realized that he could not prove his innocence." The heavy blow made honest farmers feel more and more powerless to resist. He realized that it was "futile" to wash himself with all his strength, so he lost weight in "moping", fell ill and finally died of depression. Here, Uncle Oscar's personality development and psychological changes are meticulous and vivid, which conforms to the character's personality, naturally without carving, and his tragic experience and bleak ending are sympathetic.

The end of the story of the rope is also subtle, imaginative and memorable, but it is a masterpiece of short stories that you can't get tired of reading.