"There is no son of heaven, there is no son of heaven. Although the Lord is young, Bai Yin is in favor of the people who govern, but in the name of Dian Fuzheng, do you doubt the world? "

"If the rules of the game are predetermined, the emperor will be placed in a place where there is no place, and the world will be ruled by virtual tranquility, then the old ministers will not rely on the support of the nobles."

"with the law, with the judicial system, ... since the beginning of the emperor, the world has been cut by it. The gentleman is just and the villain is safe, and there is a king. This cannot be changed. "

Huang Zongxi's Thought of Exposing the Essence of Absolute Monarchy

"The benefits of the world belong to oneself, and the harm of the world belongs to people, which is also impossible; Make everyone in the world dare not be selfish, dare not be selfish, and regard my private affairs as the grand duke of the world. At first, I was ashamed, and I was safe for a long time. I regarded the world as a great cause, and my descendants enjoyed it for generations. "

"However, it is the bane of the world, it is just a gentleman. If there is no monarch, everyone will be selfish, everyone will be selfish. Whew, how can you decide the way to be a monarch? "

Second, economically.

Wang Fuzhi made it clear that the emperor could not infringe on private property.

"If it is soil, it is not the king's income." "The land ruled by the people, you have to get it and invade it. The right of the people is used in income, and the land of the people is not in income. "

"Although you are the son of heaven and earth, heaven and earth cannot be private, but you dare to talk about the wealth of heaven and earth to divide it into your own land."

The economic proposition of non-interference:

"People don't seek their own livelihood, but seek from the top. It is better to ask for it from the top down and relax their self-demand, and then their livelihood will become more and more embarrassing. "

Wang Fuzhi said, "Before Dahao, if the people of China gathered together, there would naturally be sunshine and moonlight, and there must have been the party of China of Tang, Yu and three generations. Since the manpower is unreasonable and the other side is prosperous, this decline cannot be levied. If this is prosperous, then the other side can be described as teaching people, so learning is also embarrassing. "

What does this passage mean? That is to say, before Dahao, China people were just barbarians who gathered elk and birds, not necessarily under the sun and the moon. There must be a civilized society before China, but due to the shortage of manpower, when the civilization there was in a strong period, China was in a barbaric state and could not know. When China's civilization became stronger, it declined and could not show its glory, so it was still unknown here in China.

"If there is such a thing in a small room, it will be pushed far away, and this chaos will lead to another civilization. Why should it be strange? " Yi said:' If Gankun is destroyed, there is no easy way to see', not to say that heaven and earth are divided. If Gan Kun's great works are not suitable for this land, its morality will be destroyed. "

"China's works are destroyed at first sight, and people of later generations have nothing to despise, while those who return to Xuanyuan have nothing to despise."

In other words, China's civilization will shine for a while and then go out. In the future, it will definitely disappear and degenerate into a state without civilization. People will degenerate back to Xuanyuan, and there is no one who is not a barbarian ("barbarian"). Obviously, the word "Yi" here is a barbaric convention opposite to civilization.

Ninth, defend civilization and resist barbarism.

Wang Fuzhi said, "Zen is sustainable and revolutionary! But not among barbarians. "

"Yi Xia is still strict with righteousness" and "Don't take temporary monarch and minister, abolish the righteousness of Yi Xia in ancient and modern times"

Denounced "Confucianism, the scum of the earth, dominated by thieves who stole foreigners"

Wang Fuzhi said, "Before Xuanyuan, the world of China was still barbarians! Great! It's still an animal! Animals can't prepare their qualities, and Yi Di can't prepare their texts ... The so-called hungry Cleisthenes, who is full and abandons it, is also a positive animal. "

That is to say, China was an animal before Xuanyuan, that is, Yidi and Tai Hao. Here, Wang Fuzhi put forward the concept that animals evolved into humans.

Yuan Jun

huang zongxi

At the beginning of life, everyone is selfish and everyone is beneficial. There is a public interest in the world, but it is not advocated and there is a public hazard. Some people go out, not for their own interests, but for the interests of the world; Don't hurt yourself, but let the world release its harm. This man must have worked harder than anyone else in the world. If a husband works ten million times harder, he will not enjoy the benefits, nor will he be the way the world wants to live. Therefore, the emperors of the ancients did not want to enter, but also let it go; In and out, Yao and Shun also; Yu is also a person who didn't want to go in at first and couldn't go. Are ancient people different? It is also the wife's feeling to love leisure and hate work.

The last person to be king was not. I think all the benefits in the world come from me. I give all the benefits in the world to myself and all the injuries in the world to people. Make everyone in the world dare not be selfish, dare not be selfish, and regard me as the public of the world. From the beginning, I felt ashamed, but for a long time, I regarded this world as a great industry, which my descendants will enjoy endlessly. The so-called "what is right for an industry?" When he arrived at Emperor Han Gaodi, his desire for profit was beyond words.

Nothing else. The ancients took the world as the master and the monarch as the guest of honor. Where the monarch lives, the operator is the world. Today, the monarch is the mainstay and the world is the guest. Where there is no land in the world and there is peace, it is the king. Therefore, it is not sad to kill the liver and brain of the world, disperse the children of the world, enrich our own industry, and say, "I start a business for future generations." What it has, it stripped the bone marrow of the world, scattered the children of the world, took it for granted that it was my own pleasure and said, "This is the flower of my industry." However, this is a great harm to the world, and you are just a gentleman! Without a monarch, everyone will be selfish, and everyone will be selfish. Oh! Is the way of monarch so solid?

People in the ancient world loved their king and compared him to his father, making him look like heaven. Sincerity is not too much. Today, people all over the world hate their monarch, regard him as an enemy, call him a husband and hold their position. However, there is no escape between the small Confucian rules and the righteousness of the monarch and the minister, and the violent violence is still called Tang Wu's improper punishment, while the nonsense of Boyi and Shu Qi is the flesh and blood of ten thousand people, which has never been different from the husband. Is the world so big that there is only one surname among all Zhaoren's surnames? Therefore, King Wu is a saint, and Mencius' words are also the words of saints. The monarch of later generations wanted to be like his father in the name of heaven, and no one was allowed to spy, so it was not convenient for him to speak. It was not out of Confucianism that he abolished Mencius without standing.

Although, it is no wonder that those who make the latter a monarch can protect this industry and spread it endlessly. Since industry is regarded as it, and people want industry, who is not as good as me? A person's intelligence can't be better than the one that the whole world wants. Those who are far away live for generations, and those who are near reach the body. The collapse of their flesh and blood lies in their descendants. In the past, people hoped that there would be no emperor's family in the world. Yi Zongzhi said to the princess, "How can I make a living in my family?" How painful! When thinking about starting a business, who wants to win people's hearts and who does not waste this life? Therefore, it is clearly the duty of the monarch, and everyone can do it. Xu You and Guangwu are not dust; I don't know if I am a gentleman, then between the streets, everyone can want it. Xu You and Guangwu are such ignorant descendants. However, the position of a gentleman is inseparable, and it is not easy to be infinitely sad for a moment of lust, although fools know it.

-Selected from Four Stories and Going to Ming Yi.

Since the beginning of human society, people are selfish. No one set up what is beneficial to the public in society, and no one removed what is harmful to the public. There is such a person who does not take his own interests as interests, but let the whole world get his interests; Don't treat your own disaster as a disaster, let the whole world avoid his disaster. That man's efforts must be ten million times that of the whole world. It is certainly not the wish of ordinary people in the world to spend thousands of times of effort but not enjoy the benefits. Therefore, it is Xu You, Guangwu and other countries that are unwilling to be in place after consideration. Yao, Shun and others are in place, but out of place; It was Dayu who didn't want to be in place at first, but finally failed to leave. Is there a difference between ancient people? I like ease and hate work, just like ordinary people.

That's not how future generations become kings. They think that all the interests and power in the world come from themselves. I attribute all the interests in the world to myself and all the evils in the world to others. There is nothing wrong. Let people in the world dare not be selfish, dare not be selfish, and regard their own self-interest as the public interest of the world. At first, I was ashamed of it, but after a long time, I felt at ease. I regard the world as a huge industry and pass it on to my descendants, enjoying it endlessly. As Emperor Gaozu said, "Who has achieved more in my industry than my second brother?" His pursuit of interests has been unconsciously revealed in his words.

There is no other reason for this. In ancient times, the world was the mainstay and the monarch was the guest. Everything the monarch manages is for the whole world. Now we are king-oriented, and the world is our guest. For the monarch, there is no place in the world where peace can be achieved. So when he couldn't get the world, he made people everywhere and scattered them all over the world to increase his industry. He also said, "I started a business for my children." He won the world, blackmailed everyone's bone marrow, scattered their children to worship their own dissolute pleasures, and took it for granted that "these are the interests of my industry." In this case, as the biggest scourge in the world, it is only the monarch! At the beginning, if there was no monarch, people could get their own things and people could get their own interests. Alas! Is this the reason for establishing a monarch?

In ancient times, people loved their monarch, and it is not too much to compare him to his father. Nowadays, everyone in the world hates their monarch, regards him as an enemy and calls him a "single husband", which he deserves. However, the small Confucianism believes that the relationship between monarch and minister exists between heaven and earth and is difficult to escape. Even as cruel as Xia Jie and Yin Zhou, he even said that Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang should not kill them, but fabricated something that spread to Boyi and Shu Qi, and regarded the deaths of thousands of ordinary people in Qian Qian as no different from the deaths of mice. Is it true that the world is so big, but among the tens of millions of people in Qian Qian, only one monarch is preferred? So Zhou Wuwang is a saint, and Mencius' words are saints' words. Later monarchs who wanted to use his empty name to forbid others to peek at the throne like the father god felt that Mencius' words were not good for them until he abolished Mencius' position of offering sacrifices to Confucius. Isn't this from Confucianism?

Even so, if future generations become monarchs, they can really keep this industry and pass it on forever, and they don't blame him for taking the world as private. Since it is regarded as an industry, others also want to get the idea of an industry. Who doesn't like themselves? So tie it with a rope and reinforce it with a lock, but a person's wisdom and strength can't beat many people who want it in the world. Although there are only a few generations apart, the closest relatives are themselves, and the collapse of their flesh and blood should be on their children and grandchildren. Before the Southern Song Dynasty, Shun Emperor made a wish that future generations would not be reincarnated in the royal family. What Ming said to the princess also said, "Why did you have to be born in my family!" What a pity! Looking back on the ambition of our ancestors to occupy the world when they started their business, how can we not be depressed? Therefore, if you understand the responsibility as a monarch, then in the era of Tang Yao and Yu Shun, everyone can give up the throne, and Xu You and Guangwu are not extraordinary people; If you don't know the responsibility of being a king, then even among ordinary people, everyone wants to get the throne, and Xu You and Guangwu will disappear from future generations and will not be heard. Although it is difficult to understand the monarch's position, it is not worth exchanging endless sorrow for a moment of debauchery, even the most stupid person can understand this truth.