General review of basic knowledge

First, the use of capital letters

1. Capitalize the first letter of the sentence.

2. Capitalize the first letters of proper nouns, such as names of people, countries, festivals, languages and organizations.

Capitalize the first letter of the week and month.

4. Capitalize the names or positions of schools, governments, political parties, committees or specific personnel.

5. Capitalize some special words, abbreviations, symbols and special terms.

6. The part to be emphasized in a sentence is usually capitalized.

7. The first letter of each line of this poem should be capitalized.

Second, words with the same pronunciation as letters

For example, bb-bee, cc-see/sea, RR-are, TT-tea, II-I/eye, OO-OH, UU-you, YY-Why.

Third, abbreviated form.

For example, I am =Iam,

You are = you are,

She =sheis/shehas,

No = no,

No = no,

Is not = is not, we =letus.

Fourth, homophones.

Such as: to/too/two,

Their/there,

Right/Write,

Right/pear,

Four/right,

Know/don't know,

Grandson/son.

Five, antonyms

For example, day-night,

Come-go,

Yes-no,

Up and down,

Big-small.

Short-long walls,

Fat and thin,

Low-high,

Slow-fast,

Sixth, the changing law of noun plural.

1. In general, directly add s,

Such as book-book, schoolbag, cat-cat, bed-bed.

2. end with s, x, sh, ch and add es,

For example: buses, boxes, watches.

3. end with consonants and y, change y into I, and then add es.

Such as: family-family, hobby-hobby.

4. end with f or fe, change f or fe to v, and then add es.

Like thief-thief, knife-knife.

5. add es at the end of o,

Such as: mango-mango

Add s, such as: radio-radio, photo-photo.

6. Irregular changes,

For example, manman,

Woman-woman,

Children-children,

Foot-foot,

Teeth.-teeth.

7. uncountable nouns

There are: bread, juice, tea, coffee, water, rice and so on.

(the be verb corresponding to uncountable nouns is is/was)

Seven, the noun possessive case

When expressing the relationship between people or things, we need to use the noun possessive case.

The formation of possessive case of nouns has the following rules:

1. is usually formed by adding s after nouns.

Tom's book.

2. The possessive case of plural nouns ending in "-s" is only added at the end.

For example, our teacher's book

When expressing something shared by several people, only the possessive case is added before the surname.

For example: Su Haiyang's Bedroom.

Usage

1. The first pronunciation of a word or letter is the consonant pronunciation: about, a peach, a "u".

The first pronunciation of a word or letter is vowel pronunciation: an egg, an hour, an "F".

2. Note: Do not add the before the ball, the before the instrument and the before the ordinal number.

Nine, personal pronouns and possessive pronouns

1

Personal pronoun

1. Personal pronouns are divided into the first person, the second person and the third person, with singular and plural forms.

2. The nominative case of personal pronouns is the subject in a sentence, which is usually used before verbs (except interrogative sentences).

3. The objective case of personal pronouns is used as the object in sentences, mostly after verbs and prepositions.

4. Personal pronouns can replace personal nouns.

2

Possessive pronoun

1. Pronouns expressing all relations are called possessive pronouns.

2. Possessive pronouns are divided into adjective possessive pronouns and noun possessive pronouns. The possessive pronoun also has the change of personal name and number.

3. Adjective possessive pronouns act as adjectives and must be followed by nouns to indicate who the things represented by nouns belong to.

4. Nominal possessive pronoun = adjective possessive pronoun noun.

Such as: Thisismybag =Thisismine。

three

Remember the tongue twisters of personal pronouns and possessive pronouns.

I am me, and you are "you, he, she, he, she, it, my" I ",yours, his and her.

The nominative case Iyouhesheitweyouthey

Accusative meyouhimheritusyouthem

Tangible, mine, yours, mine, yours

Mine is yours and hers is yours.

X. comparative degrees of adjectives and adverbs

1. adjective comparative: used to compare the two.

(1) Composition of basic sentence patterns:

The comparative degree of A (nominative) is an adjective, not B (objective).

(2) When the same situation is expressed, the original level is used, and the structure is:

As important as ...

2. The comparative degree of adverbs:

(1) Composition of basic sentence patterns:

A (nominative) verb adverb is the comparative degree of B (object).

(2) When expressing the same situation, use the original level, and the structure is the same as the original level.

3. The changing rules of comparative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

(1) Add er at the end of monosyllabic words;

(2) If monosyllabic words end with the letter E, add R;

(3) If there is only one consonant letter at the end of the stressed closed syllable word, you must double this letter and add ER;

(4) ending with consonants and Y, changing Y into I, and then adding ER;

(5) Add more; It was not until the comparison level of disyllabic words and polysyllabic words reached the original level;

(6) Irregular changes, such as well-better, more/many-more.

XI。 Cardinal words and ordinal numbers

1.one - first，

Two seconds,

Three-thirds,

Five fifths,

In 1999,

One twelfth,

The twentieth session,

Forty-one-forty-one.

You must add before the ordinal number.

2. The method of converting cardinal words into ordinal numbers:

(1) directly add th to the suffix of the cardinal word,

Such as: seventh seventh, tenth tenth, thirteenth third;

(2) The cardinal word ending in y is changed from y to ie, and then th is added.

Like twenty.

(3) Irregular changes,

Such as: first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth.

(4) When the cardinal number "several tens" is changed into ordinal number, the cardinal number representing "several tens" remains unchanged, and only the cardinal number representing "several tens" is changed into ordinal number.

Such as article 21, article 21

3. The abbreviation of ordinal number consists of Arabic numerals and the last two letters of ordinal number.

Such as: 1st, 2, 3, 4. Twelve, be verbs (am, is, are)

1. formula: I use am, you use are, is for others, and all plural people use are.

2. Negative forms: amnot (no abbreviated form), is not = is not, are not = are not.

3. Past tense: am/is (once), are (once).

Twelve. modal verb

(can，must，could，would，may，shall，should)

1. Modal verbs are followed by verb prototypes.

2. Its negative form is adding not after modal verbs.

Thirteen, auxiliary verbs

(do, do, do)

1.do, does uses the simple present tense, does uses the third person singular, and the rest are DOS.

Did is used in the simple past tense.

Their negative forms are: do not = don't, do not = don't.

Fourteen Usage of preposition in

1. Used in a certain range or space,

Such as: inthedesk

2. For a period of time,

morning

3. by, by,

For example, the difference between inEnglishin and on: on is used for things that grow on trees, and in is used for things that don't grow on trees.

The difference between in, on and at:

In, on and at can all be used before time, but in is usually followed by morning, afternoon, even number, month, year, season or a certain period of time;

On is used for a specific day, such as: onSundaymorning；;

At is usually used on holidays (not specific days) or at specific times, such as atSpringFestival and atfiveo.

Prepositions appearing in primary school English textbooks are:

In, in, from, from, about, for, below, behind, after, before, with, near, off, in, around, near, etc.

The difference between therebe structure and have, has

Have this structure:

Therebe structure means "something or someone exists somewhere".

In the simple present tense, therebe structure should be expressed by thereis or there;

In the simple past tense, therebe structure should be expressed by therewas or therewere.

2. Use is(was) when the subject is an uncountable noun or a singular countable noun, and use are(was) when the subject is plural.

Therebe structure follows the principle of proximity.

4. In order to emphasize the location in a declarative sentence, prepositional phrases can be mentioned at the beginning of the sentence.

5. negative sentence: add not after the be verb, and if there is something in the sentence, it becomes any.

6. General interrogative sentence: put the be verb at the beginning of the sentence, capitalize the first letter, and change the end of the sentence to a question mark.

7. What is a locative prepositional phrase? (Whether the subject is singular or plural, use is)

The difference between therebe structure and have and has;

Therebe means that there is something or someone somewhere;

Have means that something or someone owns something.

Sixteen, the present continuous tense

1. The present continuous tense indicates the action being done or happening now.

Often used with now, when there are look and listen at the beginning of a sentence, it is also used in the present continuous tense.

2. The basic structure of the present continuous affirmative sentence is:

The present participle of the subject is a verb (doing, that is, the ing form of the verb)

(1) Among them, be verbs change with the change of subject, and be verbs include am, is and are.

(2) The changing rules of the present participle of verbs:

Generally speaking, adding ing directly after the verb,

Cooking-cooking

B verbs ending in silent e, after removing e, add ing,

Making, dancing, dancing.

C verbs ending in stressed closed syllables, double the last letter, and then add ing,

Such as: running-running, swimming-swimming.

D verbs ending in ie, change ie to y, and then add ing,

Lying down, lying down, dying.

3. Negative sentences in the present continuous tense:

Add not after the be verb.

4. General questions in the present continuous tense:

Put the be verb at the beginning of the sentence, capitalize the first letter and change the end of the sentence to a question mark.

Seventeen, the simple present tense

1. The simple present tense indicates an action or state that usually occurs. It is often used with words such as generally, sometimes, often and always.

2. When the predicate verb in the present tense is a be verb, the change of be follows the law of "I use am, you use are, is uses other words, and all plural words use are".

3. When the predicate verb in the present tense is other verbs and the subject of the third person is singular, the verb should be singular in the third person.

MarylikesChinese。

4. The changing rules of singular verbs in the third person:

(1) general verbs, directly add s at the end of the word,

Chef-chef, like-like.

② verbs ending in s, x, sh, ch, o, etc. , plus es,

For example: laundry, watch shop, go-go, do-does.

(3) Add Y to verbs ending in consonants, change Y to I, and then add es,

Such as: learning-research

(4) Irregular changes, such as have-has.

5. Changes in the simple present tense:

(1) is a verb change.

Negative sentence: the subject is not others.

He is not a worker. He is not a worker.

General question: Obey others?

Are you a student?

Special questions: question words and general questions?

Such as: Whereismybike?

(2) Changes of behavioral verbs.

Negative sentence: the subject does not (do not) verb prototype (other).

I don't like bread.

When the subject is singular in the third person, not should be used to form a negative sentence.

He doesn't like it.

General questions:

Is the prototype of the subject verb other?

Like Doyouoftenplaychess?

When the subject is singular in the third person, does should be used to form a general question.

Such as: DoesshelikePE?

Special questions: question words and general questions?

For example: How does your father work?

Eighteen, the simple past tense

1. The simple past tense indicates what happened at some time in the past, and we use the past tense of verbs to express it.

Often used with adverbials to indicate the past time, such as yesterday, last night, now, a minute, etc.

2. Changes of the verb 2.be in the simple past tense:

(1) It is the simple past tense that am and is become was. (wasnot = no)

In the simple past tense, are becomes were. (We didn't)

(3) In sentences with was or were, the changes of negative sentences and interrogative sentences are the same as those of is, am and are, that is, negative sentences are followed by not, and general interrogative sentences refer to was or were at the beginning of the sentence.

3. General past tense sentences without be verbs in sentences:

Negative sentence: without the prototype of verb,

Jim didn't come home yesterday.

General questions:

Add did at the beginning of the sentence, and the verb past tense in the sentence changes back to its original form.

Such as: DidJimgohomeyesterday?

4. Verb past tense change rules:

(1) In general, the verb prototype is followed by ed,

fully cooked

(2) For monosyllabic words ending in silent e, only add d,

have a taste

(3) For words ending with consonants and Y, change Y to I, and then add ed.

Such as: study-studied.

(4) For words ending in stressed closed syllables or R with only one consonant at the end, write this letter twice and then add ed.

Stop.-Stop

(5) Irregular changes,

Such as: Go, Lianzuo.

Nineteen, the general future tense

1. The general future tense indicates the action that will happen or the state of being and the intention, plan or preparation for doing something.

Often used with adverbials of time, such as tomorrow and next Sunday.

2. Basic structure:

( 1)begoingdosth。

(2) Wildos.

3. Negative sentences:

Add not after be verb (am, is, are, was, was) or will.

4. General questions:

Put the verb be or will at the beginning of the sentence, change some to any and then to or, and the first person and the second person are called exchange.

Twenty, the present perfect tense

1. It indicates the influence or result of the past behavior on the present.

Such as: already, however, once, never, just now, before, once, twice, etc.

It can also be used with adverbials of time, including now, such as these days, today, recently, this year, sofa and so on.

2. Basic structure:

The past participle of auxiliary verbs have/has, such as the letter ihavealreadyposted.

XXI. Some/Any

Affirmative sentence: Ihavesometoysinmybedroom

In general interrogative sentences and negative sentences: Doyouhaveanybrothersorsisters? He doesn't have any pencils.

Express suggestions, demands, etc. Do you want anything? CanIhavesomestamps？

22.imperative sentences

Please sit down. Don't open the door .. Let's go to the park to take pictures.

02

Summary of common error-prone problems

1.Alltheballsarenotround。 Translate into Chinese:

All the balls are not round. (×)

Not all balls are round. (√)

[resolution] when all, every, both and other words are used together with not, not is usually placed after all, every, both, which generally means partial negation, meaning not.

2. The Secret of Beijing (×)

TheSmithshavemovedtoBeijing。 (√)

[Analysis] When an intransitive verb is followed by a noun or pronoun as an object, an appropriate preposition should be added after the verb; But when intransitive verbs are followed by adverbs such as home, here, there and there as objects, there is no need to add any prepositions after verbs.

3 . theboxstooheavyforhimtocarrit .(×)

Theboxistooheavyforhimtocarry。 (√)

Thebox is not only the subject of this sentence, but also the logical object of infinitive tocarry. If it is added at the end of the sentence, repeat it with a box.

4. Every boy has it.

Every boy. (√)

[Analysis] When plural nouns are modified by phrases such as eachof, oneof, every, each of individuals, or by phrases such as next of and none of negation, the predicate verbs should be in singular form.

5 . neithernoryouisgoodatenglish(×)

NeitherhenoryouaregoodatEnglish。 (√)

[Analysis] When the phrase ... or ... does not ... there, not only ... but also ... connects the two subjects of a sentence, the predicate verb follows the principle of proximity agreement, that is, the subject close to the predicate determines the form of the person and number of the predicate.

6.Tenminusthreeareseven.(×)

Tenminusthreeisseven。 (√)

[Analysis] When mathematical operations such as addition and subtraction are expressed in English, the predicate verb is also singular.

7. The number of factories is about 5000(×).

The number of factories is about 5000. (√)

[analysis ]thenumberof means ..., and the predicate verb is in singular form; Numberof means several or many, which is equivalent to some or alotof. It is used with plural nouns, and the predicate verb is in plural form.

8. Hello! I have something important to tell you. (×)

Hello! I have something important to tell you. (√)

[Analysis] When adjectives or infinitives modify indefinite pronouns as an attribute, the modifier should be placed after indefinite pronouns.

9 . hissoniseunougholdotogo school(×)

His Hissonisoldenoughtogotoschool school. (√)

[Analysis] When [enough] is used as an adjective to modify a noun, it can be placed before or after the noun; Adverbs can only be placed after adjectives or adverbs when they modify adjectives or adverbs.

10. This is your sweater. Put it aside. (×)

This is your water, Putway. (√)

[Analysis] When a phrase consisting of verb adverbs such as Putaway, Pickup and Puton is followed by a pronoun as an object, the pronoun can only be placed between the verb and adverb.

1 1. Look! Next, here we come. (×)

Look! Here he comes. (√)

[Analysis] In declarative sentences caused by here and there, if the subject of the sentence is a noun, the inverted word order should be used, that is, the verb noun structure of here and there should be used; But if the subject is a pronoun, there is no need to reverse the word order, that is, use the verb structure of Here/There pronoun.

12. I like football very much, _ _ _ _ _. My sister will do, too. )

a . somysisterdoes(×)b . sodoesmysister(√)

[Analysis] The subject inversion structure of so be verb/auxiliary verb shows that the above situation is also applicable to the latter, that is to say, so is …. The declarative structure of so subject be verb/auxiliary verb expresses the affirmation of the above situation, indicating that ... is true.

13. Chongqing is bigger than other cities in China.

Chongqing, China. (×)

Chongqing, China. (√)

[Analysis] Anycity China includes the city of Chongqing, and the same thing can't be compared with yourself. Only by adding others before the city can Chongqing compare with other cities in China.

His sister married that teacher last summer.

His sister got married last summer. (√)

[analysis] means that a and b are married, and they should use Amarried/willmarryB. At this time, you must avoid using a married/will married influenced by Chinese.

There will be a movie tonight.

There will be a movie tonight. (√)

When the sentence Therebe is used in the future, you can only use the verb prototype after being going to or will, that is to say, there is (are) going to be.../ there will be. ....

16. I will go to training next Sunday. (×)

I will go to training next Sunday. (√)

[Analysis] In complex sentences containing time adverbial clauses and conditional adverbial clauses, it is customary to use the simple present tense to express future actions.

17. For example: TeachertoldusyEsterday HattheEarthwenaroundsthesen. (×)

The teacher told us that the earth was around the sun yesterday. (√)

[Analysis] In complex sentences with object clauses, it is customary to use the simple past tense as the predicate verb of the main clause and the past tense as the predicate verb of the clause. But if the clause expresses objective facts or objective truth, it is not affected by the tense of the main clause, but uses the simple present tense.

18. We found it necessary to protect the environment.

What?

To doth is a common sentence pattern, which means that someone finds something to do ..., in which it is a formal object (pronouns such as this/that/one cannot be replaced at this time) and the real object is a post-infinitive phrase.

19.Hewasgoodforskating。

Hewasgoodatskating。

Be good at sth, and at the same time be good at sb.

20.- Excuse me, is this the supermarket? -No, it's about _ _ _ _ _ _.

7-minute walk

[Analysis] The answer is C. This question examines the possessive usage of nouns. When the plural of a noun ends in -s, just add', and a distance of 7 minutes is a 7-minute walk.

2 1. You can't estimate how much I have at this address. Isitbeautiful？

Spend, spend

[Analysis] The answer is D. This question examines the discrimination of four verbs that express expenses. The subject is human, and the verb collocated with the preposition on is spend.

22.- Do you know Joe, a student at _ _ _ _ _?

-Yes, she, SmiCushing, Kate.

a . b . ANC . thed/

[Analysis] the answer is C. Although the university begins with the vowel letter U, if the indefinite article is used in front of it, A. But the indefinite article cannot be used in this question, but it refers specifically to the college students who are talking to Joe, so we should choose The.

23. Because their living area is becoming farmland, the number of giants is decreasing.

Big, big

[Analysis] The answer is C. The number of giant pandas has decreased because their living space has gradually become a farm. The four options of this question are comparison and comparison, which means more and more. The subject is number, which can only be used with large or small.

Be careful when you come to the street, because the traffic is very busy.

10. d) After ...

[Analysis] The answer is A. This question examines the usage of locative prepositions. Crossing the road is generally a ground crossing, and you should use cross.

25.- Do you often clean your classroom?

Yes, it is in our classroom every day.

clean

The answer is C. There is daily in the sentence and the subject is ourclassroom, so we should use the passive voice of the simple present tense.

26. Once every two days. (To ask questions about the underlined part) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ LUYUSUYALYCLEANTHECAGE?

[analysis] the answer is Howoftendoes. How often do you ask questions about every day?

27. I don't understand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, so I ask you. ...

My teacher said

[Analysis] The answer is C, which is an object clause. B and D can be excluded because they need to use declarative word order. In addition, if the tense of the main clause is the general past tense and the clause should also use the corresponding past tense, then A can be excluded.

28.- How much are the shoes? -Five dollars is enough.

A. yes; IsB.areisC.areareD.is is

[Analysis] The answer is B. When shoes is the subject, the predicate verb should be in the plural form; Five dollars is a whole and should be treated in the singular.

At the beginning of this book, there are many interesting stories. (×)

There are some interesting stories at the beginning of this book. (√)

Atthebegining and attheend both refer to the beginning and the end of something, neither refers to the time range, but in the begining refers to the beginning of a period of time. Intheend=atlast means finally.

I will finish the work until next week.

bytheendofnextweek . iwillhavefinished this work .(√)

The adverbial of time caused by indicates the end of the action, indicating that the work will be completed no later than a certain moment, so the main sentence is generally the perfect tense. Of course, there can also be future tense, such as: Illbetherebyfiveoclock. Till means that its action lasts until a certain moment, but the verb in the sentence must be a progressive verb, and the instantaneous ending verb should use its negative sentence, such as: iwontfiniththisworktill (till) next weekend.

3 1.[ Error] hecametolondonbeforelastweekend.

hehadecometolondonbeforelasttweekend

Before is usually used with the perfect tense, while ago is used with the simple past tense.

32.[ error] ihavestudiedenglishfor threeyarsingei has come here.

(positive) ihavestudiedenglishforthreeyassiceicamehere

Since it is used to indicate the start time of the main sentence action, the clause it leads to should be the past tense, not the perfect tense.

33.[ Error] ICANLAPYOUPARTHISBIKE. youwillgetitafterwohours。

[Zheng] Icanhelpyorepairthisbike Youwillgetintwohours。

Chinese is often spoken once every two hours and repaired in two days, and this preposition should be used in English instead of after. There are two reasons: ①after is often used in the past tense, such as: IArrivedinnewYork. Three days later, I got a job in a bank. ② After plus time means an uncertain time range, such as after days, that is, any day when afterthreedays can be used. So when you promise to finish something within a certain time, you must use the preposition in.

34.[ Error] Three days later.

[positive ]?after threedayshedded

After and later can both be used to indicate a period of time, but in different positions. Appear before the time word, appear after the time word.

35.「Shehidherselfafterthetree。

She hid behind a tree.

After is often used to mean after an action, so some grammars call it a dynamic preposition, such as irunafterhim. After completing mywork, iwenttoseeafilm. And behind is often used after a static thing.

36.[ Error] There is an intelligent Birdontree.

Thereisabeiautifulbirdingtree。

Fruits and leaves that grow on trees should be on trees, while other foreign people and things should be on trees.

37. "Shanghai is a part of China.

(positive) "ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.

There are three prepositions when expressing geographical position: in, on and to. It means within a certain range; It means bordering on a certain area; To means no contact. Such as: JapanistotheeastofChina.

38.[ Error] I checked new york on July 2nd.

Iarrivedinneworkonjuly2。

At is used to indicate a smaller place, and in is used to indicate a larger place. At is often used in school gates, homes, bus stops, stations, cinemas and small villages.

03

Classification and summary of common test sentence patterns

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