189 1, Chen went to work in a pawnshop in Shimen town, 12 years. In the pawn industry, Chen is honing and experiencing his own skills. Chen was very depressed about the national tragedy. Influenced by his younger brother Chen Qicai, who is studying in Japan, he wants to find a way out. 1in the spring of 903, I quit my job as a pawnshop and left Shimen for Shanghai, where I worked as an assistant accountant for two years.
1in the summer of 906, Chen went to Japan and first entered Tokyo Police Commissioner School to study police law. During his stay in Japan, he made friends with Xu Xilin, Qiu Jin, Zhang Jingjiang, Tan Renfeng, monk Chuhui and many other anti-Qing people, and also made friends with Chiang Kai-shek, the later head of the Republic of China. In winter, Chen joined the League and started his political activities. 1907, Chen transferred to the army school to study military affairs. In the same year, Chiang Kai-shek went to Zhenwu School in Tokyo to study military affairs. He was introduced by Zhou Danyou, a brother of Fenghua League, and met Chen. Soon, the two became close friends and became best friends with Jin Lan. Chen introduced Huang Bian and Chiang Kai-shek to join the League.
1In the spring of 908, Chen Fengsun returned to Shanghai from Tokyo, taking advantage of Shanghai's land and water transportation, telecommunications, concessions (with extraterritorial jurisdiction) and other favorable conditions, and taking Shanghai as the activity base. Chen is an uninhibited person and good at organization. He is famous for his "four agility" among his colleagues, that is, he speaks quickly, thinks quickly, means quickly and acts quickly. In autumn, Chen and others went to Hankou to organize the Mainland News, but everything was ready, but it was suspended due to the destruction of the Qing government. Chen frequents restaurants, teahouses, theaters, bathhouses and brothels in Shanghai. He thinks he is anti-Qing, so he is said to have "many party members". In the same year, he joined green gang and became a gang leader.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/909, the plan to instigate the Zhejiang uprising failed because it was tipped off. Later, Tianbao Inn was established as a revolutionary organ in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and founded the China Bulletin and People's Voice Newsletter to publicize the revolution. 1911July participated in the Central General Association of the League, which was established in Shanghai by Song Dynasty, and was promoted to Minister of General Affairs to promote the revolutionary movement in the Yangtze River basin. After the Wuchang Uprising in June+10, 5438, the Shanghai Commercial Group, green gang, some young people and Jiangsu and Zhejiang revolutionaries immediately responded in Shanghai. 165438+1October 3, an uprising broke out in Shanghai, and the uprising team, the new army stationed in Hangzhou and the socialist party conquered the governor's office in Zhejiang. After the recovery of Shanghai, he was promoted to commander-in-chief of the upper navy. Xuan initiated the organization of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai allied forces to conquer Nanjing.
191265438+1October 14 was a factional power struggle, which led to the assassination of Tao, an influential revolutionary in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces by Chiang Kai-shek. After Yuan Shikai became president, he was transferred to the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the Tang Cabinet in March to prevent him from usurping power, but he stayed in Shanghai after resigning. In July, he was dismissed as commander-in-chief of the Shanghai Army. After the collapse of the Tang cabinet, he took part in the anti-Yuan struggle led by Sun Yat-sen. 19 13 was assassinated in Shanghai Railway Station in March, and Sun Yat-sen proposed resorting to force. At that time, Chen supported Huang Xing's idea of "legal solution". When the "Second Revolution" broke out, he was promoted to commander-in-chief of Yuan Jun in Shanghai. 1 1 After the failure, he went to Japan and resolutely supported Sun Yat-sen to form another China Revolutionary Party.
1965438+In July 2004, he was promoted to the position of Minister of General Affairs of the Chinese Revolutionary Committee.
19 15 Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy, returned to Shanghai in February to participate in instigating Yuan, presided over Shanghai's party affairs, served as commander-in-chief of Songhu, and was responsible for presiding over military operations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In February, 65438+, Zhao He and Yang Hucheng launched an uprising of warships, bombarded the Manufacturing Bureau, and sent people to attack the telegraph office, telephone office, patrol general administration, engineering general administration, etc., but failed due to Yuan Jun's counterattack and lack of support. Cai E, a native of Yunnan, recruited soldiers for Yuan's national defense army and was hired as a consultant of Yunnan Dudufu. Organized anti-Yuan military operations in southeastern China. He continued to instigate anti-Yuan military actions in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and suffered repeated defeats, thanks to Yuan Shikai's jealousy.
19 16 may 18, Zhang Zongchang, who was bought by Yuan Shikai, was assassinated at the residence of Junsaburo Yamada, a Japanese expatriate in the French Concession, at the age of 38.
19 16 May 18, Chen was killed by Yuan Shikai's assassin in Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen helped the corpse and wept bitterly. On May 20th, in a letter to Huang Xing, he said: "Heroes are loyal to the revolution, brave and resolute, and they are rare people for the People's Party." Four days later, in a letter to his Japanese friend Yoshiichi Tanaka, he said, "Mr. Chen did his state affairs in Shanghai. Although he suffered several setbacks, his courage and sincerity really admired my comrades. " And personally wrote a eulogy, claiming that "life is a hero and death is a ghost." There are still tombstones inscribed by Sun Yat-sen, as well as square tables such as "Renyi" and "Gangqiang" on the Bilang Lake in Huzhou. The feelings of high evaluation and regret are unprecedented. From joining the League in 1906 to being stabbed to death in 19 16, Chen's political career was less than ten years, but he became a man of the hour in the history of the Republic of China. 1927, Chiang Kai-shek, who was introduced by him to join the League, established the Nanjing government. Many of his subordinates held important positions in the Shanghai Army DuDu House, and his nephews Chen and Chen Lifu also became hot figures and one of the four big families. Therefore, it is worth a hundred times, and its fame almost overshadows that of Huang Xing, Song and Cai E. Chen was born in a businessman's family in Huzhou, Zhejiang. He studied in a private school for seven years and lost his father at the age of 15. He worked as an apprentice in a pawnshop in a small town for 12 years. At the age of 27, I went to Shanghai and worked as an assistant accountant in Kangtaisi Stack for two years. 1in the spring of 906, at the age of 29, he went to Japan with the support of his younger brother.
During his two years in Japan, he studied police, law and military science successively. Join the League in the winter of the same year and introduce fellow villagers Huang Wei and Chiang Kai-shek. Compared with the contemporary Zhejiang revolutionaries, his debut was late and had nothing to do with the Guangfu Association. He was not outstanding at that time, and he remained unknown until he returned to China, leaving no trace in Sun Yat-sen's memory.
His appearance was his activity in Shanghai after returning to China on 1908. 1907 After Xu Xilin and Qiu Jin were killed, the revolutionary forces in Shanghai suffered serious setbacks and almost stopped all their activities. Sun Yat-sen is facing a crisis. The uprisings in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan have repeatedly failed. There are differences of opinion within the alliance, and the upper level is seriously divided. The Guangfu Association re-established its position. From 1907 to 19 10 is the most difficult period since the establishment of the alliance. In this predicament, Chen rallied and opened up a new situation in Shanghai. From empty talk to implementation, "the party's momentum did it one brace up", which attracted the attention of Sun Yat-sen, who was far away from home.
Make friends with green gang in Shanghai, and become the leader of green gang in Shanghai: going in and out of restaurants, teahouses, theaters, bathhouses and brothels, with "many henchmen": establishing Jason Wu Wushu School, with Huo Yuanjia as the principal, and attracting a large number of Jiangsu and Zhejiang capitalists such as Yu Qiaqing, Mick Wang and Shen Jinyun to join the league; Through them, he made friends with business people and celebrities, such as Zhu, and urged them to sponsor the revolution. He also published China Bulletin and People's Voice successively, and helped Yu Youren to establish the famous People's Daily (Yu Youren wrote a poem "Friends of the Society" after Chen's martyrdom, and there is a saying that "it is self-evident to be a hero for a long time"). Song, Yang Pusheng and other organizations formed the Central League. Because he has a social foundation in Shanghai, is familiar with the situation, and is a relative of Yang Pusheng, he was appointed as an ordinary servant to take charge of his daily work.
This is the beginning of Chen's rise to Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen said that he "ran for the revolution before the recovery ... during which he was generous and brave in the dark, and the number was endangered, and old comrades could count." Chen claims to be a scholar ("his beauty is like a scholar's ear"), but he is decisive and agile, and is known for his "four agility", that is, he speaks quickly, thinks quickly, means quickly and acts quickly.
There was a gunshot in Wuchang, and soon Shanghai declared independence. Later history books are often regarded as Chen. Sun Yat-sen said more than once that Shanghai was the most powerful response at that time and had the greatest influence on the whole country. "Chen is active here, so Hankou fell, and the British scholars can offset it in Shanghai, and Shanghai can get a glimpse of Nanjing. After the fall of Hanyang, our party took Nanjing to offset it, which boosted the overall situation of the revolution. Then the heroes in Shanghai have more support than him. " In fact, Li played a great role in it at that time. And he participated in the Huaxing Association, Guangfu Association and League Association in his early years. After the failure of the Pingyiliu Uprising, he fled to Nanyang, taking teaching as his career and winning high prestige among overseas Chinese. With the great help of Tao, he reorganized the Guangfu Association and became one of the main leaders in the later period of the Guangfu Association. Before the Revolution of 1911, he returned to China to instigate the new army in Shanghai. Originally, Chen had arranged an uprising with him, but Chen thought that Shanghai could be readily available, so he attacked Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau one day in advance and tried to take the lead in recovering Shanghai.
Chen took dozens of people, except a few league members, most of whom were from Shanghai. They broke into the manufacturing bureau in an attempt to take the lead. Unexpectedly, he was captured by Chen before the war started. And hearing this news, he immediately led the Guangfu Army to go all out to help, captured the manufacturing bureau, and rescued Chen who was tied to the toilet. "The insurgents found the beauty of being tied up and escorted them home, while Xie was the temporary commander in chief, in charge of everything." The Guangfu army captured the manufacturing bureau and occupied the ammunition depot, and Shanghai then reported to Guangfu. It should be said that in the Shanghai Guangfu Association,, was superior to Chen in resources and meritorious military service. The book "The Army of the Republic of China Recovered Shanghai" published that year was also recorded.
Under such circumstances, the meeting elected the governor of Shanghai, and everyone almost unanimously elected Li Xie, even Li Pingshu agreed. But Chen used his green gang brother to make a hullabaloo about at the meeting, opposing peace. In order to take care of the overall situation, Li was "humble", so Chen Ye was promoted to viceroy (it was also said that he fell asleep because of fatigue, and when he woke up, Chen was already viceroy, and none of the members of the Guangfu Association attended the meeting to elect viceroy). As soon as the meeting was over, a personals appeared in the street, which was covered with the seal of the commander-in-chief of the Shanghai Army. It turned out that he had been ready long before, and Chen's name of "Four Masters" really lived up to its reputation.
Li Xie-He is also known as the commander-in-chief of Wusong military and political affairs. After independence, two military governments appeared in Shanghai. One day, Li Xie went to Shanghai at Wusong Station. Pai Cheng tried to assassinate him, but it didn't work. He only killed Li's bodyguard. Li was finally forced to leave Shanghai, and Chen finally enjoyed the victory of Shanghai's recovery.
At that time, Shanghai was the center of political activities in the south, and it was also at the center of political vortex. He is often "traveling abroad" and "partying", so he is called "Governor Yangmei". However, during the short period of Nanjing Provisional Government in Lieshan and Zhongshan, only the Shanghai Military Command fully supported him, and he became the handy backbone of Sun Yat-sen.. So Sun Yat-sen said that he "made great achievements in the Republic of China". Huang Wei, Chen's chief of staff, and many middle-level cadres in the viceroy's mansion were later important figures in the political arena of the Republic of China, such as Chiang Kai-shek, He, Dai, Shao Yuanchong, Wu Zhongxin, Zhang Qun and Chen. The DuDu mansion of Shanghai army can also be said to be the origin of Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing government. Sun Yat-sen went into exile in Japan for the second time, feeling that the failure was caused by different opinions within the party, and he was determined to organize a revolutionary party that was highly subordinate to the leader. Chen firmly supported Sun's thought of destroying the Party and became his most important assistant. He served as general affairs minister in China Revolutionary Party, presiding over organizational work, ranking second only to Sun.
The way and method of secret association adopted by China Revolutionary Party to restrain party member and control organizations was suggested by Chen to Sun Zhongshan, who agreed. Party constitution stipulates that to join the Party, strict procedures must be performed and an oath must be filled in. There is a gangland language like "Keep this promise forever until death do us part, and if you have second thoughts, you will be put to death". It also requires absolute obedience to the orders of the party leaders. Party member betrayed the party and was sentenced to death. The introducer was jointly and severally liable. Internally, the Revolutionary Party of China is more like a gang organization than a revolutionary party. No wonder Huang Xing and other revolutionary elders refused to participate, especially dissatisfied with Chen's manipulation of party affairs as the leader of green gang. In fact, this is also the low tide of Sun Yat-sen's political career and his political failure. In the next national defense movement against Yuan Shikai's proclaimed himself emperor, the regime he represented was no longer the protagonist.
At the beginning of Hongxian's imperial system, Chen organized the assassination of General Yuan Zheng Rucheng, instigated the warship uprising and wrote down the last few strokes of his life. Yuan Shikai is worried that love will be strangled. He dealt with a man as he deals with you, and hired an assassin to stab Chen to death. Although Chen used the death penalty of gangsters to restrain his subordinates, he died at the age of 38 at the hands of two traitors (Cheng and Li Haiqiu). They will do anything before the reward. Half a month after his death, Yuan Shikai also lamented. 1, shoot Tao Junbao
In addition to sending assassinations and attempted assassinations, another atrocity that Chen killed revolutionaries was the illegal execution of Tao Junbao, chief of staff of the Revolutionary Army. Ten days after the conquest of Nanjing, Chen ordered the shooting of Tao Junbao, chief of staff of the People's Army who participated in the conquest of Nanjing. At that time, Tao Junbao arrived in Shanghai on business to visit Song and Huang Xing, and then went to the Governor's Office to visit Chen. Chen asked him to sit in the living room, and soon sent guards to arrest him, cut his hands behind his back, wrapped his face in a cloth, and shot and killed him on the spot in the hall of the Shanghai military governor's office. After Tao Junbao was killed, his brother Tao Xun published a long telegram asking why Chen wanted to "kill each other" and "kill comrades at will". Indignantly condemned Chen for being so "intertwined with knives and guns and doing whatever he wants", which made the Doudufu a "den of thieves in the forest". The Compilation of the Republic of China also quoted three documents of Wu Zhichen, the chief justice of Nanjing Provisional Government, all of which condemned his arbitrary arrest and disorderly release, and his lawlessness. This shows that Chen is a revolutionary who has no idea of human rights and the rule of law.
2. Assassination of Tao Zhangcheng
Tao, the leader of the Guangfu Association, received a good old-fashioned education when he was young, and later accepted some new books. His thoughts gradually became radical and he began to sprout the idea of overthrowing the Manchu rule and saving the motherland from peril. He was responsible for the Guangfu Association's contact with party organizations in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi and other provinces, and made extensive contact with the lower classes. He often wears hemp rope around his waist and sandals, and travels hundreds of miles every day to run for the revolution. Tao trusted Lu Xun (a member of the Guangfu Association) very much and often went to Lu Xun's apartment to talk about revolution. When he gets up, he often jumps while talking, telling Lu Xun where it is going to "move" and where it has already "moved". Tao enjoys a high reputation and influence among revolutionaries, because he has tirelessly carried out revolution for many years and organized armed uprisings many times.
Because Tao hated gambling halls and brothels, after seeing that Chen, one of the owners of the League, had these hobbies, he complained a lot, making Chen feel embarrassed, so he had a bad feeling with him. Li Jingtong, an old man during the Revolution of 1911, once recalled: "When Chen was in Japan, Tao advised Chen to quit whoring and gambling in front of Sun Yat-sen ... Chen thought that Tao deliberately insulted him and hated his guts ..." At the same time, after the recovery of Shanghai, Chen, as the leader of Shanghai green gang, was promoted to commander-in-chief of the navy and seized the fruits of the revolution. Out of the psychological helplessness of factional disputes, I regarded Tao Wei as my confidant.
Chen's commander-in-chief of the Shanghai army hasn't sat hot yet, so he carefully transferred to the post of commander-in-chief of Zhejiang. At that time, many people in the revolutionary party were not convinced of Chen and were interested in letting Tao take charge of Zhejiang.
The direct reason why Chen instigated Chiang Kai-shek to shoot Tao was to compete for the post of Governor of Zhejiang. Tang Shouqian, commander-in-chief of Zhejiang Province, was appointed as the chief of transportation. He recommended Zhang Hetao as "Zhejiang agent". Zhang, on the other hand, highly praised Tao, saying that "(Tao, whose real name is) running a state affairs will be difficult for ten years", so he urged Tao to "represent Zhejiang". However, Zhang Chengben refused to accept his resignation. When he sent someone to ask for his advice in Zhejiang, he said that "anyone can have wisdom, but Chen can't" and called to recommend revolutionary Jiang Zungui to succeed him. Zhejiang gentleman Shen and others signed a letter urging Tao to take up his post, and "called on the old staff" to obey Tao's command. Chen's attempt to enter Zhejiang is difficult to succeed because of his high prestige among Zhejiang people. As a result, Chen hated his guts, but out of jealousy, he wanted to kill him. In addition, Tao also used the funds of the Guangfu Association to recruit and train soldiers in Shanghai, which put some pressure on Chen Zao. All this, Chen Dou is gnashing her teeth, hating Tao, and determined to eradicate this public, so as to avoid future trouble.
1911010 On October 30th, Chiang Kai-shek returned to Shanghai from Japan and joined Chen as the head of the 5th regiment of the Shanghai Army. Chiang Kai-shek has always been very good to Chen. 1908 After Chiang Kai-shek crossed the sea to Japan in the spring, Chen introduced him to join the League. 19 10 May, introduced by Chen, received by Sun Yat-sen alone. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek regarded Chen as a mentor. When Chen gave Chiang Kai-shek a secret mission to assassinate Tao, he generously agreed. Chiang Kai-shek soon thought of his old friend, Wang Zhuqing, a traitor of the Guangfu Association. This man used to be a robber in Taihu Lake, a sharpshooter, who can fly over eaves and walk over walls. Although he was a member of Guangfu, he often exchanged secrets in meetings in exchange for money, which made Tao Zhangcheng very angry. After Chiang Kai-shek got this information, he found Wang Zhuqing, threatened and blackmailed him, and spread Tao's remarks that he would be severely punished. Wang Zhuqing believed it and decided to kill Tao to save himself. Tao is not an idle generation, and there was a rumor that Chen wanted him. In order to prevent accidents, he lives in seclusion and his whereabouts are uncertain. Later, he was transferred to Lu Guang Mercy Hospital, the father of the French Concession. 19 12 65438+1October12 at midnight, the weather was particularly cold. In the past few days, Chiang Kai-shek has been exhausted from looking for Tao's whereabouts. He curled up in the soft seat of the carriage and dozed off. When the car passed Fuzhou Road, the oncoming wind rolled up the thick curtains of the car. When Chiang Kai-shek opened his eyes, he was surprised to see Tao hiding from the snow under the eaves of the roadside. He stopped the car in a hurry, got off the bus and stepped forward to greet Tao Zhangcheng politely. That night, Chiang Kai-shek sent Tao back to Guangci Hospital in a carriage and remembered Tao's ward number. The next day, he brought a gift, in the name of visiting, to investigate the ward environment and access routes in Taozhangcheng. 65438+ 10 14 In the early morning, two people wearing Qi Mei felt hats sneaked into the corridor on the second floor of Guangci Hospital and followed the door to find Room 205. These two men are Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Zhuqing. One of them, learning the tone of a nurse, gently knocked on the door and said, "Mr. Tao, it's time to take medicine." Tao Zhangcheng is sleeping soundly. When he heard someone calling, he opened the door and fell to the ground with a gunshot.
After Tao was killed, the whole country was shocked, especially the revolutionaries. When Sun Yat-sen heard the news, he was very angry. He publicly announced to the press that this was a bloody case of "revenge for personal gain" and "vendetta". Sun Yat-sen is an open-minded revolutionary. Although Tao Zhangcheng opposed him before his death, he disagreed with him. But Sun Yat-sen ignored the past and deeply regretted his murder. He ordered: "investigate and arrest the murderer quickly and make it clear that he is guilty, so as to vent the anger of the world." The governor of Zhejiang offered a reward of 3000 yuan for catching the murderer. As the commander-in-chief of the Shanghai Army, Chen had to pretend to offer a reward of 1000 yuan to catch the murderer. A few days later, Wang Zhuqing was arrested and executed soon. Chiang Kai-shek was nervous, and Chen was afraid of the truth, so he had to let Chiang Kai-shek take refuge in Japan temporarily. 1965438+In February 2002, Chiang Kai-shek went to Japan again in the name of studying abroad. In the early years of the Republic of China, there were many domestic political factions and fierce competition around the distribution of power. Under this political background, the investigation of the Tao case is naturally perfunctory and evasive. Chen got up several times to beg Yuan and became a thorn in Yuan Shikai's side. Yuan Xian sent someone to send Chen 700,000 yuan to travel abroad, and threatened that otherwise he would use the money as funds to buy assassins to attack him. Chen laughed and refused. Yuan Shikai ordered Zhang Zongchang in Shanghai to assassinate Chen. After failing to assassinate Chen twice, Yuan Shikai sent his personal bodyguard Yuan and a man named Li Haiqiu to Shanghai.
At that time, China Revolutionary Party was extremely short of funds, and Chen worried about it all day. Li Haiqiu started a "Hongfeng Coal Mine Company" and threatened to buy Japanese machinery, so he needed a loan from the Japanese bank. He wants to ask Chen to be an intermediary, with a loan of 1 10,000 yuan and a rebate of 30%. Chen immediately agreed. 1965438+On the afternoon of May 18, 2006, Li Haiqiu led his partner Cheng to Chen Zhai to "talk about business" (according to the reasons and circumstances of Chen's assassination, see "Assassination of Zhang Zongchang: The Blade of wyndell dichinson: The ups and downs of the killer's life in the Republic of China" edited by Bian Yun), and took the opportunity to assassinate Chen.
After hearing the news of Chen's assassination, Chiang Kai-shek immediately came to touch the body and wept bitterly. Sun Yat-sen had just returned from Japan, and he came immediately, crying bitterly, and wrote the words "Lost My Great Wall" in calligraphy on the spot to express his grief. After Chen's death, various groups and people from all walks of life at home and abroad expressed their condolences, and eulogies, elegies and handkerchiefs poured in.
1927, the northern expeditionary army occupied Shanghai. On May 18, the anniversary meeting of Chen's death 1 1 was held. Chiang Kai-shek made a special trip from Nanjing to deliver a speech: "The reason why Shanghai achieved such revolutionary achievements was that Mr. Chen initiated the Shanghai revolution. Without Mr. Chen, there would be no China Kuomintang today and no national revolution today. "