history
There were villages in Serbia 6000 years ago, which was probably a relatively large village in Europe at that time. In the 6th ~ 7th century, a Serb from Yugoslavia settled in the middle and lower reaches of sava river, the Balkan Peninsula in the south to the Adriatic Sea.
Slavs came to the present Republic of Serbia in the 8th century and converted to the Orthodox Church under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. The earliest country named "Serbia" was in the middle of 10 century, which was founded by Zlav caroni milovic (Serbian: кнезчаславклл) Asrav Cloni Mirovi? ) established. The Nimanya dynasty rose in the12nd century, and the development of the Serbian state was pushed to its peak during the reign of Tsar Stefan Du?an in the middle of14th century.
At this time, the Ottoman Empire began to conquer the Balkans and defeated the Serbs in the battle of Kosovo in 1389 (the result of this battle is still controversial). By the end of 15, the Ottoman Empire completely conquered Serbia and began its rule for five centuries.
Serbia gained a high degree of autonomy in the 1804 and 18 15 revolutions. 1878, Serbia gained complete independence with the assistance of Russia, 1882 established a kingdom, and its territory only included the central part of Serbia today. During the first Balkan War and the second Balkan War at the beginning of 19 10, Serbia's territory expanded southward, including Kosovo and today's Republic of Macedonia, but Vojvodina in the north was under the jurisdiction of Austria-Hungary at that time and was not within the territory of Serbia.
1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Serbian patriotic youth Gaffry Huo Princip fired seven shots with a Browning M 1900 automatic pistol in the streets of Sarajevo, killing Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie who were visiting Sarajevo. On July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, which led to the outbreak of the First World War. Serbia 19 14 successfully resisted the three attacks of Austria-Hungary. 19 15, allied forces (including Austria-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria) jointly launched an attack on Serbia and occupied the whole territory.
19 18, the allied forces were defeated and Serbia was restored to the country. /kloc-in 0/2, Serbia and neighboring Montenegro and Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Vojvodina under the jurisdiction of the former Austria-Hungary jointly established the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, the predecessor of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
During World War II, Yugoslavia was attacked on three sides, and all its neighbors were members of the Axis except Greece. 194 1 April, the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia and carved it up. For example, most of Vojvodina was annexed by Hungary, Kosovo was annexed by Albania, and the rest of Serbia was occupied by Germans. At this time, under the leadership of Tito, the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army began to resist the German occupation.
1945, the Soviet red army entered yugoslavia, and Tito became the supreme leader of the country with his help, and established the socialist federal Republic of yugoslavia, a communist country. However, Yugoslavia broke with the Soviet Union in 1948. 196 1 year, Tito co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement with Egyptian President Nasser and Indian Prime Minister Nehru. Under Tito's leadership, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia promoted the socialist market economy, emphasizing national unity and national unity. During this period, Yugoslavia became a richer country among the communist countries in Eastern Europe.
1980 After Tito's death, ethnic contradictions began to intensify, which eventually led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, and four of the six Yugoslav republics declared independence. After 1992, Serbia and Montenegro was retained and reorganized into the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. From 65438 to 0999, the Republic of Serbia was bombed by NATO during the Kosovo War, which ended with the international community taking over Kosovo.
In 2003, Yugoslavia was reorganized and renamed Serbia and Montenegro.
On May 2 1 2006, Montenegro decided to formally become independent through a referendum. On June 3, Montenegro's parliament officially declared independence, and on June 5, Serbia's parliament also declared independence, becoming the legal successor of the dissolved Serbia and Montenegro Federation. 10/0 On October 28th, Serbia held a referendum on whether to accept the new draft constitution. The results show that the draft was adopted.
On June 65438+1October 2 1, 2007, the Republic of Serbia held its first parliamentary election after independence. The Serbian Radical Party won 865,438+0 seats in the 250 seats in the Parliament, 64 seats in the Democratic Party, 47 seats in the Serbian Democratic Party-New Serbian Party Alliance, 65,438+09 seats in the Serbian Celebrity Party, 65,438+06 seats in the Serbian Socialist Party, 65,438+05 seats in the campaign alliance led by the Serbian Liberal Democratic Party, and the other 8 seats were made up of.
In addition, since the end of the Kosovo war in 1999, the Kosovo area in the south of the Republic of Serbia has been separated from the actual jurisdiction of the Republic of Serbia and has become a United Nations protectorate, temporarily under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. On February 20, 2006, the parties began negotiations on the Kosovo issue. Kosovo declared its independence on 6 February 2008.
diplomacy
At present, Serbia is actively applying to join the EU, but the EU has set a number of preconditions for Serbia's joining, the most crucial point of which is that Serbia must first recognize Kosovo's independent status or normalize its relations with Kosovo. At present, Serbia is unwilling to compromise on this, which makes its prospect of joining the EU slim. However, at the beginning of 20 14, Serbia was finally willing to normalize its relations with Kosovo, and took another step towards the EU. Serbia hopes to join the EU before 2020, and the EU also commented that this is "ambitious, but not impossible".
geography
Serbia was originally a coastal country in the Balkans. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1990, Montenegro became independent and became a landlocked country in 2006.
Most of Serbia is hilly. The east and west are the continuation of Mount stara and Mount Dinara respectively; The North Vojvodina Plain is a part of the middle reaches of the Danube River, with dense river networks and fertile soil. There are many mountains and hills in the south, which consist of the Kosovo basin and the Metohija basin. The highest point in Serbia is Mount Jia Lavica on the Albanian-Kosovo border, with an altitude of 2,656 meters.
The Danube River joins the tributaries of sava river and Tisza River here, and then flows southeast, forming a border river with Romania. Another tributary, the Great Morava River flows vertically.
Temperate continental climate, Leng Xia fever in winter, annual precipitation of 550 ~ 750 mm.
administrative division
The Republic of Serbia has two autonomous provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina, of which Kosovo is only a part of the Republic of Serbia in law and is actually under the jurisdiction of the United Nations, and declared independence on February 17, 2008. The rest of the Republic of Serbia is usually called "Central Serbia", but there is no corresponding administrative system in this area.
The Republic of Serbia is divided into 29 states and 1 municipality directly under the central government, including 5 states in Kosovo, 7 states in Vojvodina and 7 states in central Serbia1municipality directly under the central government. Belgrade is the only municipality directly under the central government. There are 108 districts in China, including 30 districts in Kosovo and 54 districts in Vojvodina.
Human population
Serbs are the main ethnic group in Serbia, and other ethnic minorities include Albanians, Hungarians, Bosnian Croats (Muslims), Roma, Croats, Slovaks, Bulgarians and Romanians. Among them, Albanians mainly live in Kosovo (declared independence unilaterally on February 17, 2008), while Hungarians mainly live in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, but they do not have an absolute majority in this province.
Serbs believe in the Orthodox Church.
military affairs
Serbia's army is about 25,000 people, and its modern origin comes from the Yugoslav army and the Yugoslav People's Army.
1980 After Tito's death, ethnic contradictions began to intensify, which eventually led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, and four of the six Yugoslav republics declared independence. After 1992, Serbia and Montenegro was retained and reorganized into the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1999 The Serbian Republican Army was bombed by NATO during the Kosovo War, which ended with the international community taking over Kosovo. Since then, Serbia's military has been surrounded by the West and can only use Russian weapons. The Air Force has only four MiG-29s, 1 1 MiG -2 1, 26 J22s and 20 G-4 Super galeb.
sports
In recent years, Serbian tennis players have performed well, including Novak Jokovic, the first men's singles Grand Slam winner, Anna Ivanovic, the first women's singles Grand Slam winner, jelena jankovic and Janko Tipsarevic, the former women's world number one, and Nenad Zimonique, the men's doubles Grand Slam winner and former world number one.
Football is Serbia's favorite team sport, and the Serbian national football team is also a strong team in European football. Famous players include Nemanja Vidic of Manchester United, Stankovic of Inter Milan, Klasic of Fenerbahce and Ivanovic of Chelsea.
economy
The economy of the Republic of Serbia is mainly based on the service industry. In 2008, service industry accounted for 63% of GDP, while manufacturing and agriculture accounted for 24.2% and 12.3% respectively.
Serbia's economy was sanctioned by the United Nations from 1992 to 1995. 199 During the NATO air raid, many infrastructures in Serbia suffered heavy losses. These factors led to the rapid retrogression of Serbian economy in1990s. At present, the main problems of Serbian economy include the very high unemployment rate (reaching 20% in 2005) and the unresolved Kosovo issue.
After Milosevic stepped down in June 2000, Serbia's economy grew rapidly (the economic growth rate reached 6.3% in 2006). Due to the rapid economic growth, Serbia is called "the tiger of the Balkans" by some people.