1844 65438+1October 15 was born in Lutzen, Saxony, Prussia. For generations, they were Lutheran priests. 1849 On July 30th, my five-year-old father died of encephalomalacia. 1850, when he was 6 years old, his family moved to Naumburg-on-Tyre. 1858 14 years old 10 months, studying in Pavda Preparatory School in the suburb of Namburg. 1864 At the age of 20, 10 entered Bonn University to study theology and classical linguistics. 1865 2 1 year 10 months, transferred to Leipzig university. I happened to read Shu Hua's book The World of Will and Appearance in a secondhand bookstore. At the age of 22, 1866 began to associate with Irving Rhodes, a servant of Richmond. 1867 When he was 23 years old, 10, he was recruited to the Nanmburg Artillery Wing. Fell off his horse and seriously injured his sternum. 1868 April 24 years old, discharged due to injury. 165438+ I met Wagner on1October 8th. 1869 In February, at the age of 25, he was hired by university of basel as an additional professor of classical philology. In April, he lost his Prussian citizenship and became a Swiss. /kloc-In May of 0/7, I visited Wagner's home in Tolipson, Lucerne for the first time. On May 28th, he delivered an inaugural speech entitled Homer and Classical Literature in university of basel. Make friends with Buckhart, a lifelong friend and mentor. 1870 26 years old, promoted to full professor in March. In August, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and he volunteered to join the army as a health soldier. Suffering from dysentery and diphtheria. /kloc-retired in June of 0/0 and returned to university of basel. Began to associate with the theologian Franz Waback. 187 1 27 years old, he wrote the birth of tragedy. 1872 28 years old 1 month, published the birth of tragedy. From February to March, he gave a speech in university of basel and published the Prospect of German Educational Facilities (first published as a legacy). 1873, 29 years old, untimely investigation first published. Part of the text was published in Philosophy in the Age of Greek Tragedy (published as a manuscript for the first time after death). 1873, aged 30, published the second and third articles of "untimely investigation". When I first read the novel Red and Black by French writer Stendhal, I was shocked. 1875 3 1 year 10 months, I first met a musician, ReterGast (real name HeinrichKoselitz). In July, at the age of 32, 1876, the fourth article of untimely investigation was published. In August, Beirut Theatre staged its first commemorative drama. In September, I met the psychologist RaulRee, and my condition deteriorated. Due to illness, university of basel asked for leave to give a lecture. In winter, I work in Sotlin with Paul Lee and Mei Sen Berg. 65438+1October165438+1October made the last interview with Wagner in Sotelin. Wrote the original memorandum of human nature, too human. 1877, aged 33, returned to Basel in September and resumed teaching at the university. 1877 The friendship with Wagner ended at the age of 34. On June 3rd, 65438 10, Wagner published a book "rare". In May, the first article of Human Nature, Too Human Nature was published; The last letter to Wagner contained a book called "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" and a speech on the title page. 1879 35 years old seriously ill. Resign from the chair of university of basel. The second part of "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" was published in the first half. 1880, aged 36, published The Wanderer and His Shadow, which was later published as The Second Half of Human Nature. In spring, I first arrived in Geneva and spent the winter in Geneva in June, 5438+00. 188 1 37 years old 1 Completed Dawn, published in June, spent the summer in Sears Maria in July, and came up with the idea of "eternal stream" in August. 165438+1On October 27th, I first heard Bizet's Carmen in Geneva. 188 1-1882 He wrote Happy Knowledge at the age of 37-38 and published it in the same year. 1882-1888 38-44 years old trying to change the value of everything. 1882 38 years old in March, traveling to Sicily. In April, she began to associate with Luo Luo Le. In May, Diefroliche Wissenschaft was published. 1 1 months later, I will spend the winter in Laboro. 1883 In February, 39-year-old Wagner died of illness. He wrote his first book, Zarathustra, which was published in June. In July, he wrote the second part of Zarathustra. 65438+ February, winter in Venice. 1884, 40 years old, 1 month, in Venice, he wrote the third part of Zarathustra. August Stein visited Nietzsche. 165438+ From 10, I wrote the fourth part of Zarathustra (published privately in 1885) and read Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, which was deeply moved. 1885 4 1 year old wrote the transcendence of good and evil. 1886 42 years old, May-June, the last meeting with Owen Rhodes in Leipzig. In July, Transcendence of Good and Evil was published. Continue to write the fifth part of Happy Knowledge. 1In July, 886, at the age of 43, he completed the Moral Genealogy, which was published privately in June. 165438+1October 1 1, the last letter to Owen Rhodes. 1888, 44 years old, 1 month, I didn't know Kierkegaard until the introduction of Danish literary historian Brands. I went to Turin for the first time in April. Brandes gave a lecture on German philosopher friedrich nietzsche at the University of Copenhagen. From May to 8, he wrote Wagner Incident, which was published in September and Ode to Dionysus. From August to September, I wrote Twilight of Idol (published by 1889). I finished writing anti-Christ in September.1October 65438-1 1 I wrote it! This man wrote Nietzsche to Wagner in June and February, 5438, and published it in the complete works after his death. 1889, 45 years old, 65438+1early October, suffered a final blow in Turin and suffered a serious stroke. Schizophrenia attack, was sent to the psychiatric department of Jena University Hospital, and my mother came to take care of it. 1897 at the age of 53, my mother died of illness. I moved to Weimar with my sister Falsta Nietzsche and was taken care of by my sister day and night. 1900 56 years old, breathed his last breath in Weimar on August 25th, and was buried in his hometown of Loken on August 28th. After his death, together with Plato, Aristotle, Spinoza, Kant, Schopenhauer and Hegel, he became an immortal thinker in the history of world philosophy.
The life of the character
childhood
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (3 photos)184410 June 15, Nietzsche was born in a rural priest's family in Loken village near Loken town, Saxony, Prussia. Nietzsche's birthday happened to be the birthday of Friedrich William IV, then King of Prussia. Nietzsche's father was a court teacher in William IV. He taught four princesses and won the trust of the king, so he was allowed to name his son after the king. Later, the king appointed Nietzsche's father as a priest in the town of Lucken, where Nietzsche, a genius who influenced the world, was born. Nietzsche recalled: "In any case, I chose to be born on this day, which has great benefits. Throughout my childhood, my birthday was a day of national celebration. " His grandfather was a devout Christian and wrote theological works. His grandfather is a priest. Nietzsche was a silent child in infancy and learned to say the first sentence at the age of two and a half. Nietzsche, 186 1
1In July of 849, Nietzsche's father died of encephalomalacia. A few months later, my 2-year-old brother died. At that time, Nietzsche was only five years old, and the successive deaths of his relatives made this sensitive child appreciate the dark side of life prematurely, which cast his melancholy and introverted character. Later, he himself recalled: "In my early career, I have seen many sorrows and pains, so I am not as naive and carefree as a child ... I have been seeking loneliness since I was a child, and I like to hide in places where no one is bothering me. This is often in the freedom hall of nature, where I found true happiness. " The year after his father died, Nietzsche moved to Naumburg with his mother and sister, and grew up in a completely female family. Grandmother's indoctrination of her Polish aristocratic family history had a far-reaching influence on the formation of Nietzsche's aristocratic plot. Nietzsche thought he was of Polish aristocratic descent and was proud of it. However, Nietzsche did not forget his father. His father's image has long been etched in his memory. He hopes to become a priest after his father's example, so he often recites some chapters of the Bible to his partners. Because of this, he won the title of little priest. Because of his father's early death, he was surrounded by religious women (his mother, sister, grandmother and two aunts), who connived at his fragility and sensitivity. Young Nietzsche deeply felt the impermanence of death and became withdrawn. Nietzsche once described his childhood like this: "All the sunshine that belongs to other people's childhood can't shine on me, and I have learned to think prematurely." In the process of Nietzsche's growth, the influence of devout Puritan mother can not be ignored. Later, he remained a Puritan all his life, as simple as stone carving.
middle school
/kloc-When he was 0/0 years old, he studied in Naumburg Kewen Middle School and was very interested in literature and music. /kloc-entered Pufuda Middle School at the age of 0/4. The courses in this school are all classic and the training is very strict. It has produced many great men, such as Novalis, a poet and playwright, schlegel, a linguist and a scholar studying Shakespeare, the successor of Kant, and Fichte, a representative of great transcendentalism and moral philosophy. However, Nietzsche found it difficult to accept this new life. He seldom plays and is unwilling to get close to strangers. At this time, in addition to rational development and amazing progress, music and poetry have also become the sustenance of his emotional life. Nietzsche was the best female piano tutor in Prussia when he was a child. When his mother hired this teacher for him, Nietzsche deeply felt that his future life could not be separated from such spiritual support. Nietzsche, 1864
186 1 Nietzsche was seriously ill at the age of 17. He showed signs of health deterioration for the first time and was sent home for rest. Accept the Christian ceremony in March.
university
From 65438 to 0864, Nietzsche and his friend Paul Deursen entered Bonn University to study theology and classical linguistics, but after the first semester, they stopped studying theology. He often listens to his classmates. Some people repeat the formulas of Hegel, Fichte and Schelling without faith and passion. Those great systems have lost the power to inspire people. There are also a group of people who like empirical science and read the materialistic papers of vogt and Buchner. None of this attracted Nietzsche. He is a poet who needs something passionate, extraordinary and mysterious. He is no longer satisfied with the clarity and calmness of the scientific world. Nietzsche is a noble in cultivation and temperament, so he is not interested in civilian politics, and he has never thought of a quiet and comfortable life, so he will not be interested in the poor ideal of life, such as moderate joy and pain. Nietzsche has his own hobbies. He loves Greek poets, worships all kinds of characters with distinctive characteristics in Greek mythology, and skillfully combines them with German national spirit. When Nietzsche was still studying at school, he deeply realized the importance of mastering and developing his own country and national culture, which was fully reflected in his love for China's ancient writing, literature and classical art. He loved Bach and Beethoven, and loved Wagner, the opera master whom Nietzsche enthusiastically admired in The Birth of Tragedy. Nietzsche
1865, his beloved classical linguistics teacher, F. W. Ritschls, went to the University of Leipzig to teach, and so did Nietzsche. Although Nietzsche was young at that time, he had already begun philosophical meditation. During his stay in Leipzig, he accidentally bought Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation at an old bookstall. He is ecstatic. He goes to bed at 2 a.m. and gets up at 6 a.m. every day, immersed in this book, and his heart is full of neurotic excitement. Later, he recalled that he was experiencing some painful experiences in isolation, almost to the brink of despair, and Schopenhauer's book was like a huge mirror, reflecting the world, life and his own mood. In his opinion, Schopenhauer wrote this book specially for him. Nietzsche was puzzled at that time: why was a genius like Schopenhauer abandoned in this world, and why were his great works only found in the remote corner of the bookshelf? Schopenhauer is the idol of this young man, and he will be regarded as the successor of Schopenhauer's voluntarism in the future. At this time, he also learned traditional abstract concepts from Langer, Shpir, Tessie Miller, Turin and Hartman. In the same year, refusing to attend the Easter Eucharist ceremony caused panic in the family. 1In the autumn of 867, Nietzsche served a year's military service in Naumburg, which ended early because of riding injury. In the rumble of guns, he whispered, "Schopenhauer bless!" " Schopenhauer became his god. He fell off his horse and his sternum was badly hurt. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/868, Nietzsche met Wagner, the music master he had admired for a long time, at his sister's home in Leipzig. They talked for a long time and talked about Schopenhauer's philosophy that they both loved. In the following years, Wagner and his wife became Nietzsche's mentor and friend in art and reason, and a substitute for a family. And he was recommended to university of basel by his mentor Lee Chiles: "In the past 39 years, I have witnessed the growth of so many young people, but I have never seen a young man as precocious as this Nietzsche, so mature at such a young age ... If God bless him to live a long life, I can predict that he will become a first-class German linguist in the future. He is 24 years old, strong, energetic, healthy and tenacious ... He is the darling of young linguists in Leipzig ... You will say that I am describing a miracle, yes, he is a miracle, and he is cute and modest at the same time. " Lichel was the first person who predicted to the world that Nietzsche was a genius.
career
Nietzsche
1869 In February, Nietzsche, who was only 25 years old, was hired as a professor of classical linguistics in university of basel. The next decade was a relatively happy period in Nietzsche's life. In Basel, he made many friends, young and old, such as Jakob Halat, a famous Swiss cultural and artistic historian.1In April of 869, Nietzsche obtained Swiss nationality and became a Swiss from then on. 1May, 869 17, Nietzsche visited Wagner for the first time in Tripp, a suburb of Lucerne, Switzerland. On 28th of the same month, he delivered his inaugural speech entitled Homer and Classical Linguistics in university of basel. At that time, the doors of all the nobles in Basel were open to him, and he became the elite of Basel academic circles and the new favorite of the local upper class. 1870, Nietzsche was hired as a full professor. Soon came the news that Germany and France were at war, and Nietzsche volunteered to go to the front. Passing through Frankfurt, he saw a group of cavalry marching in the city. Suddenly Nietzsche's inspiration flooded out: "For the first time, I felt that the powerful and supreme' will to life' was never a tragic struggle for existence, but a' will to fight', a' strong will' and a' super will'!" 1In June, 870, Nietzsche returned to Basel Forum University. He met the theologian Flantz Hofstadter Baker, and they soon became close friends and shared a house.
publish a book
Nietzsche Archives in Weimar, Germany
1872, he published his first monograph, The Origin of Tragedy. This is an outstanding work of art, full of romance and wonderful imagination; This is also a naive philosophical work, full of anti-trend atmosphere. But in this philosophical work, the main philosophical thoughts of his life have been formed. The theme of Nietzsche's philosophy is the meaning of life, and his answer to this question is to save life with art and give it aesthetic significance. Nietzsche did not stop there. He firmly attacked David Strauss, the most respected model, in order to attack the vulgar arrogance and stupid complacency of the Germans: "Stendhal once warned that I would fight as soon as I came to this world." After the publication of the first batch of books, The Birth of Tragedy and Unzeitgemabe Betrachtungen, they attracted warm applause and were rejected by linguists headed by Wilamowitz. The professor's reputation has also been greatly damaged. From 1873 to 1876, Nietzsche published four long articles, which were included in the book untimely investigation. The theme of this book is still cultural criticism. The first article, confessor and writer David Strauss, takes Strauss as an example to criticize mediocre scholars. It is worth noting that the book publicly attacked Prussia's hegemonism for the first time, pointing out that although the Franco-Prussian War ended in Germany's victory, its sinister consequence was the decline of German culture, "for the benefit of the' German Empire', the German spirit failed or even was cancelled". Since then, Nietzsche has been criticizing power politics based on cultural interests, and claimed to be "the last anti-political German" when Germany fell into nationalist political fanaticism. The second article, On the Advantages and Disadvantages of History to Life, points out that life is sick due to the heavy burden of history and calls for liberating life and creating a new culture. In the third chapter, Schopenhauer, as an educator, criticized that philosophy was divorced from life and asked Schopenhauer to follow his example and sincerely explore the problems of life. The fourth article, Wagner in Berry, focuses on criticizing modern art. This article nominally defends Wagner's music and regards it as the opposite of modern art, but in fact it already contains criticism of Wagner. The article is written between 1875 and 1876. Before that, Nietzsche's heart had been estranged from Wagner. 1878 65438+ 10, Wagner sent Nietzsche a play by parsifal, realizing the Christian theme, and Nietzsche didn't reply a word. In May, Nietzsche gave the book "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" (with obvious criticism of Wagner in the schoolbag) to Wagner and his wife. From then on, there is no longer any contact with each other.
Roaming career
1879, Nietzsche resigned from his teaching post in university of basel, started a wandering career for ten years, and entered the golden age of creation. 1882 In April, Nietzsche went to Rome at the invitation of Bao and another friend Reyes. There, two friends introduced Salome, a charming and extremely intelligent Russian girl, to him, saying that she was his student. Nietzsche fell in love deeply, and Salome was attracted by Nietzsche's unique personality. They went to Lucerne together. On the way, Nietzsche told Salome about the past, recalled his childhood and taught philosophy. However, his shy personality made him afraid to confide in Salome, so he begged Ray to propose to him, but Ray himself fell in love with Salome. Salome didn't agree to the proposal of two suitors. In the end, the two can only maintain friendly exchanges. However, Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth was jealous of their friendship, maliciously spread gossip and sow discord, and finally they turned against each other. In just five months, this happy episode in Nietzsche's life ended. Portrait of Nietzsche (14) 1883 He finished the first and second parts, the third part and the last part of Zarathustra at 1884. Nietzsche expounded the famous viewpoint of "eternal sameness" in this book. This is one of his two main ideological systems. Another idea of "will to power" died halfway because of his physical and mental collapse. This book puts forward the famous "superman" ideal and "the last man" image for the first time. Nietzsche commented on his book: "In my book, Zarathustra said this" occupies a special position. This is my best gift to mankind. The sound of this book will reverberate for thousands of years, so it is not only the supreme book in the book, but also the book that really exudes the mountain flavor-all the facts of human beings are under it and infinitely far away from it-and it is also the most profound book. It comes from the depths of the core wealth of truth and is an inexhaustible spring Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche.
Every barrel put down is full of gold, silver and jewels. Here, there is no prophecy of any' prophet', and no so-called leader is called a mixture of terrible disease and strong will to preach. From the point of view of never hurting one's wisdom for no reason, people will definitely listen to the calm self-reflection voice in latour Stella's mouth first. The calmest words are the first sound of a hurricane; Ideas that come quietly will control the world. "From 1886 to 1887, Nietzsche collected proverbs, aphorisms and phrases he wrote while wandering around the world, and formed two collections: The Other Side of Good and Evil (1886) and the Genealogy of Morality (1887). In these two episodes, Nietzsche hopes to destroy the old morality and pave the way for superman, but some of his reasons are difficult to establish. In addition, the ethical system expounded in these two collections also left an impression-full of exciting exaggeration. On the eve of Nietzsche's madness, Wagner incident, idol dusk, anti-Christianity, look at that man, Nietzsche's refutation of Wagner, in one go. They are unconventional and profound. But at the same time, these books also have unprecedented aggressiveness and jaw-dropping self-boasting.
old age
1889, the disaster in Turin came. Nietzsche, who has not been understood for a long time, can't stand Nietzsche's long illness
Lonely, grasping the neck of a horse abused by a groom in Turin street, he finally lost his mind. A few days later, his friend Oviebeck came to Turin and took him back to Berlin. Nietzsche entered the last decade of his life. He first lived in the mental hospital of Jena University. 1890 In May, his mother took him to Nanpu's home for care. 1897 In April, due to the death of his mother, Nietzsche moved to Weimar's sister Elizabeth's house. Forrest Nietzsche lives at home. In Nietzsche's life, family has always been his warm haven. As the only male in this family, five female members of the family have been around him, caring for him in every possible way, taking care of him in every possible way and trying to satisfy all his wishes. However, for the lofty ideal in his heart, Nietzsche resolutely abandoned all this and wandered, starved and meditated in this stormy world like an ascetic monk. 1900 On August 25th, this untimely thinker died in Weimar at the age of 55. "Silver-white, like a fish, my boat sails far away."