Classical Chinese is relative to the vernacular Chinese after the New Culture Movement, and there was no such thing as classical Chinese in ancient times. Its characteristics are paying attention to allusions, parallelism and antithesis, and neat melody.
After the modification of literati in past dynasties, it became more and more flashy. Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, initiated the "ancient prose movement" and advocated returning to popular ancient prose. The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding.
Extended data:
The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
There are two main types of sentence patterns in classical Chinese: fixed sentence patterns and special sentence patterns. Its special sentence patterns can be divided into four categories: inverted sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and judgment sentence, and inverted sentence can be divided into four categories: prepositional object sentence, adverbial postposition sentence (prepositional phrase), attributive postposition sentence and subject-predicate inversion sentence (prepositional sentence).
1, the so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses a noun, pronoun or noun phrase as the predicate to judge the subject. 2. passive sentences in classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence.
3. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 4. Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese are generally omitted. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
Baidu encyclopedia-classical Chinese.
2. What are the genres of China's ancient prose? They are divided into article genre and literary genre. Article genre: narrative, explanatory and argumentative. Literary genre: poetry, novel, drama, prose.
Article type
Open classification: literature, genre
It can be divided into narrative, expository, argumentative and practical writing.
Narrative includes prose, essays, novels, etc.
Explanatory articles include expository articles (introducing scientific research achievements, the truth of the matter, etc.). ) and explanatory text (introducing an object, thing, etc. )
Argumentative essays are mainly articles that argue right and wrong and express opinions.
Fiction belongs to narrative literature genre, mainly portraying characters, and reflecting reality through complete stories and specific environmental descriptions!
Category: content (history, science fiction, love, satire, etc. )
Length (novels, short stories, etc. )
Practical writing refers to resumes, investigation reports, internship reports, ideological reports, work summaries, job-seeking speeches, contract samples, application forms, etc. Often used in daily life or work.
Genre of ancient poetry:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
Smile. I wish I could help you. Have a nice day!
Y (_) y thank you,
O(∩_∩)o Welcome,
~(⊙_⊙; ) I wish you an early solution to the problem!
↖ (ω) ↗ Come on! `~
3. What are the themes and genres of China's ancient poems: homesickness, nostalgia, love, resisting the enemy and serving the country, pastoral scenery, chanting things and history, etc. ...
Genre: Ancient poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry.
Ancient poems (ancient style) mainly include four-character poems (Book of Songs), Sao-style poems (Chuci), five-character and seven-character ancient poems (Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties), Yuefu and Gexing styles.
Modern poetry is divided into quatrains and metrical poems. Among them, quatrains are divided into archaic quatrains (belonging to archaic poems) and metrical quatrains. Four sentences are quatrains, eight are metrical poems, and more than eight sentences are called rhythms. According to the number of words, there are five-character quatrains or metrical poems, seven-character quatrains or metrical poems.
It's a little troublesome to distinguish ancient poetry from modern poetry, but in general, they are basically modern poetry after the Tang Dynasty. Basically, it is because some poets like to imitate their predecessors, and the quatrains they write are all archaic quatrains, that is, archaic poems, such as Li Bai's "The line at the foot of my bed is so bright ...". If you are a middle school student, you don't have to distinguish between ancient and modern O(∩_∩)O haha ~, just know that 4 sentences are quatrains and 8 sentences are rhymes ~
By the way, let me tell you the lyrics. ...
According to the number of words, words can be divided into Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Middle Tone (59-90 words) and Long Tone (above 9 1 word).
A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections.
4. How to divide the classical Chinese into themes (1). It is a style in ancient China, emphasizing literary talent and rhythm, and has the nature of poetry and prose. Its characteristic is "writing with things instead of text". Focus on writing scenery, borrowing scenery to express feelings. It first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays and was called "short fu"; Represented by Qu Yuan? Quot "Sao style" is the transition from poetry to fu, which is called "Sao fu"; The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty and became "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang Dynasty, the parallel style was changed to the regular style, which was called "Rhyme". In the Song Dynasty, Fu was written in the form of prose, which became "Wen Fu".
(2) parallel prose. This style originated in the Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It uses four words and six sentences to define sentences alternately, which is called "Si Liu Wen" internationally. Parallel prose often affects the expression of content because of accommodating sentences and piling up rhetoric. After Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan advocated the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined.
(3) say. The floorboard of ancient argumentative articles. Not far from the theory. So later collectively referred to as argumentative essays. Such as young chinese, Ma, Borrowing Books, Teachers, Snake Catcher, etc.
(4) commemoration. Ancient ministers collectively went to court. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on.
(5) Sparse. It means detailed report.
(6) table. Just stating a point or something. Such as Zhuge Liang's "model".
(7) countermeasures. In the ancient exam, the topic was strategy, so that candidates could answer strategies, and the articles that candidates answered were called countermeasures. For example, Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategy".
(8) Preface and postscript. Foreword is also called "preface" and "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface" It is an article that explains the intention of writing or publishing a book, the arrangement style and the author's situation. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. Preface is usually written in front of a book or an article (some are written at the back), and what is written at the back of the book is called postscript or post? quot。 This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to its content. Explaining the purpose, style and content of writing belongs to expository writing, and commenting on the author's works or explaining problems belongs to argumentative writing. Scream, Postscript of Nanlu Guide, Biography of Lingguan.
(9) Gift orders. Stylistic name. In ancient times, farewell was in poetry. Set and make an order for it, which is called a gift order. There are many words of praise, approval or encouragement. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang
(10) inscription. In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or state merits were called "Ming". The inscription engraved on the card and placed on the right side of the case to protect itself is called "motto". Such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". The epitaph is engraved on the stone tablet, describing the life of the deceased and commemorating him. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.
(1 1) eulogy. Articles read when offering sacrifices to the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. There are two genres: verse and prose. The content is to cherish the memory of the main experiences of the deceased before his death, to praise his moral character and achievements, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Yuan Mei's "Sister-in-law".
(12) Miscellaneous notes. Including:
(1) Miscellaneous Notes on Mountains, Scenery and Personnel. Descriptions of mountains and rivers, scenery and people, such as "Little Stone Pond" and "Mount Tai".
(2) Precautions. Mainly notes, characterized by short length, about 1000 words; Rich in content, there are historical anecdotes, heritages, literary essays, people's essays, science novels, textual research, reading miscellaneous notes and so on. Shi Shuo Xin Yu and Meng Qian Bi Tan are such styles.
(13) Travel Notes. Travel notes are a form of prose describing travel experiences. Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as
"Yueyang Tower" and "You Bao Chan"; There are scientific colors, such as Li Daoyuan's Three Gorges; There are also those with * * * colors, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond.
(14) Legend. One of the novel genres. Named for its bizarre and magical plot. Generally used to refer to short stories written in classical Chinese by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. Such as Biography of Liu Yi and Biography of Conan.
5. The classification of the topic of the article and its requirements. Style can be divided into article genre and literary genre.
The genre of the article includes narrative, expository, argumentative and practical. Among them, literary genres include poetry, novel, drama and prose.
1, Narrative Narrative Narrative is a style that focuses on remembering people, narrating, describing scenery and objects, and writing about characters experience and the development and changes of things. Five kinds of expression: narrative: the art of expressing the process of time.
Description: It is the art of showing the appearance of space. Discussion: It is the art of reasoning about opinions.
Lyric: it is the art of expressing and pouring out. Description: It is an art of informing combining science with practicality.
Five expressions need to be memorized, which is the basic skill of writing a good composition. 2. Explanatory writing is an article genre with explanation as the main expression.
Through the scientific explanation of physical things, it makes people have a scientific understanding of the shape, structure, nature, types, causes, functions and relationships of things or the concepts, characteristics, sources, evolution, similarities and differences of things, so as to obtain relevant knowledge. Explain that the text center is distinct and prominent, the article is scientific and organized, and the language is accurate and vivid.
It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts. Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things.
Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments and so on. Some explanatory texts are in chronological order, and some are in spatial order; Some are written from the phenomenon to the essence, and some are written from the main to the secondary; Some are explained in the order of technological process, while others are explained in the order of nature, function and principle of things.
3. Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By presenting facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition.
Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic. Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way of expression, and directly expresses the author's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning.
Using vivid narration to indirectly express the author's thoughts and feelings is different from narrative writing, which focuses on introducing or explaining the shape, nature, causes and functions of things, and is also different from explanatory writing. In a word, argumentative writing is an article that convinces people with reasoning, while narrative writing and expository writing are articles that move people with things and teach people with knowledge.
4. Practical writing is a style formed by human beings in long-term social practice. It is a customary format with Ming Dow, communication, compliance and agreement that is often used by state organs, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and institutions in their daily work and life. It is a tool for people to transmit information, handle affairs and exchange feelings, and some practical articles are also used as vouchers and basis.
With the development of society, people's communication in work and life is becoming more and more frequent, things are becoming more and more complicated, and the role of practical writing is becoming more and more important. The so-called practical writing is an article written by people to deal with practical things in life, study and work, which has practical characteristics and forms a common format.
Common writing methods, expression techniques, association, imagination, symbol (expressing meaning by supporting things), comparison, contrast, setting off, contrast, seeing the big from the small, expressing feelings with scenes (blending scenes), foreshadowing and foreshadowing, coordinating before and after (echoing), describing directly (indirectly), promoting and restraining (trying to promote first). (1) Symbol: Lyrics are expressed by chanting things, and the author's feelings are often expressed tactfully with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects.
Function: First of all, it shows abstract things as concrete and perceptible images. Secondly, you can make the article more subtle and give it profound meaning with what is in front of you.
(2) Set off: Set off the body from the front and back. Function: Highlight the * * characteristics of ontology.
(3) Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing. Function: clearly highlight the * * characteristics of the main things or the main aspects of things.
(4) Lyricism through scenery: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes. Function: Blend the scenes to make the article poetic.
(5) First suppress and then promote: first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and inner meaning of things, and then affirm and praise things. Function: Highlight the characteristics of things (people). (6) Side (indirect) description: The side highlights the character, conduct and skills of the characters, making the structure of the article more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise and concise.
The combination of direct description and indirect description can make the characteristics of the characters or scenery described more distinct and prominent. (7) bedding: function: the content is both before and after, and the plot is seamless.
(8) Care: Narrative: Make the article seamless, with a strong sense of integrity and highlight the theme. Argumentative essay: strengthen the argument.
Prose: Expressing emotions repeatedly, increasing the depth of emotions. (9) Lenovo: the psychological process of thinking of another thing from one thing.
Function: enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the personality more distinct and prominent, and the plot more vivid and touching. (10) Imagination: the psychological process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image.
Function: Serve for shaping image and expressing theme. Make readers accept the influence of beauty.
Baidu encyclopedia-article genre Baidu encyclopedia-application Baidu encyclopedia-argumentative Baidu encyclopedia-explanatory Baidu encyclopedia-narrative.
6. What literary genres are there in Chinese? 1. Parallel prose is also called "Liu Siwen". This style of alternating four words and six sentences originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Accommodation of sentences and accumulation of words in the text often affect the expression of content. After Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan advocated the remote movement of ancient prose in Tang Dynasty, parallel prose gradually declined.
Among them, it is not a masterpiece. The famous ones are The Book with Zhu written by Wu Jun in the Southern Dynasties, The Preface of Wang Tengting written by Tang Dynasty and The Humble Room Ming written by Liu Yuxi.
2. Say a general term for a kind of articles about ancient times. On the preface to the essay, it says: "The speaker explains, explains the meaning, and explains with his own meaning."
Famous articles appearing in textbooks include Ma Shuo by Tang Hanyu, The Snake Catcher by Liu Zongyuan, Ailian by Song and Zhou Dunyi, and Borrowing Books by Huang Sheng by Yuan Mei in Qing Dynasty. 3. Representing an ancient memorial, stating some opinions or things is one of the memorials presented by ancient ministers to the emperor.
There is only one textbook, Liezi written by Zhuge Liang during the Three Kingdoms period. In 277 AD, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei and seize the Central Plains. Before he left, he wrote this paper to the late ruler Liu Chan to express his loyalty to Shu Han and his determination to help the Han Dynasty.
There is a famous sentence in the article, such as "when you are defeated, you are ordered to be in danger." Fourth, the preface ancient literati often gave each other poems and songs to bid farewell, which is called preface.
After that, all articles about farewell gifts are called prefaces. Most of its contents are words of praise or encouragement.
What appears in the textbook is the Preface to Send Dongyang Ma Sheng by Song Lian, a writer of Ming Dynasty. In this article, Ma Sheng, a young man from his hometown, introduced his childhood learning experience and encouraged Ma Sheng to cherish his time and study hard.
5. The words carved on objects in the Ming Dynasty to warn themselves or praise merit are called "Ming". The inscription on the right side of the case is called "motto", and there is an inscription on "humble room" by Liu Tang Yuxi in the textbook.
There are also "epitaphs" carved on stone tablets to describe the life of the deceased and eulogize the deceased, such as Han Yu's "Liu Zihou Epitaph" (not learned). 6. There are two kinds of miscellaneous notes: 1. A style that records scenery, trifles, feelings, etc.
Describe mountains and rivers, scenery, and people, such as Little Stone Pond, Travel Notes of West Lake, and Peach Blossom Garden. 2. take notes.
Mainly taking notes, it is characterized by short length, about a thousand words long and rich content. It consists of director anecdotes, anecdotes, literary essays, character essays, scientific essays, textual research, reading miscellaneous notes, etc. Such as Shi Shuo Xin Yu (It's time for teenagers, but not necessarily good) and Meng Xi's Bitan (Control insects with insects).
Seven. Travel notes are actually a kind of miscellaneous notes. They are listed separately because they occupy a special position in Miscellaneous Notes: Travels are a form of prose describing travel experiences, with a wide range of materials-they can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, wonders and different landscapes, record the customs of different regions, and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The writing style is relaxed, the language is vivid, and the account is more detailed, which gives people rich social knowledge and beautiful feelings.
The famous works selected in this paper are The Three Gorges by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty (with strong scientific color), Thinking with Scenery by Liang in the Southern Dynasty (with a view of scenery writing), Little Stone Pond by Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty (with a view of scenery writing), Yueyang Tower by Fan Zhongyan in the Song Dynasty (with a view of scenery writing) and Night Tour in Chengtian Temple by Su Shi in the Song Dynasty. 8. Fable is a literary work that uses fictional stories to illustrate some truth in order to achieve educational or satirical purposes.
"Entrust" means "Entrust". Usually, profound truth is pinned on simple stories, so as to compare, borrow the small and compare the big, borrow the ancient and compare the present, and get used to using anthropomorphic techniques, and the language is concise and sharp.
The fables selected in this paper include Zheng Man buying shoes in Han Feizi, carving a boat for a sword in Lv Chunqiu, and the struggle between snakes and mussels in Warring States Policy. 9. Poetry The earliest literary genre in China was poetry (the earliest collection of poems in China was The Book of Songs), which gradually evolved into three styles: poetry, ci and qu.
The main difference between poetry, ci and qu lies in that poetry requires rhythm and pays attention to rhythm, ci is more rigorous than poetry, and ci is a poetic style that sings with music. Qu is also a verse form of harmony singing, but its syntax is more flexible than words.
The highest achievement of poetry was in the Tang Dynasty. From the form of expression, there are four-character poems such as Guan Ju, Shi Zhong Gentleman, Jia Jian of the Book of Songs, and Cao Cao's View of the Sea in Three Kingdoms. Five-character poems, such as Send the Governor to Shu in the Tang Dynasty (five laws), Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night (five laws) and (five laws), and Li Bai's Qiupu Song (five verses). Seven-character poems such as Looking at Tianmen Mountain by Li Bai in Tang Dynasty (seven-character poem), I heard that Wang Changling moved Longbiaoyao to the left (seven-character poem), gave eighteen members of Zhang Shui Department in early spring (seven-character poem), Red Cliff by Du Mu (seven-character poem), Reward Lotte Yangzhou First Meeting by Liu Yuxi (seven-character poem) and Bai Juyi's. Miscellaneous poems, such as Shu Yun written by Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty, School Book of Xie Tiao Building in Xuanzhou, Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage by Du Fu, etc.
The five laws, seven laws, five verses and seven verses belong to modern poetry, and the others belong to ancient poetry. Yuefu poetry refers to the music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was called Yuefu for short (formerly the official name) and later became the name of poetry.
Lyle songs and Mulan poems are selected in this paper. The heyday of Ci appeared in the Song Dynasty.
When is the bright moon? Mrs. Jiang talks about teenage madness? Li Qingzhao's Xiting Sunset Dream? I chose Fan Zhongyan's Pride of Fisherman and Scenery of Qiu Lai. Qu was the most popular poet in Yuan Dynasty.
In this paper, Ma Zhiyuan's Tianjingsha Qiu Si in Yuan Dynasty and Zhang Yang's Yangtongguan Nostalgia on the Hillside are selected.